Numbers and

1 Arithmetic Operations
In this unit students will learn to:
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• identify place values of digits up to one hundred million
• read and write numbers in words and numerals up to one hundred million
• compare and order numbers up to 8 digits

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• add and subtract numbers up to 6 digits
• multiply numbers up to 5 digits by numbers up to 3 digits

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• divide numbers up to 4 digits by numbers up to 2 digits
• solve simple sums involving four operations
• solve real-life problems involving four operations o ls
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MATHS
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FLASH
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You have already learnt:

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• t o read and write numbers in words and figures

KEY
up to 6 digits
vocabulary
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• t o identify place value of numbers up to 6 digits

million, place value,
• t o compare and order 6-digit numbers compare, order,
operation, multiplier,
• t o represent numbers on a number line
multiplicand,
• t o add and subtract numbers up to 4 digits product, divisor,
dividend, quotient,
• t o multiply and divide 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit remainder,
number commutative law

1 1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Numbers
Now we will work with numbers up to 9 digits that is hundred million.
Let us consider the following place value chart.

Millions Thousands Ones

HM TM M HTh T Th Th H T U
1 0 0 0 0 0 6-digit number
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7-digit number
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8-digit number
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9-digit number
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From the above chart we conclude that as the number of digits
increases the value of the number also increases. A 7-digit number is
a million, 8-digit number is ten million, and 9-digit number is hundred

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million.

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Now as an example consider a 7-digit number 2 489 652 and place it in
the place value chart.

M HTh TTh Th H
o
T
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2 4 8 9 6 5 2
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This shows that a 7-digit number goes up to one million.

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When we place 23,896,108 in a place value chart we notice that a

8-digit number goes up to ten million.
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TM M HTh TTh Th H T U
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2 3 8 9 6 1 0 8
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While a 9-digit number 630 057 789 goes up to hundred million.

HM TM M HTh TTh Th H T U
6 3 0 0 5 7 7 8 9

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 2 1

Examples:
1. Write 682 952 602 in words.
Solution
First place the number in the place value chart.

HM TM M HTh TTh Th H T U
6 8 2 9 5 2 6 0 2
Now we can easily write the number in word as:
Six hundred and eighty-two million, nine hundred and fifty-two
thousand, six hundred and two.
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2. Write the given number in figures:
Twenty five million, nine hundred and nine thousand, four hundred
and thirty-seven.

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Solution:

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Make a place value chart and write the number in it.

TM M HTh TTh Th H ols

T U
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2 5 9 0 9 4 3 7
Hence the required number is 25 909 437.
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3. Write the value of the ringed digit in the number 489 8 3 2 416
Solution:
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Place the number in the place value chart.

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HM TM M HTh TTh Th H T U
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4 8 9 8 3 2 4 1 6
The value of 3 is thirty thousand or 30 000.

4. Write the number 469 825 136 in expanded form.

Solution:
400 000 000 + 60 000 000 + 9 000 000 + 800 000 + 20 000 + 5000 + 100 + 30 + 6

1 3 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 5. The given number is written in expanded form, find the value.
500 000 000 + 90 000 000 + 6 000 000 + 000 000 + 20 000 + 1000 + 500 + 40 + 1
Solution:
The required value can be obtained by adding up all the numbers
vertically. The required number is 596 021 541

Comparing and ordering 8-digit numbers

Comparing numbers is the same as knowing which number is smaller
and which number is the bigger. Let us take an example of two 6-digit
numbers, 698 721 and 698 831
To compare these numbers, follow the given steps.
1. Make a place value chart and write both the numbers in it
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HTh TTh Th H T U
6 9 8 7 2 1

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6 9 8 8 3 1

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2. Now check the place value of each digit starting from the largest
place – hundred thousand. o ls
3. We see that the numbers in HTH, TTH and Th are equal, but in the
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hundred place, 8 hundred is greater than 7 hundred which makes

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698 831 greater than 698 721.

4. Symbolically, it is denoted as 698, 831 > 698 721.
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The open side of the symbol indicates the greater number.

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Now, let us compare two 8-digit numbers, 46 251 881 and 46 270 430.
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Following the steps we write the numbers in the place values

TM M HTh TTh Th H T U
4 6, 2 5 1, 8 8 1
4 6, 2 7 0, 4 3 0
Starting from the left we find that 70 thousand in greater than 50
thousand.

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 4 1

Therefore, 46 270 430 > 46 261 881
or 46 251 881 < 46 270 430

The closed end of the symbol indicates the smaller number.

Using the same strategy, we can order a sequence of numbers in their

ascending or descending order.
Example:
Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.
62 345 801 ; 62 346 801 ; 62 341 801
Solution:
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Arrange the given numbers as follows:

6 2 3 4 5 8 0 1
6 2 3 4 6 8 0 1

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6 2 3 4 1 8 0 1

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Starting from the left we see that digits in the thousand place differ
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from each other.
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We know that 1000 < 5000 < 6000.

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Therefore, the required ascending order is: 62 341 801, 62 345 801,
62 346 801
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or 62 341 801 < 62 345 801 < 62 346 801

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Example:
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Arrange the following numbers in descending order.

73 921 016 ; 73 921 816 and 73 921 516
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Solution:
Proceeding according to the steps given above we find that in the
hundreds place we have digits 0, 8, and 5.
We know that 800 > 500 > 000.
Therefore, the required descending order is:
73 921 816 , 73 92 1516 , 73 921 016
or 73 921 816 > 73 921 516 > 73 921 016

1 5 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Exercise 1a
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. In 49 8 52 610, the place value of the ringed digit is
.
b. 5 000 000 + 200 000 + 00 000 + 0000 + 400 + 50 + 9 =  .
c. Insert space to express 725895213 in International number
system. .
d. The predecessor of 8 001 001 is .
e. The successor of 2 316 999 is .
2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. The predecessor of 60 000 000 is 60 000 999. ( )

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b. The successor to 189 561 100 is 189 561 200. ( )
c. A number at one million place has six zeroes on its right. ( )
d. Place value is the value of the position of a digit in a number.
( )

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e. The place value of 6 in 10 682 817 is 600 000. ( )

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3. Select the correct answer from the given options.

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a. The predecessor of 61 15 999 is o
6 015 999 6 115 989 6 115 998 6 116 000
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b. Eighty million, four hundred and ninety thousand in figures is
80 490 000 80 400 9000
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804 900 000 8 049 000

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c. The successor of 5 49 62 111 is

55 062 111 64 962 111
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54 962 101 54 962 112

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d. 8 463 110 written in expanded form is

8 + 463 + 110
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8 000 000 + 400 000 + 60 000 + 3000 + 100 + 10

800 000 + 400 + 60 + 3 + 100 + 10
800 000 + 40 000 + 6000 + 300 + 10
e. The predecessor of 7 843 002 is
7 843 001 7 834 000
7 835 002 8 834 003
4. Write the given numbers in words.
a. 3 000 000 b. 140 000 000 c. 217 000 000 d. 50 000 000

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 6 1

 5. Write in figures with correct spacings.
a. Nine million b. Twenty four million
c. Seven hundred and five million d. Ten million 9 hundred
6. Write the given numbers in words.
a. 1 289 056 b. 27 389 100 c. 613 421 005 d. 497 560
7. Write the place value of the circled digit.
a. 7 8 9 452 100 b. 14 0 09 838
c. 25 6 943 100 d. 86 24 7 120
8. Write the predecessor of:
a. 60 129 808 b. 497 215 010
c. 256 943 100 d. 630 713 455
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9. Write the successors of:
a. 146 780 000 b. 59 899 989
c. 871 600 009 d. 106 343 201

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10. Write the numbers in expanded form:

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a. 7 200 017 b. 83 153 206
c. 917 245 985 d. 164 205 789
11. Fill the blank with >, < or =.
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a. 6 984 529 _____________ 6 894 529
b. 45 800 100 _____________ 45 810 100
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c. 359 412 025 _____________ 359 412 125

d. 6 800 152 _____________ 6 800 152
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e. 100 985 263 _____________ 99 985 265

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12. Write numbers that match the following expanded form.

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a. 6 000 000 + 900 000 + 20 000 + 5000 + 000 + 20 + 7

b. 78 000 000 + 50 000 + 7000 + 600 + 50 + 3
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c. 400 000 000 + 30 000 000 + 7 000 000 + 90 + 6

13. Arrange the given numbers in ascending order.
a. 45 298 653 ; 45 288 653 ; 45 308 653
b. 7 011 262 ; 70 111 162 ; 7 002 162
14. Arrange the given numbers in descending order.
a. 69 245 823 ; 69 645 823 ; 69 045 823
b. 10 153 215 ; 10 133 215 ; 10 143 215

1 7 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Addition
Adding big numbers is simple, provided we remember to write our
columns carefully, and to work from right to left.

1 1 1 1 1
362 246 2 36 134
+ 3 2 4 3 2 1 + 4 9 5 9 8 7
686 567 7 32 121

Do not forget to start with the ones, then add the tens, then the
hundreds, then the thousands, then the ten thousands, and lastly the
hundred thousands.
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Subtraction

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If we write our columns carefully, and REMEMBER

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remember to work from the ones column
first, we find that subtraction with big Write the number which is
numbers is easy. ols
• 200 less than 1100
• 500 less than 3560
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8 12 14 15 17 1
935 68 6 • 1000 less than 9686
93 467
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– 21 246 – 4 4 7 7 9  7
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72 221 4 8 7 8 8  9
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Exercise 1b
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1. Fill in the blanks.

a. 10 000 + 6000 + 900 + 5 .
b. 12 500 – = 5600.
c. 100 more than 99 990 equals to .
d. must be added to 100 050 to make 102 550.
e. 49 396 – = 10 086.

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 8 1

 2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. 375 + 405 + 163 equals 943. ( )
b. 400 more than 69 843 is 69 443. ( )
c. 7000 less than 897 536 is 890 536. ( )
d. Asif has Rs 895 123 and Fahad has Rs 896 012. Fahad has more
money than Asif. ( )
e. Anas spent Rs 728 000 to purchase a car. Salman bought a car
for Rs 725 555. Salman paid more money for his purchase.
( )
3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
a. The sum of the largest 5-digit number and the smallest 4-digit
number is

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19 999 100 999
10 999 1 000 999
b. 250 000 plus 25 000 is equal to

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275 000 252 500

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50 000 2525
c. 2400 + 180 + 9 is equal to


4290
2580
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2409
2589
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d. The difference between 99 999 and 1000 is equal to

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89 999 80 001
98 999 8000
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e. Take away 874 528 from 900 059

25 531 36 531
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174 531 1 773 587

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4. Add the following.

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a. 43 846 b. 753 865

+ 35 017 + 169 530

c. 465 357 d. 329 436

+   32 986 + 281 274

1 9 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 5. Write vertically and add.
a. 24 639 + 10 251 b. 50 466 + 18 974
c. 216 154 + 158 309 d. 14 838 + 249 501 + 108 633
e. 316 010 + 187 684 + 3472 f. 204 469 + 20 496 + 2460
6. Write the number which is:
a. 200 more than 1 25 000 b. 1000 more than 200 000
c. 900 more than 4 60 100 d. 400 more than 509 600
7. Subtract the following.
a. 7 46 389 b. 1 05 003
–    94 247 –    87 675

c.
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5 02 395 d. 7 62 043
– 1 49 146 – 5 09 567

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8. Write these vertically and subtract.

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a. 36 738 – 12 849 b. 256 704 – 103 028
c. 2 00 031 – 1 89 764 d. 500 000 – 360 824
e. 750 000 – 125 255 ols
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9. Subtract 100 from each of the following numbers.
a. 1 46 952 b. 500 000
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c. 305 103 d. 810 000

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10. Subtract 500 from each of the following numbers.

a. 385 620 b. 284 320
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c. 505 400 d. 69 010

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Word Problems
Read the problems carefully. Decide whether you should add or
subtract to solve them. Write complete statements.
1. A factory made 64 750 jute bags on Monday and 51 060 more on
Tuesday. How many bags were made altogether?
2. In an election, Mr Kamal got 156 720 votes and Mrs Abid got
158 986 votes. Who got more votes and how many more?

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 10 1

 3. A library has 46 918 books of English and 108 625 books of Urdu.
What is the total number of books?
4. A shopkeeper earned Rs 170 920 in one year. If his expenses for
the same year were Rs 129 486, how much money did he save?
5. Find the difference between the largest 4-digit number and the
smallest 6-digit number.
6. A man bought a house for Rs 956 780. He sold it for Rs 120 000
less than the cost price. How much did he sell the house for?
7. A school in the village needs Rs 400 000 for a new building.
Mr Abdul donated Rs 150 000. How much more money must be
collected?
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Multiplication

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We have learnt the method of multiplication of numbers in previous

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classes. Now we will learn to multiply 5-digit numbers with 3-digit
numbers.
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Each part of a multiplication sum has a special name in maths.

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243 multiplicand
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* 46 multiplier
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1458 (243 * 6)
9720 (243 * 40)
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11178 product
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The multiplicand is the number or quantity to be multiplied.

The multiplier is the number or quantity by which the multiplicand is
to be multiplied.
The product is simply the end result (answer) of the multiplication.

1 11 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Example:
Find the product of 24 358 � 465.
24358
* 465
1 1
121790 (24358 * 5)
1461480 (24358 * 60)
+ 9743200 (24358 * 400)
11326470

We multiply by the ones of the multiplier first, then the tens of the
multiplier, and then the hundreds of the multiplier. Then add to get
the product.
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Division

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We have already done division of 2-digit numbers by 1-digit divisors.

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We have also learnt the special words used for the different parts of a

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division. o
58 Quotient
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Divisor 8 469 Dividend
–40
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69
–64
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5 Remainder
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Division of 4-digit numbers by 2-digit numbers

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It is easy to work with 4-digit dividends if we carry out our division

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steps carefully.
Example:
6914 ÷ 34
First, we look at the thousands.

34 6914

6 < 34, so we put the 6 thousands together with the 9 hundreds.

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 12 1

69 > 34, so now we can divide.

    2
34 6914
   –68 (34 � 2)
    1

Next, we take the remainder of 1 hundred with the 1 in the tens

column.
11 < 34, so we write 0 in the tens column of the quotient.

    20
3 34 6914
   –68
    11

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Next, we take the remainder of 11 tens with the 4 in the ones column:

    20 ols
34 6914
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   –68
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    114
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114 > 34, so now we can easily divide.

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Then, we work as shown below:

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     203 Quotient

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Divisor 34 6914 dividend

          –68
           114
          –102 (34 � 3)
            12 remainder

6914 ÷ 34 = 203 rem 12

1 13 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Exercise 1c
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. In 3256 * 928 ; 3256 is called the .
b. The quantity by which the multiplicand is to be multiplied is
known as .
c. The number which divides a dividend is called a .
d. 18 400 ÷ 100 = .
e. If the dividend is 348 and the divisor is 12, then the remainder is
.
2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. When 1485 is divided by 6 the remainder is zero. ( )
b. In 429 ÷ 8; the number 429 is the dividend. (

3 )

c. If we divide 3696 by 12, the quotient is 308. ( )

d. The product of two numbers is 274 800. If one of the numbers is

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100, the other number will be 27 480. ( )

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e. 1008 * 35 is 350 280. ( )

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3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
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a. The result of multiplication of two numbers is called the
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multiplier sum
product quotient
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b. 1500 * 200 equals

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300 300 000

3000 30 000
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c. If we divide 4592 by 26 the remainder is

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6 26
16 0
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d. The number left in the end of a long division is called the

divisor dividend
quotient remainder
e. If the cost of one book is Rs 35, then to find the cost of 13 books
we will
multiply add
divide subtract

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 14 1

 4. Multiply the following.
a. 61 964 b. 38 547 c. 8501
* 279 * 473 * 906

5. Write these vertically and multiply.

a. 72 562 * 169 b. 80 093 * 200
c. 40 981 * 624 d. 34 571 * 843

6. Find the product.

a. multiplicand 5829, multiplier 431
b. multiplicand 601 835, multiplier 297
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7. Divide the following.
a. 28  4042 b. 26  1064

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c. 31  6485 d. 18  1002

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e. 43  5629 f. 39  2084

8. Write in long division form and divide.

a. 4618 ÷ 29 b. 9320 ÷ 86
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c. 3047 ÷ 53 d. 6593 ÷ 72
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e. 3271 ÷ 49 f. 4818 ÷ 35
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9. Divide the following, then multiply to check.

a. Dividend 399, divisor 17 b. Dividend 4082, divisor 62
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c. Dividend 6351, divisor 49 d. Dividend 5641, divisor 13

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e. Dividend 3001, divisor 81 f. Dividend 82 721, divisor 94

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10. Write the quotients in the blanks.

a. 4900 ÷ 49 = b. 6500 ÷ 10 =

c. 8000 ÷ 20 = d. 5100 ÷ 17 =

e. 4800 ÷ 40 = f. 8400 ÷ 12 =

1 15 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Word Problems
Solve the problems, writing complete statements.
1. A leaking tap wastes 3750 ml of water in 1 hour. How much water
will be wasted in a day?
2. Rehan found out that he can save 4726 ml of water every day
by not leaving the tap open continuously, during his bath. How
much water can be saved in 25 days in this manner?
3. There are 1440 minutes in a day. How many minutes are there in
8 weeks?
4. Thirty children made 5280 paper bags. How many did each child
make?
5. How many pieces of cloth can be cut from a 5 m length of cloth,
3
if each piece is 50 cm long?
6. From several orchards, delicious apples are packed in boxes of 72
each. How many boxes will be required for 936 apples?

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7. Five doctors travel from Karachi to Lahore to attend a conference.

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The total bill for their train tickets is Rs 9675. How much does
each doctor pay?
8. How many hours are there in 2700 minutes?ols
9. Four friends share a flat. Their total expenses for January are
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Rs 9256. How much money must each friend contribute?

Sc
aia

Using four operations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are known as the
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four operations.
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We should be able to perform them quickly and accurately as we

tackle more difficult and exciting maths problems.
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We follow the given rules when mixed operations are used.

Rule 1
When there are two operations (‘+’ and ‘–’ only) or (‘*’ and ‘÷’
only) in the given expression, we start working from the left and
operations are used in sequence.

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 16 1

Examples:
1. 12 – 5 + 8 2. 3 + 4 – 2
Solution Solution:
12 – 5 + 8 (first subtract) 3 + 4 – 2 (add first)
= 7 + 8 (then add) = 7 – 2 (then subtract)
= 15 = 5
3. 18 ÷ 2 * 3 4. 5 × 4 ÷ 2
Solution: Solution:
18 ÷ 2 * 3 (first divide) 5 * 4 ÷ 2 (first multiply)
= 9 * 3 (then multiply) = 20 ÷ 2 (then divide)
= 27 = 10
3
Rule 2
When there are two (‘*’ with ‘+’ or ‘–’) or (‘÷’ with ‘+’ or ‘–’) or

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more than two operations then we use DMAS rule, where D is

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for division, M is for multiplication, A is for addition, and S is for
subtraction. The operations are used in the same sequence as given
in DMAS. ls
o
ho

Examples:
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1. 10 + 9 * 5 2. 6 – 55 ÷ 11 3. 8 – 4 * 1 + 3
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Solution: Solution: Solution:

8–4*1+3
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10 + 9 * 5 6 – 55 ÷ 11
= 10 + 45 =6–5 =8–4+3
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= 55 =1 =4+3
= 7
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4. 55 � 15 ÷ 5 – 25 5. 85 + 24 ÷ 3 – 11 6. 12 + 8 � 2 – 6 ÷ 2
Solution: Solution Solution:
55 � 15 ÷ 5 – 25 85 + 24 ÷ 3 – 11 12 + 8�2–6÷2
= 55 � 3 – 25 = 85 + 8 – 11 = 12 + 8�2–3
= 165 – 25 = 93 – 11 = 12 + 16 – 3
= 140 = 82 = 28 – 3
= 25

1 17 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 1

 Exercise 1d
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. 4 � 5 – = 12
b. 9 + 5 – 4 � 2 =
c. � 5 ÷ 5 = 10
d. 8 + 9 – 6 – 5 =
e. 6 + –8=0
2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. 9 + 1 – 6 = 4 ( )
b. 4 � 5 – 3 = 8 ( )
c. 49 ÷ 7 + 10 = 17 ( )
d. 54 – 4 � 10 ÷ 5 = 46 ( )

3
e. 3 � 2 + 4 – 3 = 9 ( )
3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
a. 3 * 5 + 8

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16 39 120 23

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b. 2 * 4 + 8 – 9
6 9 7 15
c. 10 ÷ 5 * 6 + 5 ls
o
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35 55 17 22
d. 18 – 4 + 9
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23 31 5 13
e. 4 + 8 * 3 – 20
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16 8 140 56
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4. Solve
a. 524 + 48 – 62 b. 831 * 500 ÷ 100
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c. 91 – 45 – 30 d. 144 ÷ 9 * 4
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5. Solve
a. 140 * 65 + 130 b. 100 – 75 ÷ 5
c. 70 – 7 * 10 d. 28 ÷ 4 + 24
6. Solve
a. 9 * 5 – 15 + 8 b. 4 + 9 ÷ 3 * 5 c. 72 + 8 – 4 * 2
d. 7 * 6 – 8 + 15 ÷ 3 e. 42 + 8 – 9 * 5 f. 36 * 9 ÷ 3 + 8
g. 120 ÷ 12 * 3 – 15 h. 36 – 63 ÷ 7 + 8 i. 21 – 10 * 2 ÷ 2

1 Numbers and Arithmetic Operations 18 1

 2 Factors and Multiples

In this unit students will learn to:

• use divisibility tests for 2, 3, 5, and 10 on numbers up to 5 digits
3
• differentiate between prime and composite numbers
• list factors of a number up to 50
• list the first twelve multiples of a 1-digit number
• differentiate between factors and multiples

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• factorise a number by using prime factors

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• find common factors and multiples of two or more 2-digit numbers
• find the HCF of two or more 2-digit numbers using a Venn diagram and prime

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factorisation o
• find the LCM by common multiples and prime factorisation
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• solve real-life problems involving HCF and LCM
Sc
aia

MATHS
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FLASH
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You have already learnt:

• times tables KEY
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• to identify even and odd numbers vocabulary

• t hat even numbers can be arranged in pairs divisibility, prime,
without leaving a remainder. composite, factors,
For example, 8 can be arranged as: prime factors, Highest
common factor,
• that odd numbers cannot be arranged in HCF, multiples, Least
pairs as they always leave a remainder. common multiple,
For example, 9 can be arranged as: LCM,

1 19 Factors and Multiples 2

 Tests of divisibility
Divisibility rules of whole numbers are very useful to find out if a
number can be divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. With the help of
these rules we do not need to do long divisions. These rules help us
to test if one number is divisible by another number without doing
a lengthy calculation. We use these tests to find out the factors that
make up a number.

Rules of divisibility

Rule 1 Rule 2
3
Any number with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 If the digits of any number
at the unit place is divisible add up to a number which
by 2. All even numbers are is divisible by 3, then the

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divisible by 2. original number is also

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divisible by 3.

ols
3 4
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Rule Rule
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Any number with 0 or 5 at Any number with 0 at the

the unit place is divisible unit place is divisible by 10.
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by 5.
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Examples
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1. Is 138 divisible by 2? 2. Is 105 divisible by 3?

Solution:
Solution:
Add the digits.
Yes, because 138 is an even
number and it has 8 at its 1 + 0 + 5 = 6; 6 is divisible by 3.
units place. According to rule  herefore, 105 is also divisible
T
1, it is divisible by 2. by 3.

2 Factors and Multiples 20 1

3. Is 593 divisible by 3?
Solution: do you
Add the digits: 5 + 9 + 3 = 17 know?
17 is not divisible by 3. • ‘Divisible by’ and ‘can
be exactly divisible
Hence, the original number 593 is not
by’ means the same.
divisible by 3. • Every number is
divisible by 1.
4. a. Is 195 divisible by 5?
Solution:
Yes, 195 is divisible by 5, because it has 5 at the unit place.

b.
3
Is 230 is divisible by 5?
Solution:
Yes, 230 is divisible by 5, because it has 0 at the unit place.

ly
c. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5? Circle

on
them and give reason.

ls
Solution: o
780 , 225 , 192, 263
ho
780 and 225 are divisible by 5, because they have 0 and 5 at
their unit places.
Sc

5. Is 240 divisible by 10?

aia

Solution:
az

Yes, 240 is divisible by 10 because it has 0 at the unit place.

rF

6. a. Is 4055 divisible by 5 and 10?

Fo

Solution:
4055 is divisibly by 5 because it has 5 at the unit place, but
4055 is not divisible by 10 because its unit place is not 0.

b. Is 1850 divisible by 5 and 10?

Solution:
1850 is divisible by 5 because it has 0 at the unit place.
1850 is divisible by 10, because it has 0 at the unit place.

1 21 Factors and Multiples 2

 Exercise 2a
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. A number is divisible by if it has 5 at the unit place.

b. 156 is divisible by , , and .

c. If a number has 0 at the unit place, it is divisible by ,
and .

d. If the sum of digits is divisible by 3, then the number itself is
divisible by .

e. All even numbers are divisible by .
2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. 20 589 is divisible by 3. ( )

3
b. 160 is divisible by 2. ( )

c. 225 is divisible by 5 and 10. ( )

ly

d. Any number which is divisible by 10 is divisible by 5. ( )

on

e. 5563 is divisible by 5. ( )
3. Select the correct answer from the given options.


a. 6234 is divisible by
5 2 and 3
o
2 and 10
ls 2 and 5
ho

b. 4600 is divisible by
Sc

5 only 2 and 10 2 and 5 2, 5 and 10

c. 525 is divisible by
aia

5 and 3 2 and 5 5 only 10

d. A number can be divided by 5 if the digit at the unit place is
az

even 5 or 0 5 only odd but not 5

rF

e. 5 * 3 is divisible by
5 and 3 5 only 3 only 2 only
Fo

4. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2?

a. 200 b. 126 c. 427 d. 187
e. 134 f. 2032 g. 139 h. 345
5. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 3?
a.
624 b. 2358 c. 130 d. 3612
6. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5?
a. 2900 b. 6954 c. 4085 d. 840,050

2 Factors and Multiples 22 1

 7. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 10?
a. 7281 b. 81 080 c. 10 000 d. 90 005
e. 52 010 f. 40 185 g. 4002 h. 8760
8. Use the rules of divisibility to check whether each given number is
divisible by 2, 3, 5, or 10. Write Yes or No.
Divisible by
Numbers
2 3 5 10
1872 Yes Yes No No
53 250
673 655
2971
3
4720

ly
on
Prime and composite numbers
Prime numbers o ls
A prime number has only two factors that is 1 and the number itself.
ho

We can say if a number cannot be divided exactly by any other

Sc

number except 1 or itself, then it is a prime number.

Look at the following table.
aia

Number Factors Number Factors

az

1 1 10 1, 2, 5, 10
rF

2 1, 2 11 1, 11
Fo

3 1, 3 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
4 1, 2, 4 13 1, 13
5 1, 5 14 1, 2, 7, 14
6 1, 2, 3, 6 15 1, 3, 5, 15
7 1, 7 16 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
8 1, 2, 4, 8 17 1, 17
9 1, 3, 9 18 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

1 23 Factors and Multiples 2

 This result can be shown on a column graph.

Number of factors
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Number

We see that 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 17 have only two factors, that is 1

and the number itself.
3
Numbers which have only two different factors—the number itself and
1 have a special name. They are called prime numbers.

ly
Number 1 is not a prime number because it has only one factor.

on
Co-prime numbers
ls
o
ho
Now look at this pair of numbers: 2 and 3
What are the factors of this pair?
Sc

factors of 2: 1, 2
aia

factors of 3: 1, 3
There is only one common factor here, and that common factor
az

is 1. Two numbers which have only 1 as their common factor are

rF

called co-prime numbers.

Fo

Example:
Are 9 and 16 co-prime numbers?
Solution:
factors of 9: 1, 3, 9
factors of 16: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Yes, 9 and 16 are co-prime numbers.

2 Factors and Multiples 24 1

A magic way of showing all prime numbers from 1–100.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
3 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

ly
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

on
ls
Take a colour pencil or crayon and follow the given steps.
o
ho
Step 1 Do not colour the cell containing the number 1.
Sc

Step 2 2 is a prime number. Except for 2 itself, colour all cells

aia

containing multiples of 2 (4, 6, 8, 10, and so on).

az

Step 3 3 is a prime number. Except for 3 itself, colour all cells

containing multiples of 3 (6, 9, 12, and so on). You may
rF

have already coloured some of the numbers.

Fo

Step 4 5 is a prime number. Except for 5 itself, colour all squares

containing multiples of 5 (10, 15, and so on). You may
have already coloured some of these numbers.

Step 5 7 is a prime number. Except for 7 itself, colour all squares

containing multiples of 7 (14, 21, and so on). Many of
these squares will already be coloured.

1 25 Factors and Multiples 2

 1. Look at your chart.
Why are we not asked to colour multiples of 4 or 6?
2. Look at the chart again and write down all the numbers which
have been left uncoloured. How many such numbers are there
altogether?

All the numbers which are coloured are composite numbers.

All the numbers left uncoloured are prime numbers. Make
a list of these. Each has only 2 factors: itself and 1.
3
Composite numbers

ly
We already know that prime numbers are numbers which have only

on
two different factors.
All other numbers (except the number 1) have three or more different
ls
factors. They, too, have a special name: composite numbers.
o
ho

Composite means made up of several or many different parts.

Sc
aia

We can say that if a number can be divided exactly by numbers other

than 1 and the number itself, it is a composite number.
az

By arranging pebbles, we discover that composite numbers can always

rF

be arranged in exact rectangles.

Fo

9 12 15

Prime numbers cannot be arranged in this way.

5 11

2 Factors and Multiples 26 1

 Exercise 2b
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Composite numbers have more than factors.

b. Each prime number has exactly factors.

c. is neither prime nor a composite number.
d. 50 is a
number.

e. Every prime number except is odd.

2. State whether the following are true or false.

a. 10 is a prime number. ( )

b. 1, 3, and 13 are factors of 13. ( )

3
c. 8 is a composite number because it has four factors. ( )

d. 45 is a composite number. ( )

e. 18 is a prime number because it has two factors only. ( )

ly
on
3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
a. The smallest prime number is.
6 1
o ls
ho
2 3
b. The composite numbers have
Sc

one factor more than two factors

aia

two factors uncountable factors

c. The largest prime number less than 30 is
az

23 21
rF

20 29
d. 47 is
Fo

a prime number a factor of 50

an even number a composite number
e. 38 is
a composite number a multiple of 9
a prime number an odd number

1 27 Factors and Multiples 2

 4. Check whether the numbers given in the table below are prime
or composite. Write (P) for each prime number and (C) for each
composite number.

a. 15 b. 31 c. 24 d. 21 e. 32
f. 25 g. 29 h. 3 i. 37 j. 17
k. 45 l. 11 m. 18 n. 33 o. 25
p. 54 q. 35 r. 83 s. 57 t. 41

5. Which of the following are co-prime numbers?

a. 3 and 5 b. 31 and 62 c. 4 and 9 d. 14 and 25
3

e. 36 and 49 f. 72 and 55 g. 40 and 4 h. 5 and 10

ly
Factors

on
We can arrange objects in groups. In the table given below 12 pebbles

ls
have been arranged in different ways. o
1. in ones 2. in twos
ho
Sc

12 * 1 = 12 6 * 2 = 12
aia

3. in threes 4. in fours
az
rF

4 * 3 = 12 3 * 4 = 12
Fo

5. in sixes 6. in twelves

2 * 6 = 12 1 * 12 = 12

The 12 pebbles have been arranged in ones, twos, threes, fours, sixes,
and twelves, with none left over.

2 Factors and Multiples 28 1

From the given example, we conclude that 12 can be divided
completely by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.

12 ÷ 1 = 12 rem 0
12 ÷ 2 = 6 rem 0 NOTE
12 ÷ 3 = 4 rem 0 When a number is
12 ÷ 4 = 3 rem 0 divided by one of its
12 ÷ 6 = 2 rem 0 factors, there is no
12 ÷ 12 = 1 rem 0 remainder.

Number which can divide a given number leaving no remainder are

3
called factors of the given number.
Here 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 are called factors of the number 12.

ly
Examples:

on
Find all the factors of
a. 15 b. 49 c. 72 d. 65

a. 15
ols
ho

Solution
Sc

15 ÷ 1 = 15 rem 0 or 1 � 15 = 15
aia

15 ÷ 3 = 5 rem 0 3 � 5 = 15
15 ÷ 5 = 3 rem 0 Stop when numbers begin to repeat.
az

15 ÷ 15 = 1 rem 0
rF

∴ factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.

Fo

b. 49
Solution
49 ÷ 1 = 49 rem 0 or 1 � 49 = 49
49 ÷ 7 = 7 rem 0 7 � 7 = 49
49 ÷ 49 = 1 rem 0 (factors will repeat from here onwards)
∴ factors of 49 are 1, 7, and 49.

1 29 Factors and Multiples 2

 c. 72 (use rules of divisibility to find factors.)
Solution:
72 ÷ 1 = 72 or 72 ÷ 72 = 1 rem 0 or 1 � 72 = 72
72 ÷ 2 = 36 or 72 ÷ 36 = 2 rem 0 2 � 36 = 72
72 ÷ 3 = 24 or 72 ÷ 24 = 3 rem 0 3 � 24 = 72
72 ÷ 4 = 18 or 72 ÷ 18 = 4 rem 0 4 � 18 = 72
72 ÷ 6 = 12 or 72 ÷ 12 = 6 rem 0 6 � 12 = 72
72 ÷ 8 = 9 or 72 ÷ 9 = 8 rem 0 8 � 9 = 72
(factors will repeat from here
onwards)
3
∴ factors of 72 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 72.

d. 65
Solution: REMEMBER

ly
65 ÷ 1 = 65 1 � 65

on
• Factors of a number are
65 ÷ 5 = 13 5 � 13 limited.

ls
65 ÷13 = 5 • Every number is a factor of
o
itself.
65 ÷ 65 = 1
ho
• 1 is a factor of every number.
∴ factors of 65 are 1, 5, 13, and 65.
Sc

In the above examples we notice that the number 1 and the number
aia

itself appear in every list.

1 � 15 = 15; 1 � 49 = 49; 1 � 72 = 72, and 1 � 65 = 65.
az
rF

Exercise 2c
Fo

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. is a factor of all the numbers.

b. Factors of 6 are .

c. 1, 2 are factors of .

d. The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and .

e. 13 is a factor of .

2 Factors and Multiples 30 1

 2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. 7 is a factor of 45. ( )
b. If a number divides another number completely, then the first
number is a factor of the other number. ( )
c. 6 and 8 have an equal number of factors. ( )
d. A number is always a factor of itself. ( )
e. 45 is a factor of 9. ( )
3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
a. 2 and 7 are factors of
3 7
14 2
b. 10 is not a factor of

3
32 240
20 60
c. All possible factors of 50 are

ly
10, 5 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50

on
1, 5, 25, 50 5, 10, 50
d. 8 is not a factor of
2 8 ols
16 32
ho

e. Which of the following is a factor of every number?

Sc

0 1
2 10
aia

4. Find the factors of the following numbers.

az

a. 9 b. 11 c. 18
d. 21 e. 24 f. 35
rF

5. Write Yes or No.

Fo

a. Is 12 a factor of   36?
b. Is  7 a factor of   45?
c. Is  6 a factor of   66?
d. Is 20 a factor of 100?
e. Is 16 a factor of   64?
6. Write down the factors of these numbers. How many factors does
each number have?
a. 25 b. 36 c. 54 d. 32 e. 45 f. 50

1 31 Factors and Multiples 2

 Prime factorisation Example:
12
Let us take the composite Find Prime factors of 18
number 12 and think of it as 2 * 6 Solution:
the topmost part of a tree. 2 * 3
Let us now go down the tree 18 18
by thinking of the factors
2 * 9 3 * 6
that make 12:
12 3 * 3 3 * 2
Here, the factors are 2 and 6.
2 is a prime number, but 6 is 3 * 4
a composite number. We can
2 * 2 Prime factors of 18 are
break 6 down to its prime
2�3�3
3
factors, 2 and 3.

Here, the factors are 3 and 4. 3 is a prime number, but 4 is a composite

number. We can break 4 down to its prime factors, 2 and 2.

ly
2 * 2 * 3 are the prime factors of 12.

on
When we break down a number to its prime factors, we call that the
prime factorisation of that number.
ls
o
Prime factors can never be composite numbers.
ho
Sc

An easy method to break up larger numbers into their prime factors is

the division method.
aia

Let us first find the prime factors of 36 and 45, using the division method.
az

36 is an even number, so we divide by 2:

rF

2 ) 36
Fo

2 ) 18 we divide by 2 again

3 )   9 we divide by 3

3 )   3
we divide by 3 again

          1

The prime factors of 36 are 2, 2, 3, and 3.

2 Factors and Multiples 32 1

45 is an odd number, but it can be divided by 3.

3 ) 45
3 ) 15 we divide by 3 again

5 )   5
we divide by 5 again

          1

The prime factors of 45 are 3, 3, and 5.

Exercise 2d
3
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. 2, 3, 5 are prime factors of .
b. The prime factors of 41 are 1 and .

ly
c. There are prime factors of 58.

on
d. The prime factors of 10 are and .
e. Prime factor can never be a number.
2. State whether the following are true or false. ls
o
ho
a. The prime factor of a number divides the number completely.
( )
Sc

b. The prime factors of 100 are 2, 3, 5, 5, 10. ( )

aia

c. A factor tree is used to find prime factors. ( )

d. Prime factors of numbers are prime numbers. ( )
az

e. 2 is the only prime factor of the number 6. ( )

rF

3. Select the correct answer from the given options.

a. 3, 3, 3 and 5 are prime factors of
Fo

27 45 15 135
b. The prime factors of 110 are
5, 11 2, 5, 11 2, 2, 5, 5 2 and 55
c. The prime factors of 50 are 2, 5 and
2 1 5 10
d. The prime factor is always
a prime number the smallest factor
a composite number the biggest factor

1 33 Factors and Multiples 2

 e. Prime factorisation means
dividing the number into two parts
finding the product of the number
multiplying the number with prime numbers
breaking a number into prime factors
4. Draw factor trees to show the prime factors of the given numbers.
a. 15 b. 20 c. 14 d. 8
e. 21 f. 22 g. 16 h. 27
i. 42 j. 30
5. Draw as many different factor trees as you can to show the prime
factors of these numbers.
a. 40
3 b.  48 c. 60 d. 24 e.  50 f. 72
6. Find the prime factors of these numbers using the division method.

a.   84 b.  117 c.  333 d. 126 e.  520 f.   99

ly
on
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
Common factors
ols
ho
Look at these 2 sets of factors:
Sc

factors of 12:  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

factors of 18:  1, 2, 3, 6, 9,  18
aia

Did you notice that some of the factors, that is 1, 2, 3, and 6, appear in
az

both sets?
rF

Because these factors are common to two different numbers, we call

Fo

them common factors. Common factors can also be found using a Venn
diagram.
Look at the prime factors of 36 and 45:
factors of 36 = 2 * 2 * 3 * 3
factors of 45 = 3 * 3 * 5
The common factor of 36 and 45 is 3 * 3 = 9.
This can be illustrated using a diagram.

2 Factors and Multiples 34 1

The rectangle below contains two loops with all prime factors of 36 and 45.

prime factors of 36 prime factors of 45

2 3 3
5
2 3 3

Let us now combine the two loops, one showing the prime factors of 36
and the other showing the prime factors of 45.

REMEMBER
3
36 2 3
5 45
2 3 HCF of two or more 2-digit
numbers can be found using
common factors a Venn diagram.

ly
on
∴ the common factor of 36 and 45 is 3 * 3 = 9.

ls
Such diagrams as shown above are called Venn diagrams.
o
ho
Now look at these sets of factors:
Sc

factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
aia

The common factors of 24 and 18 are: 1, 2, 3, and 6.

az

The greatest, or Highest Common Factor of numbers 24 and 18 is 6. This

rF

is also called HCF.

Fo

So far, we have been looking at the common factors and HCF of pairs
of numbers. Now let us take 3 numbers: 16, 32, and 40.
factors of 16:  1, 2, 4, 8, 16
factors of 32:  1, 2, 4,   
8, 16, 32
factors of 40:  1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
The common factors of 16, 32, and 40 are: 1, 2, 4, and 8.
The HCF of 16, 32, and 40 is 8.

1 35 Factors and Multiples 2

 To find HCF of two or more numbers using prime factorisation method
we must first find the prime factors of the given numbers.

Example:
Find the HCF of 12 and 21 using prime
factorisation method.
Solution:
hint
2 12 3 21
Start with the smallest
2 6 7 7 possible prime number
3 3 1 which completely
divides the number
1
3 leaving no remainder.
Keep on dividing till
Prime factors of 12 = 2 * 2 * 3 you reach 1.
Prime factors of 21 = 3 * 7

ly
on
Common factors of 12 and 21 = 3
∴ HCF of 12 and 21 is 3.
ols
Example:
ho

Find HCF of 52, 78, and 130 by prime factorisation method.

Sc

Solution:
aia

2 52 2 78 2 130
az

2 26 3 39 5 65
rF

13 13 13 13 13 13
1 1 1
Fo

Prime factors of 52 = 2 * 2 * 13
Prime factors of 78 = 2 * 3 * 13
Prime factors of 130 = 2 * 5 * 13
Common factors of 52, 78, and 130 = 2 * 13
∴ HCF of 52, 78, and 130 is 26.

2 Factors and Multiples 36 1

We can solve real-life problems using HCF. To solve word problems
involving HCF we should remember some keywords such as maximum,
greatest, and equal.

Example:
A 12 feet long and 8 feet wide room’s floor is to be covered with tiles.
What should be the maximum size of the tile to be used?
Solution:
Maximum is the keyword, so we will find the HCF of 12 and 8, by
finding their prime factors.
Find the prime factors of 12, 8.
3
2 12 2 8
2 6 2 4

ly
on
3 3 2 2
1 1
ols
ho

Prime factors of 12: 2 *2 *3

Sc

Prime factors of 8: 2 *2*2

aia

HCF of 12 and 8 is 2 * 2 = 4.
az

∴ the size of the tile should be 4 square units.

rF

Exercise 2e
Fo

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. The common factor of 2 and 3 is .

b. The common factors of 32 and 4 are 2 and .

c. The common factors of 8 and 16 are .

d. The HCF of 8, 10, and 12 is .

e. is the HCF of 12 and 18.

1 37 Factors and Multiples 2

 2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. 4 and 6 have no common factors. ( )

b. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the only common factors of 12 and 24. ( )

c. 20 is the common factor of 10 and 20. (________)

d. The HCF of two or more prime numbers is equal to one. ( )
e. The HCF of 20, 30, and 40 is 240. (
)
3. a. The greatest number which divides 42, 51, and 63 is
7 6 3 21
b. The HCF of 17, 19, and 31 is
31 1 19 31
c. The highest common factor of 81 and 45 is

3
3 9 5 15
d. The common factors of 26 and 78 are
13 only 1

ly
1, 2 and 13 only 1, 2, 13 and 26

on
e. The HCF of 85 and 95 is
5 17 15 19

ls
4. Write the factors of these pairs of numbers, and circle the common
o
factors.
ho

a. 10, 18 b. 12, 1
Sc

c. 25, 15 d. 16, 20
e. 10, 32 f. 14, 21
aia

5. Find the HCF of the following pairs of numbers.

az

a. 32, 24 b. 50, 25
c. 48, 30 d. 42, 70
rF

e. 64, 88 f. 76, 28
Fo

6. Find the common factors and HCF of each of the following sets.
a. 9, 12, and 15 b. 5, 25, and 35
c. 18, 20, and 24 d. 18, 27, and 39
e. 12, 16, and 20 f. 14, 49, and 28
7. Use the division method to find the prime factors of these numbers.
(Hint: Use rules of divisibility)
a. 230 b. 3200
c. 459 d. 4545

2 Factors and Multiples 38 1

 8. Using the division method, find the HCF of the following numbers.
a. 12 and 20 b. 36 and 24
c. 14 and 35 d. 48, 30, and 40
e. 15, 21, and 33 f. 121, 132, and 165
9. Circle the pairs that are co-prime numbers.
a. 4 and 8 b. 2 and 10
c. 5 and 9 d. 2 and 17
e. 5 and 10 f. 14 and 4

Word Problems
Solve the problems, writing complete statements.
3
1. Arif brought 40 chocolate bars and 60 marshmallows to distribute
among his friends on his birthday. Find the maximum number of
students to whom he can divide the sweets evenly.

ly
2. There are two pieces of ribbons having length 75 metres and 90

on
metres. If equal pieces are cut from the two pieces of ribbons,
what will be the maximum length of each piece?
ols
3. Find the greatest number which divides 208 and 64.
ho
4. Two drums contain 350 l and 450 l of water respectively. What
will be the maximum capacity of a container that exactly
Sc

measures the water in two drums?

aia

5. What is the greatest number that divides 30, 36, and 96 exactly?
az

Multiples
rF

When we divide each of the following numbers by 10 we get a

Fo

quotient with no remainder.

100 ÷ 10 = 10 rem 0
1000 ÷ 10 = 100 rem 0
10,000 ÷ 10 = 1000 rem 0
Here 100, 1000, and 10,000 are known as multiples of 10.
A multiple is therefore a number which can be divided by another
number, without leaving any remainder.

1 39 Factors and Multiples 2

 Examples:
6 is a multiple of 2. challenge
6 ÷ 2 = 3 rem 0
a. If we add an even
6 is also a multiple of 3.
number to another
6 ÷ 3 = 2 rem 0 even number, we get
56 is a multiple of 7. an ____ number.
56 ÷ 7 = 8 rem 0 b. If we add an odd
56 is also a multiple of 8. number to another
56 ÷ 8 = 7 rem 0 odd number, we get
an ____ number.
We learned earlier that even numbers can be
c. If we add an even
made into pairs, while odd numbers cannot
number to an odd
be made into pairs, leaving a remainder.
3 number, we get an
We can now describe even numbers. ____ number.
All even numbers are multiples of 2.

ly
Example: List the first ten even and odd REMEMBER

on
numbers.
• Multiples of a number
Solution:
Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
olsare unlimited.
• Every number is a
ho
multiple of 1.
Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
Sc

Common multiple
aia

Look at these two sets of the first ten multiples of 2 and 3.

multiples of 2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18
az

multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30

rF

What is special about the sets?

Fo

Some multiples appear in both of them. We can show the pairs by

looping them like this:
multiples of 2: 2, 4, 6 , 8, 10, 12 , 14, 16, 18

multiples of 3: 3, 6 , 9, 12 , 15, 18 , 21, 24, 27, 30

Because 6, 12, and 18 are all multiples of both 2 and 3, we give them a
special name. We call them common multiples.

2 Factors and Multiples 40 1

Let us find common multiples using a Venn diagram.
The rectangle below contains all whole numbers from 1 to 20, and a
closed loop with no numbers at all.
12345
6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Let us place all the multiples of 2 inside the loop.

1  3  5
3 7 2468 9
10 12 14 16
11 18 20 13
15  17  19

ly
on
All the numbers left outside the loop are not multiples of 2.

ls
Let us place all the multiples of 3 inside another loop in another
o
ho
diagram.
1245
Sc

7  8 3 6 9 10
12 15 18
aia

11
13 14 16 17 19 20
az
rF

Let us now combine the two loops, one showing the multiples of 2 and
the other showing the multiples of 3.
Fo

multiples of 2   multiples of 3

24 6 39
8 10 14 12 15
16 20 18
1  5  7  11  13  17  19

These are the common multiples of 2 and 3.

1 41 Factors and Multiples 2

 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
Now let us find the lowest common multiple of two or more than two
numbers.
Example 1: Find the LCM of 6 and 8 by using the first 10 multiples of
each number.
Solution:
multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24 , 30, 36, 42, 48 , 54, 60
multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24 , 32, 40, 48 , 56, 64, 72, 80
common multiples: 24, 48
∴ LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.
3
We can also find the LCM of more than two numbers by using the
same method.

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Example 2: Find the LCM of 2, 3, and 4 by using the first ten (or more)

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multiples of each number.
Solution:
multiples of 2:
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2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 , 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24
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multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12 , 15, 18, 21, 24 , 27, 30
multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24 , 28, 32, 36, 40
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common multiples: 12, 24

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∴ LCM of 2, 3, and 4 is 12.

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Example 3: Find the LCM of 21, 14 and 7 by listing first six multiples.
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Solution:
multiples of 21: 21, 42 , 63, 84, 105, 126
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multiples of 14: 14, 28, 42 , 56, 70, 84

multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42
common multiple: 42
42 is the only common multiple in the given list and it is the lowest
common multiple.
∴ the LCM of 21, 14, and 7 is 42.

2 Factors and Multiples 42 1

Example 4:
Calculate the LCM of 12, 16 and 24 considering the first 8 multiples.
Solution:
multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, 48 , 60, 72, 84, 96
multiples of 16: 16, 32, 48 , 64, 80, 96 , 112, 128
multiples of 24: 24, 48 , 72, 96 , 120, 144, 168, 192
common multiples: 48, 96
48 < 96, therefore, 48 is the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 12, 16
and 24.
3
Look carefully at this Venn diagram. It shows the multiples of 3 and 5

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and their common multiples (up to the number 35).

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multiples of 3  multiples of 5
REMEMBER
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3 6 9 12 5 10
15 o
18 21 24 30 20 A whole number is always a multiple
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27 33 25 35 of itself. 3 is a multiple of 3, and 5 is

a multiple of 5, because
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1 2 4 7 8 11 13 14 16 17
3 * 1 = 3 and 5 * 1 = 5.
19 22 23 26 28 29 31 32 34
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Now look at the common multiples of 3 and 5.

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There are 2 common multiples shown: 15 and 30.

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15 < 30, therefore, 15 is the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 3 and 5.

We can find the lowest common multiple (LCM) by prime factorisation.
Finding the LCM of bigger numbers like 144 and 96 would be tedious if
we use the multiple method.
An easy method is to break up large numbers into their prime factors,
and then find the LCM by the prime factorisation method.

1 43 Factors and Multiples 2

 Example: Find the LCM of 48 and 45.
Solution: Let us first find the prime factors of 48 and 45.

2 48 3 45 Prime factors of 48 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3
2 24 3 15 Prime factors of 45 = 3 * 3 * 5
2 12 5 5
2 6 1 To find the LCM of 48 and 45, we
multiply together all their prime
3 3
factors. However, we include their
1 common prime factors only once.
3
Hence, the LCM of 48 and 45 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 5 = 720.
Now let us find the LCM of three numbers by the prime factorisation

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method.

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Example: Find the LCM of 30, 54, and 72.
Solution: ols
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2 30 2 54 2 72
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3 15 3 27 2 36
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5 5 3 9 2 18 REMEMBER
1 3 3 3 9
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Take only one of the

1 3 3 common factors and
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multiply by all the

1 other factors.
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30 = 2 * 3 * 5
54 = 2 * 3 * 3 * 3
72 = 2 * 3 * 2 * 2 * 3

LCM of 30, 54, and 72 is: 2 * 3 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 5

LCM of 30, 54, and 72 = 3240.

2 Factors and Multiples 44 1

We can solve real-life problems using the LCM.
To solve word problems involving LCM, we should remember some
keywords, such as together, least, same, and all.

Example: The signal lights on two towers flashed after every 30 and
40 seconds. If they flashed together at 7:30 p.m., when will they next
flash together?
Solution
‘Together’ is the key word, so we will find the LCM of 30 and 40, by
finding their prime factors.
prime factors of 30: 2 * 3 * 5
2 30 2 40
3 prime factors of 40: 2*2*2*5
3 15 2 20
∴ L CM of 30 and 40 =
5 5 2 10 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 5 = 120 seconds.

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1 5 5 Hence the two signals will flash

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1 together after every 120 seconds or
2 minutes.
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Hence, after 7:30 p.m., they will flash together at 7:32 p.m.
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Exercise 2f
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1. Fill in the blanks.

a. The fourth multiple of 15 is _______.
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b. 4 x 9 = 36, so 36 is the multiple of _______ and _______.

c. The common multiple of 5 and 6 are _______.
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d. The LCM of 3, 6, and 9 is _______.

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e. The LCM of 5, 10, and 25 is _______.

2. State whether the following are true or false.
a. The LCM of two or more prime numbers is equal to the product
of the number. (________)
b. The LMC of 14 and 42 is 14. (________)
c. Multiples of 17 are 17, 34, 51, 68. (________)
d. The LCM of 5, 10, 15 is 30. (________)
e. Multiples of a number are finite. (________)

1 45 Factors and Multiples 2

 3. Select the correct answer from the given options.
a. The LCM of 7, 14, 28 is
1 14 28 7
b. 36, 48, 72 are multiples of
8 12 9 48
c. The LCM of 20, 25, 35 is
350 70 140 700
d. The first 4 multiplies of 15 are
15, 30, 40, and 50 30, 60, 90, and 105
15, 30, 45, and 60 3, 5, 15, and 30
e. The LCM of 8 and 9 is
72 1 8 9
3
4. Find the LCM of these pairs of numbers, using the prime
factorisation method.
a. 18 and 24 b.  12 and 16 c. 30 and 12

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d. 20 and 25 e.  24 and 32 f. 18 and 56

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5. Find the LCM of the given numbers, using the prime factorisation
method.
a. 8, 16, and 24 b. 10, 15, and 25 ols
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c. 16, 48, and 96 d. 36, 60, and 72
e. 24, 39, and 48 f. 22, 132, 143
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Word Problems
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Solve the problems, writing complete statements.

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1. What is the least number of children, who may be arranged in

rows of 12, 15 and 9?
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2. Three bells toll at an interval of 4, 5, and 6 seconds. After how

much time will they toll together?
3. Saima goes to her friend every 15 days and Laiba goes to same
friend every 18 days. After how many days Saima and Laiba will
visit the friend together?
4.  hat is the least number which can be exactly divided by 36, 64,
W
and 72?

2 Factors and Multiples 46 1