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    Natural Fibers Handbook With Cultivation & Uses

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    Kebede kasa
    Natural Fibers Handbook discusses various natural plant fibers used for textiles, cordage, paper, and other purposes. It covers the cultivation, production, and use of many fibers including cotton, jute, flax, hemp, ramie, sisal, coconut, and others. It provides details on the botanical source of the fibers, growing conditions and processes required to extract and prepare fibers for use. The book is a useful reference for those interested in natural fibers.

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    Natural Fibers Handbook With Cultivation & Uses

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    Kebede kasa
    67 views10 pages
    Natural Fibers Handbook discusses various natural plant fibers used for textiles, cordage, paper, and other purposes. It covers the cultivation, production, and use of many fibers including cotton, jute, flax, hemp, ramie, sisal, coconut, and others. It provides details on the botanical source of the fibers, growing conditions and processes required to extract and prepare fibers for use. The book is a useful reference for those interested in natural fibers.

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    Natural Fibers Handbook discusses various natural plant fibers used for textiles, cordage, paper, and other purposes. It covers the cultivation, production, and use of many fibers including cotton, jute, flax, hemp, ramie, sisal, coconut, and others. It provides details on the botanical source of the fibers, growing conditions and processes required to extract and prepare fibers for use. The book is a useful reference for those interested in natural fibers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views10 pages

    Natural Fibers Handbook With Cultivation & Uses

    Uploaded by

    Kebede kasa
    Natural Fibers Handbook discusses various natural plant fibers used for textiles, cordage, paper, and other purposes. It covers the cultivation, production, and use of many fibers including cotton, jute, flax, hemp, ramie, sisal, coconut, and others. It provides details on the botanical source of the fibers, growing conditions and processes required to extract and prepare fibers for use. The book is a useful reference for those interested in natural fibers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Natural Fibers Handbook with Cultivation & Uses

    Author: NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers


    Format: Paperback
    ISBN: 8186623981
    Code: NI154
    Pages: 560
    Price: Rs. 1,275.00 US$ 125.00
    Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Research
    Usually ships within 5 days

    Natural fibers production, processing and export are vital to the economies of many developing countries and
    the livelihoods of millions of small scale farmers and low wage workers. Almost all natural fibers are produced
    by agriculture, and the major part is harvested in the developing world. It is convenient to classify natural fiber
    in two ways; morphologically, according to the part of plant from which they are obtained and practically
    according to the uses to which they are put, which in turn depend on their properties. From the view point of
    the uses vegetable fibers may be classified into following groups; textile fibers, cordage fibers, brush and mat
    fibers, stuffing and upholstery materials, paper making materials etc. Fibers from the view point of the part
    are classified as hair fibers, leaf fibers, woody fibers, bast fibers, etc. The use of fibers for paper making
    differs completely from their use in textiles, in that in papermaking it is ultimate fiber cells which are used;
    thus in papermaking process consists in breaking down the strands of fiber into the ultimate fibers. Jute, the
    most important textile fiber apart from cotton, is obtained from two species of corchorus(white jute) and
    C.olitoriusL. (tossa jute). Farmers around the world produce a wide variety of natural fibres, planting crops
    and rearing animals. Plant fibres may be from the plant fruit (e.g. cotton), stems (e.g. flax and jute) or leaf
    (e.g.sisal). Natural fibres are generally considered more environment friendly than synthetics in their
    production and disposal. However, there is great variation depending on the fibre and the growing conditions.
    Many chemicals are used to contain pests and weeds. Chemicals are also used in the processing and dyeing
    which can lead to water contamination. Processing of some natural fibers can lead to high levels of water
    pollutants, but they consist mostly of biodegradable compounds, in contrast to the persistent chemicals,
    including heavy metals, released in the effluent from synthetic fiber processing. Farming and production of
    natural fibres also plays a significant role in eradicating poverty as an important source of farming income and
    contribution to food security in developing countries. Demand for natural fiber composites are largely driven
    by increasing environmental awareness. Due to low cost, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of
    separation, enhanced energy recovery, CO2 neutrality, biodegradability and recyclable properties, natural
    fiber use in composites is gaining as demand grows for component materials that are durable, reliable, light
    weight, with mechanical properties better than those of traditional materials. Total global natural fiber
    composite market expected to grow at 11% CAGR.
    Some of the fundamentals of the book are the occurrence and nature of vegetable fibres, conditions
    necessary for growing flax, mulberry family (moraceae), lime family (titliaceae), experiments on mechanized
    production of jute, mallow family (malvaceae), kenaf production in various other countries, the use of unretted

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    kenaf ribbons for sack manufacture, pea family (leguminosae), sterculia family (sterculiaceae), agave family
    (agavaceae), structure of the sisal industry, narcissus family (amaryllidaceae), lily family (liliaceae), pineapple
    family (bromeliaceae), fibres from other species of musa and a related genus, brush making fibres, etc.
    The book contains process and other parameters for the manufacturing of fibers arrive from natural sources.
    Due to eco friendly nature there is very good domestic and export potentiality for natural fiber. This is very
    useful book for new generation entrepreneurs, consultant institutional libraries, and existing units.

    Contents
    1. INTRODUCTION
    The Occurrence and Nature of Vegetable Fibres
    Bast Fibres
    Leaf Fibres
    Fibre Identification
    Testing of Fibres
    Chemical Analysis
    Fibre Fineness and Commercial Use

    2. FLAX FAMILY (LINACEAE)


    Flax (Linum Usitatissimum)
    Conditions Necessary for Growing Flax
    Varieties
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Pulling
    Drying
    Retting
    Dew Retting
    Water Retting
    Warm Water Retting
    Leaching
    Double Retting
    Aerated Retting
    Green Flax
    Scutching
    Flax in the U.S.S.R
    Flax in Belgium
    Flax in Other Countries
    China
    Japan
    Egypt
    India
    Australia
    New Zealand
    Kenya
    Uganda
    Grading of Flax
    Properties of Flax
    Trade

    3. MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE)

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    Hemp (Cannabis Sativa)
    Botany
    Breeding Experiments
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Yield
    Retting
    Breaking and Scutching
    Hemp in China
    Hemp in Chile
    Quality of Hemp
    Properties and Uses of Hemp

    4. LIME FAMILY (TITLIACEAE)


    Jute (Corchorus Capsularis and C. Olitorius)
    Cultivation
    Soil
    Preparation of the Soil
    Sowing
    Varieties
    Harvesting
    Retting
    Extraction of Fibre
    Cost of Production
    Jute in Brazil
    Jute in China
    Production in Taiwan
    Experiments on Mechanized Production of Jute
    Varieties
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Ribboning
    Scutching
    Retting
    Washing
    Drying and Storage
    Sorting and Grading
    Production of Jute in Other Countries
    Burma
    U.S.S.R
    Borneo
    Malaya
    Philippines
    Thailand
    Nepal
    Vietnam

    Iran
    Peru
    Miscellaneous Countries
    Sorting and Grading of Jute
    Uses of Jute
    The Jute Trade

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    Triumfetta Species
    Honckeny Ficifolia
    Funga Fibre (Cephalonema Polyandrum)

    5. MALLOW FAMILY (MALVACEAE)


    Knaf (Hibicus Cannabinus)
    Varieties
    Sowing
    Harvesting
    Growth Phases
    Retting
    Pests and Diseases
    Kenaf in India
    Kenaf Production in Various Other Countries
    Argentina
    China
    Egypt
    Guatemala
    Haiti
    Italy
    Mexico
    Mozamibque
    North Africa
    Papua and New Guinea
    Peru
    Southern Rhodesia
    Spain
    Thailand
    South Africa
    Economics of Kenaf
    The Use of Unretted Kenaf Ribbons for Sack Manufacture
    Properties of Kenaf
    Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa)
    Fibres From Other Species of Hibiscus
    Urena Lobata
    Cultivation
    Retting
    Yields
    Distribution
    Labour Requirements in Fibre Preparation
    Grading of the Fibre
    Properties and Uses
    Trade
    Abutilon Species
    Sida Species
    Pavonia Species
    Thespesia Species
    Miscellaneous Fibre Plants of the Malvaceae

    6. NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE)


    Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea and its Var. Tenacissima)
    Varieties
    Soils and Growing Conditions

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    Planting
    Harvesting
    Yields
    Replanting
    Fibre Extraction
    Degumming
    Problems of Ramie Degumming
    Drying
    Ramie in China
    Varieties in China
    The Ramie Industry in Japan
    Varieties Grown
    Pests and Diseases
    Grading of Ramie in Japan
    Spinning of the Fibre
    Ramie in Taiwan
    Ramie in Brazil
    Ramie in Other Countries
    Uses of Ramie Fibre
    Properties of Ramie
    The Trade in Ramie
    Other Fibre Yielding Plants of the Urticaceae

    7. PEA FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE)


    Sunn or Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria Juncea)
    Varieties in India
    Growing Conditions
    Harvesting and Yield
    Retting
    Washing and Stripping
    Preparation of Hanks
    Cleaning and Dressing
    Grading
    Cost of Production
    Sunn Hemp in Ceylon
    Properties and Uses of Sunn Hemp
    Trade and Prices
    Spanish Broom (Spartium Junceum)
    Sesbanea Aculeata

    8. STERCULIA FAMILY (STERCULIACEAE)


    Abroma Augusta
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Yields
    Fibre Extraction
    Properties of the Leaf

    9. THE MECHANIZED PRODUCTION OF STEM FIBRES


    Large Labour Requirements of Non Mechanized Production
    Advantages of Mechanized Production
    Harvesting Mechanically
    Ribboning Machines

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    Problems of Ribboning
    Drying
    Retting
    Washing
    Costs of Mechanized Production

    10. AGAVE FAMILY (AGAVACEAE)


    Agave Species
    Botany
    Fibre Yields of Various Species
    Breeding Experiments With Agave Species
    Nature of the Fibres in the Agave Leaf
    Sisal (Agave Sislana)
    Cultivation
    Climate and Soil
    Preparation of the Land
    Planting
    Fertilizers
    Harvesting
    Yields
    Decortication and Decorticating Machines
    Flume Tow
    Structure of the Sisal Industry
    Drying
    Artificial Drying
    Brushing
    Grading
    Baling
    Labour Requirements for Sisal Production
    Production in Other Countries
    Properties of Sisal
    Uses of Sisal
    Trade
    Henequen (Agave fourcroydes)
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Decortication
    Drying
    Uses
    Trade
    Cantala (Agave Cantala)
    Cultivation
    Harvesting
    Retting
    Uses
    Trade
    Agave Letonae
    Fibres from other Agave species

    11. NARCISSUS FAMILY (AMARYLLIDACEAE)


    Furcrea Species
    Mauritius Hemp (Furcrea Gigantea Var. Willemettiana)
    Yields

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    Extraction of the Fibre
    Retting
    Uses of the Fibre in Mauritius
    Properties of the Fibre
    Furcraea Gigantea
    Furcraea Cabuya
    Furcraea Macrophylla
    Furcraea Andina
    Furcraea Humboldtiana
    Furcraea Cubensis
    Curculigo Species

    12. LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE)


    New Zealand Flax (Phorium Tenax)
    Production of Phormium in New Zealand
    Varieties
    Propagation
    Cultivation
    Diseases, etc.
    Harvesting
    Stripping
    Washing & Bleaching
    Scutching
    Baling and Grading
    Advantages and Disadvantages of Phormium Production
    Production and Costs
    Phormium Tenax in Argentina
    Phorium Tenax in South Africa
    Phorium in Other Countries
    Properties of Phorium Fibre
    Trade
    Sansevieria Species
    Propagation and Cultivation
    Lily Family (Liliaceae)
    Extraction of the fibre
    Production in Mexico
    Other Countries
    Yield
    Properties
    Yucca And Some Relatives

    13. PINEAPPLE FAMILY (BROMELIACEAE)


    Pineapple Fibre (Ananas Comosus)
    Cultivation
    Production in the Philippines
    Production in Other Countries
    Extraction by Machine
    Pita Fibre or Silk Grass (Aechmea magdalenae)
    Harvesting
    Yield
    Caroa Fibre (Neoglazovia variegata)
    Fibre From Other Members of the Bromeliaceae

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    14. BANANA FAMILY (MUSACEAE)
    Abaca or Manila Hemp (Musa Textilis)
    Varieties
    Cultivation
    Propagation
    Diseases and Pests
    Harvesting
    Extraction of the Fibre
    Grading of the Fibre in the Philippines
    Production of Abaca in Central America
    Cost of Producing Abaca
    Production in Borneo
    Abaca in Malaya
    Canton And Pacol Fibres
    Properties of Abaca
    Uses
    Trade
    Fibres From Other Species of Musa and a Related Genus

    15. PALM FAMILY (PALMAE)


    Coir or Coconut Fibre (Cocos nucifera)
    Collection of Fruit
    Removal of Husks
    Retting
    Production of Coir Yarn
    Grading of Yarn
    Costs of Production
    Cost of production of Fibre and Yarn
    Mattings
    Bristle or Coco Fibre
    Dyeing of Coir Fibre
    Mattress Fibre and Combings
    Production of Coir Fibre in India
    Production in the Philippines
    Machine Extraction of Coir Fibre
    Properties of Coir
    Trade
    Crin Vegetal (Chamaerops humilis)
    Botany
    Distribution
    The Industry in Morocco
    Extraction of the Fibre
    Uses of the Fibre
    Technical Characteristics
    Trade
    Tucum Fibre (Bactris Setosa)
    Date Palm Fibre (Phoenix Dactylifera)
    Doum Fibre (Hyphaene Thebaica)

    16. BOMBAX FAMILY (BOMBACACEAE)


    Kapok (Ceiba Pentandra)
    Soils
    Propagation

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    Yields
    Harvesting
    Hulling
    Drying
    Removal of Seeds
    Baling
    Kapok in India
    Collection of the Floss
    Preparation
    Grading
    Baling
    Properties of Kapok Fibre
    Uses of Kapok

    17. MILKWEED FAMILY (ASCLEPIADACEAE)


    Akund Floss (Calotropis Procera and C. Gigantea)
    Yields
    Preparation
    Grading and Packing
    Trade
    Uses
    Kendyr Fibre (Apocynum Venetum)
    Asclepias Species

    18. BRUSH MAKING FIBRES


    Fibres Used in Earlier Times
    Properties required in Brush Making Fibres
    Bahia Piassava (Attalea funifera)
    Botany and Germination
    Collection and Preparation of the Fibre
    Properties and Uses
    Para Piassava (Leopoldinia Piassaba)
    West African Piassava (Raphia Hookeri and R. Graolis)
    Madagascar Piassava (Vonitra Fibrosa)
    Mexican fibre (Agave lecheguilla)
    Harvesting and Extraction of the Fibre
    Cleaning and Grading
    Uses
    Jaumave Fibre (Agave Funkiana)
    Coco Fibre (Cocos Nucifera)
    Palmyra or Bassine Fibre (Borassus Flabellifer)
    Kitool Fibre (Caryota Urens)
    Gomuti Fibre (Arenga Saccharifera)
    Broom Root (Muhlenbergia Macroura)
    Italian Whisk (Sorghum Vulgare)
    Palmetto Fibre (Sabal Palmetto)

    19. PAPER MAKING FIBRES


    Properties for Paper Making
    Treatment for Conversion into Pulp
    Wood
    Esparto Grass
    Collection from Wild Plants in North Africa

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    Production in Spain
    Treatment and Uses
    Straw
    Bamboo
    Bagasse
    Other Materials

    20. MISCELLANEOUS FIBRES


    Toquilla (Carludovica Palmata)
    Preparation For Making Panama Hats
    Weaving and Bleaching
    Alpinia Chinensis
    Polygala Gomesiana And Other Sources or Rope, etc.

    About NIIR

    NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES (NPCS) is a reliable name in the industrial world for offering integrated technical consultancy services.
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