1. What role does a GSA (Gay, Straight Alliance) club in anti-racist education in our school? (4 marks) 2, Is freedom of speech absolute in Canada? Why or why not? (4 marks) What role do you have to play in the reconciliation occuring in Canada with regards to the legacy of residential schools? (4 marks) ‘Should judges be elected? Why or why not? Why are aboriginal treaty rights So important today? (4 marks) What is @ constitution? How does itimpact your life? (4 marks) What does an M.P. do in the House of Commons? (4 marks) How does a Bill become a law? (4 marks) ‘What isa political party? Which party do you most closely agree with? Why? (4 marks) 0. Is the First Past the Post voting system the best electoral mothod for Canada? Why or Why not (4 marks) 40 marks,LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) issues, and spotlight on: | GAY-STRAIGHT ALLIANCES In schools across Ontario, gay-straight alliances have been formed in order to improve understanding of to increase inclusiveness and school safety. In 2012, the Ontario government passed the Accepting Schools ‘Act, wich paved the way fr all schools to have a gay-staight }allnce club (or GSA). Wrile ‘each club may have unique ‘goals and practices, GSAS 5 sonerally meet to discuss Issues that are specific to their ‘shoo and to organize event, avareness campaigns, and {9st speakers. In action, EAs provide a voice for savklents whe have sometimes Rm veay sein Alegee oi ance inet ae ee ger [EIR © UNIT 1 Civics and Chizenship Begin Close to Home been subject to buying aid misunderstanding. re nan Doster soencerad coneeee ares re ees want to promote rights =f 1a freedom of speech and] equality. Everyone has theight to believe, think, and express their ideas as long as they) are rot harming anyone ese. [his iscurateed ne Oat (of Fights and Freedoms ahd apps to everyone in Carace,Rights and Responsibilities In a democracy, rights and responsibilities define the relationship between individuals and governmenis, and eure government does not have too much power. r "Aight is a privege that is s0 necessary that it must be ‘arantesd and protected by law. Fights should apply to everyone. Fceponstilies ae duties or actions that czone are expacted | {> perform, One of cur many responsibiltes isnot to violate other people’ rights. When we full aur responsiolitis, we help to rata neon ooo. Rights In Canade, we have ao oxen calles tho Chair of Rights and Freedoms, wich dfn Sve Athough we had ary GF hove rin befor the Carer came to be 1982, NOM, Viva eveyone in Gana enjoys tower anc reader, Wil our ight ae guaranteed they arent book, We donot have the gf to door ty watever we wart. Alf ours inthe Chana eianaeyie tenet eee Tea b ‘Charter have “reasonable limits.” A general rule is that your rights = ‘extend as far as someone elses. For example, while people have oe ‘the right to protest, they cause violence while doing so, thei rights MORE TO KNOW... ‘longer protect their behaviour. At that point, the protesters’ right Gaur amen tena ‘to express thor Ideas has violated somaona else's right to secu - Nel Hecuna vox tes or ‘Another example is that while freedom of expression is guaranteed wornen'senusiy ad top inte ‘in the Charter, the Supreme Court has upheld a law that prohibits “hate speech.” It has ruled that itis @ reasonable limit on freedom ‘of expression to deny speech (or writing) that a reesonable person ‘would view as likely to expose the targeted group to "detestation anc FIGURE 2-4 A soled istry of ane ang gs n Gna : | chine Canadians ans +) soutien Caner “Worren tones the it ovate at Wore sin tema toot teen ne 2) Women gine ne fd voting rights to female relates igi to vote Quoc provinces, (64 MHR + UNIT Civics ane Gazenship Begin Case to HomeRGURE 2-8 Carats ote el rout tah ea county tat quaraies cata gs. We can fa equlyorout ‘when we ffir cv repari Income txt {pan of money rom Indiv ng copra income aie coleetad bya govenment as tx, Tha Gerad goverment ne game pay ‘teat el cae, ods, fetes Wawel fo ee ani Gipieee den Poe eect cos aan (eo Ae Responsibilit In addition to rights, members of a democracy also have responsibilties. The heath an functioning of democracy depend ‘on ts citizens to fulfil certain commitments. Some responsibities are formal, while others are more informal Forsnal Responsibiliti ‘in Canada, citizens’ formal responsibilities include obeying the law, paying income tax, serving on juries, and voting in elections. Although voting is voluntary, it -vdaly viewed as one of the most essontialresponsiblites of cit. cs n democracies, because it is how we choose the elected rors sentatives who make many fines (usually for offences such as trafic violations) ' concitional sentences when the convicted person must abide by certain concitions, such as probation or community service) © prison time Sentencing circles are another feature of sentencing in Canada. This tradition comes from Aboriginal practices ancl ;nvowes community members gathering to discuss an approptiate ‘enterce, Even though vitally all sentencing circles on record vave involved Aboriginal offenders, the law does not restrict the use ‘57 sentencing crcias to such cases. Sentencing circles focus on repairing community bonds, and while judges are not bound by the ‘2commiendation ofa sentencing circle, it can affect their decision. iclsms of the Judicial System i ‘Aihough the Canadian juicialsystom exists to resolve disputes, keep us safe, and protect our rights, itis & complex and imperlact system. Criticisms ofthe justice system include the fact that legal language is dificult for most citizens to understand, and the process ‘can be very slow, as well as costly. Some poople think the system should give victims more power, while others think the system, should focus more on rehabilitation than punishment. Many also believe tha alternative forms of dispute resolution (that i, coming {0 an agreement outside ofthe courts) should be used more often Social Organizations In adattion tothe juciil eystem, our society aso has many soca ongeizations that work to promote justice, such as, * non-governmental organizations (NGOs) i + non-profits + sostal enterprises “These organizations work to cantrbute tothe cammon goed nlmany ‘ways, Each organization has a coca mission, Of course, nota of these organtzatons have a isin tet eles io juste andthe protection of rights, but many of them do 9 2hip Begin Cove to HomeWhat Makes Our Government the Way It Is? Our government is here for us. It represents the | people in a community. That means the policies and ‘aws of our government must reflect the velues of all the people in that community. 1é Many Voices of Canada | ‘ee of the responsibilities of a government isto tsten to the voices 2 the people. There are many different groups of people In a r ‘commenity, and the government must try to represent as many of : these groups as possible. @ “istoric Documents I f ‘).2 wiees of Canad influence the polices of our government. i ®t what ste backbone of the government? A government needs ‘cidlines to ensure un the way shoud, In Cara we Nave & “onstution, which outlines how our syst of govermmant works, Pa. 80 aati + UNIT 2 Government and the Pac! Processtot 0M et fs pens, Gass chas eae 41 the provinces. Cee iia! aa) FIGURE 4-6 Whi istori ocuments do yuk suits ine ost impatan change? (82 HR + UNIT 2 Government and the Police!»Elijah Harper In 1990, Elijah Harper played a significant role in history by blocking changes to the Constitution Prime Minister Brian Muoney — CQyagtions hac put forward the Meech Lake Accord in otderto persuade, Do you think it ls good or Québec to sign the Constitution. "bac that one person was ‘The proposals in the accord. able to Block the Mosch Were separated into two part, Lake Accord? Expiainl your ‘The first part proposed that the opinion, Constitution would recognize Québec as a distinct society in Canada. The second part Involvad increasing provincial awers. To move ferwacd, the accord needed the approval of 2. 2) What reaction was there to Eljah Harper's blocking cf the accord? Research the reaction a the public ‘nd of poicians the federal Paxiament and alt 1) What does ths readtion cf the provinces. At the tine, tell you about how easy or Harper was a member of the dlifcutt itis for someone | Manitoba government. to try to make changes to Harper and other Alporiginal the Constitution? leaders opposed te aocors ‘osause it did net guarantee "ghts to Aboriginal peoples. ‘They ‘et that the Aboriginal people were not being sagnized or being allowed to Participate in a meaningful way In the constitutional process. So, when Manitoba politicians were asked to give consent ‘to move the accord forward, Harper blocked it wth a simple no." As a result the accord ied, Harpers example inspired a ‘generation of Aboriginal people to-become more involved in politics. ‘OURS 4-8 EjanMarprwas one many ies who chet ta tho Constutonal tangs of th Meech ake soc, 84 MIE» UNIT2 Government and the Poltical Processinatgencus: ah and ng ina parler ego or ounty FREURE 4-10 Do hese socosat he Cansitton beef orignal expe? Pie eile Toco btn Tue Constitution includes some of the basic principles about how the government deals with Aboriginal peoples. rR SicTion 91 (24) oF rue Constitution Act, 1867 {ives the federal government legislative jurislction over “indlans and lands esorved forthe Inclans” SECTION 25 OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982 _| protects any Aboriginal treaty and claim, or other rghit or freedom ‘om the aplication ofthe Charter of Fights StcTion 35 oF THE Constitution Acr, 1982 provides constutionl protection to Aboriginal peoples in Canada Interms of thei existing Aboriginal and tealy rights and any land claims sgreemenis that may be acaured | ‘The Constitution doss not create a special status rights for Canada’s Aboriginal peoples. Instead, the Cr-stusn recognizes and supports the existing rights inthe treaties, Aboriginal Righ oday “aday, some decisions mace by Fst Nations band council tl have ‘2 be approved by te federal government. This ste ani Fat Nations have over ther om government. ver the yeas, Aboriginal peoples have brought fontard thelr concern about Abodgna rights to the government of Canad, Curent here are thousands of ‘cvaoing court cases conceming land claims, treaty rights, and the ‘ten and wording ofthe treates. The number ofthese issues is acted to inerease—many reserves and realy lands are located "eas wih naturel resources that the goverment and businesses ish to access, develop, and use fr profit (iss osstet haan espa iaion ani eS ae an 98M» UNIT2 Government and the Political ProcessFederal and Provincial nav Governments / feats tis dificult for one government to provide al the functions and trie services fora county as large as Canada. For this reason, we have ean {federal government and provincial and terteral governments, As ipa you learned in Chapter 2, we also have municipal governments, aa emets ‘The federal government handles: issues that are generally Rye anes ‘considerod to be of P ue Tinea teancam tothe ee ae whole county, a and the provincial a pal nie an government fa Gi lee ty handles issues that concer the province. Esco promo, MEGS. Some oe repens of fee and prov gover FIGURE &-14. The gram shows the stucur of prodncaland ‘ara goverment Cea “Calle a Commissioner nthe tories oe LUNIT2 Government nc! he Poticl Process*vovincial vs, Territorial Oo ‘ovines and terres bth hve legates Howeue the :2eponsibities and decision-making powers ofthe provinces are ee Clearly cutined in the Constitution. in contrast, the powers of the Toya: tenrtorias are given to them directly by the federal government, aio eset : consis ha governor Aboriginal Govermments gener he Sa, he ae of Comons atthe There are over 617 First Nations communities in Canada, which Drain in, cones of are organized into bands. A band councl is a group of leaders who the Heenan governor an are responsible for governing the community. Decisions mace b ok responsible for governing the community. Deciso ” these band councils are stil subject to the approval ofthe federal ‘government, which limits the contol First Nations have over thelr AUSEaTH decision-making Sim: Elacted band ofcials are responsible for managing vray of see esas ee I) services, including a eae education sover + roads a roan anon water sine eviceS! >» community buildings bylaws * schools + community organizations ‘Métis and init have formed organization, such as tho Mt Nation of Ontario and int Tapit Kanatam, for representation, for leadership, anc for promatig thor changing relatonenp withthe federal government Ba. 12° BR: UN? covert ante Pte PeesRoles Within Government ‘The individuals who make up the diferent levels of government have different duties and responsibilities uo Vee Ho, ellis ee Sasa ariel canal The Prime Minister and Prem ‘The pie minlatr and prior gneralyhave sie, 2 (saa a [heads of goverment ) | ‘haloadar of odo |, leaders ofthe potic! partes | verment |) responsible for choosing thir Cabinets — responsible forming Cabinet meetings eee responsible fer maintaining the confidence ‘eral goenment ofthe legisatre GUT o17 Roles ote prime minister and preer The Cabinet Ministers Cabinet Ministers are members of government who ara given responsibilty for running paris of the government, called ministries. ‘The ministers are appointed! by the prime ministor (atthe feceral love) or the premier at the provincial level). Together, the prime minister (or promiar and the ministers form the Cabinet. The Cabinet sets and carries out government policies, and the Cabinet ministrs act as advisors to the prime minister or premir. eer | owas Heath i ststee | Foegnaters | | Emironment | Mutcuturafsm =|) trey Gara) ery " owe | femmcteenret | | GmarorSove | Ente Sata Recs | || eaxaton oe FRQUNE 19 Sone ales fer 3 and MPPs ‘ad peomeal mnie Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to the House of ‘Sommons, and Members of Provincial Pariament (MPPs) are ‘lected! to the Legislative Assembly. The jobs of an MP and an MPP in Ontario are very similar. Read the On the Job feature on the ‘opposite page to learn more about the role of an MP. (Chapter 4 Governmert oles and Structures * HR 103,V8 until age 75, 90 there are ‘ew ways to remove senators who are not doing ther jobs properly. (On the other hand, the role of the Senate isto represent the regions: and balance the power among the provinces. i the Senate was ‘removed, this balance would be lot. FIGURE 22 The “Rad “Chambers ‘where ne Sonate isin Gia, Pellet & Respond Melee, ae Noted = 0B ee, Government and the PotticaSainte Cayo se fishy eget eu Wie In 2004 te fcr overnmar pasec an a amend ‘arin on, malig es ‘rea hal prepeged tase on sua trenton, (Chapter 4 Government Roles and Structures * HF 108— Government intiative Sovermens are expected acon promises hy msde he pute | changing is, reversing tans, nd posing nowt. Goverment Intiatves may fecas on ings sch as improving pub saves, ‘eduing unemployment, sng or lawerig ts or esac ‘ovement Members Bt |* oF MEPS wo fed sony about anise sonatines otic led pve nal op eon era par a ropesartaves. “ Toole is vere ous, somaines th push fr charg canes om Buses ore y rere tir, academics, ele cies, {rte goverment is. Te gvermet can a on ements rae ys rorictons, bt thay mn a soo al et Dag Fotingcrignng tess ivesigeons, however te arin bie. ‘ iin apt he rennet, se pl etn, io > Snescstae ies elms ena nce oi tcamtecoclae! ee ee eo ee [Chapter 4 Government Roles and Structures © HR 444Political Parties Poltcians at the provincial and federal evels of government ually belong to organization called potitical parties. A the municipal level, poltical parties are rere. At the provincial and federal levels, ‘competing politcal parties are central to our poltcal system, ‘Tho primary goal of every major politcal party isto win an election so that they can form a government and lead the province oF county. I thay cannot win power, a party works to ensure the ruling party does its job properly. ' Any ctizen or permanent resident can jin a political paty— ‘ven indivieuals 2s young as 14 years old, Paige usually charge @ ‘small membership 68. yoy ope who jin poltical pats share sina arn ‘pions about sigieant ingen ‘Sos and he way the ovement should ery pitta al of oa ae roms ‘ied ding an elocton -ampalgn a lon "piss decane meer poli par’ potion on {do you ik pote pate i nsorantisaes venrage young mene ojo? ‘ARUN 8-40 Police partes ar the canta orgeniig bas nthe pie racesonce it echt “The positions of Canacl's poltical parties are based on their oltical ideologies. However, political partes often adjust thelr Policies and values to reflect changes in society, so their positions can shit. SSRRVATIVE PARTY sbebevesins ads aed government *auppors lor és for peopl nd business “less sappostiv of ensirommantl nities +n won ofineressed spending oa the miary “ices in haa restmet of those who beak he ew | LIBERAL PARTY suppose a balance hemes the pale sctor and pia sings *socilyprogzessve sopport change in tration values ‘supports secil programs such 8 health ers and ld age pension ————— NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY : + promotes economic equality “supports spending on socal programs {Sion feng lg conesatons and he wey support wide range a man and evil rights ~ i] haste to oxganized abou, such as unions ‘RGETE S12. To urate me arenes in ksi of sons of ans’ mln plc! pres, take aka a pesos ene ee in sss Base on his uk lok, which party met ol rts yr pos lege 126 MIHIR © UNIT 2 Government and the Pola! Proces= .. Jn addition to the most popular and successful political parties in aan Canada, a number of protest parties have also been formed, protest party: ‘These parties exist to bring attention to a particular issue or case, ‘ptial party wnase plationn acaesse oe sue oreaue Onset Theat ; ‘ Sree ls oft pen Bhinoceres Party Cir Popstar yramiues [auch a= budgeting wide variety of causas and issues. aearmy of eowne tha wi s270 1 you cou tt your own protest rowaises Chat path. what cas or ise walt “tre word) bobring atteneonta the amety prommeenehet fer ream politce! parties make dur Makes unconventional rmeny matt Founded! fn 2000 te cupporé ‘the fegatizetion of cannebis Anima MMAPONNIGN Voters PB:ugjorfiy govsrmanit deo 2 nn at aed Based on the number of seats won nan alton a goverment bapa haters canbe either a majority government or minority government. Sahat towed nh income choumstances, 2 soaiton governiner aso posse, ee Coalition goverment are rave in Gana, but hey are qe — common nother parts ofthe word. 2 ements byaperp oro . tet tnt ess Sonnactcrmenser ‘ce no onlin ganas Tenmettoaistomed Senn ere pote paneston a aaty fvennetnne Sommerer —— sssnthy emgage cota penne SSasmeretons fan Saran Syoowrange re | I ET Aminy game ads ratpsat tha poets ‘3 avotngayton nw {he euppr of some of he ‘he cance wo rceves ‘oxpton order pass f iets CO reneat area vst anton ocr fisoet < eprosnitom | | sine a oirg aon How do mri, nr, Roane ee ie — GOLTENOG! when two r more partes ‘26 coalition governments fae facta Soman he oe et tothorimber ei a aya umd tem poner? at rcaves 282 MINE * UNIT? Government. the Plt! Process~ Ae Political Spectrum Poltical parties consist of people who gonerally share similar values {and beliefs. Examining your personal beliefs about various issues can help you identity where you are on the political spectrum and \which poltical party you are most ikely to support. "When placed along a line or spectrum, poltical parties can be ‘arranged from lft to right, 2ccording to their politcal ideology. Peartes closer tothe centre are considered more moderate in their views, and partias atthe far ends are more extreme. Parties that ae left of contre, such as the New Demooratic Party, are more socialist, ‘and parties to the right of centr, such as the Conservative Party ‘of Canada, are more conservative. The Liberal Party of Canada is usualy placed at the centre ofthe spectrum. MPP petal FIGURE 5-11 ot of Cots pula pares eine cates tc ht canteen hpi spect. understand if the needs and wants of the public : J°Vernnere engage citizens in Politics \ (MORE TO KNOW... Incanto tomard ‘wing stein at, al Chocrt wtih means pat ‘pats ee of aerate alia system with soit ‘ronnie, pottcal spectrum: ye or cssting alice, ofr ons leit cle patca ideology: eto beets aut bow Socal should werk and about tee of greet Inclaon a eto, soak nd malas socal: Fig he potted pista promotes ard safe wren cones, ard at suppose power atthe overment ensure onan ety conserve: aig he otic sey at pronstes emer tes, eased priate Dishes, and espe ar ‘ran at pps indi freedom treugha lead goverment le eee te: ree anes Chapter S The Political Process © MIR 425128 Positions of Canada’s Main Political Parties ‘The positions of Canada’s poltcal partios are based on their political ideologies. However, poltical parties often acust their polices and values to reflect changes In society, so their positions can shit. Platforms of Canada’s Main Political Parties CONSERVATIVE PARTY belive in asmalle, ited goverment ‘supports lower taser for peaple and businesses les suppor of envconmentintnsves “in fiver ofinereased spending onthe military “alive in ra rete of thowe who break the LIBERAL PARTY + support balance between dhe public sector and pare bones *socily progressive: uppora changes in alton values, ‘apport socal programs such a health care and old age pension NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY + promote economic equality oppor spending on eal pega “favour faxing large corporations nd the wealthy “apport wide ange of human and cil rgh “sis organized abou, such unions FIOURE 5-12. To tate he fereoes In ely of sane of Cana main ota pares, tke okt posto ona few ‘man sues. Based on is uk lo, which party mos cose refit our pial eles? [MHI + UNIT 2 Government and the Pstical ProcessGovernments Around the World ‘MORE TO KNOW. Every country has its own political system that has its fostemvas asa tevesstrteren, own Approach to governing its citizens. ‘a sa people Jesh escent “Senta caoataton camps inthe 8ans and eat 1940. The Naz also Gennansantreres i Political Ideologies eaters Fem TEENA. anc got based on plc cy Pot rary eres ie ee 5 Se cree oe eee Seemed ee vacant ee ration verge a ‘batween the rch and the ee ee — fremaunes: concrete ine mesaunmae VIE ‘of ietnam is an ‘TNAM — para : ‘an economic system in which country. However, Remcoreni aor cision a pte 1968, government tuned end oftisenmes Mas owed priate Ineonpative conatins eee olay @ Baier ‘Sgifcatroein the communism: cana, vate ‘alii ase nich oper ana esores are ‘ne clecney by lasses ciety ‘The Pere’ epi of hina an EB ‘example of communist country. oa) CHINA foe eet eri ha S tre ay fom soni past * Communism a rr exon ta fea {wale sare pate bsess ico ton spl dst a ete Alri st-oned ee. rath 5 i eal) munis blew hai everyone wks net conrman gol then averting vl FRGURE 6~4 Tso are the exanpke of methods of governing om rnd Bo wor. Wat doy have comer? al makes than eee? 154. MHR + UNIT Global vies‘eh Karea is an example ofa toi state. aly was fast courte 192210 1945, under Bot Muszl {olalarianism aso eet to as apoice stats cal sjte in tional aspect af peson's He re Fase 1st form of ane ‘tne by the tat. ners ye nations s in whit one party comnts te ‘ey mpi and itis bobeved te esa reson alia! system. Theparyin power ‘andindesendance weaker the aby ofthe county ta anise pent eg the ee of oro is vatnal nests. Te one ung psy {oye Aesistgovemment coe Canta al pets if, mung pola economic, pales, te econ, andeiin, ‘altura and regis, end dose ntl von, Te Fasc govermeis say havea ap he pubic am questing te gvurinent sSrong ender fat veryone nies ‘antares propane o spars ate vi easy and hoe fei poston a Ac > | | ip eal TROT canada an examole ofa somos county omosracy, hich wes fst wed ny the Gees, s 8 lic! ye in whch people hose he police eid. This yp of aovernent yates ily ‘ard pesaal ead andi pots peo’ “undarental ints he eouny use a constuton ing, for example, gives eo te ety 0 congo ‘he cats ho wil bet eect oes itausts inte sovernent Reflect & Respond pees eis GRIM eueeee ec c eae ce ec) rain ecu tee ot face med ian of ‘aed omatn con through he econo ii net prot the aw ote pry in power totattartansm: ‘otal som in wich ‘ne ng pry cons ‘he potty econo, sng uta spect os ches es pee Paes a Cherian anada sa democracy with some len a Siena estas elaine ter) ‘Chapter 6 Civics and Gtzanship in Global Communities * MMR.