Commerce

Commerce is an important part of a business. It is an interchange of goods or commodities. In

simple words, commerce is nothing but buying and selling of goods. That means when we
buy a product or service from others or sell a product or service to others then it is called
commerce. So the commerce means the trading of goods or services.

If we say a proper definition of commerce, then it can be defined as the field of study that
deals with business and its operations.

Introduction of E-Commerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, ecommerce, eCommerce or e-

commerce, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems
such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such
technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing,
online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management
systems, and automated data collection systems.

Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the
transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-
mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.

Electronic commerce platforms now days seem to be used widely because of their great
services and advantages. The consumer can find what they want to buy and purchase it easily
from home or any place at anytime.

E-commerce can be divided into:

 E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on Web sites with online catalogs, sometimes

gathered into a "virtual mall"
 The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data
 E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established
customers (for example, with newsletters)
 Business-to-business buying and selling

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Definition of E-Commerce

Ecommerce Definition:  ecommerce, e-commerce, or electronic commerce is the conduct of

financial transactions by electronic means.  With the huge success of commerce on the
Internet, ecommerce usually refers to shopping at online stores on the World Wide Web, also
known as ecommerce Web sites. Ecommerce can be business to business (B to B) or business
to consumer (B to C).

Domain

Domain refers to the name of the business enterprise you have online. It is always better to
have all the related things done by yourself instead of approaching the ecommerce solution
providers and finding ecommerce solution software. The issues to be kept in mind while
acquiring the help of the ecommerce solution provider is to make sure that you have your
name as the owner's name instead of the hired person's.

Hosting

Hosting is the name given to the task of getting online space for your website. This is not as
difficult as managing the domain and can be done by your own self or by others as there is no
risk involved in letting others do this for you.

Web designing

Web designing is the basic requisite for hosting a website in a manner that allures the
customers. You pay the ecommerce solution software chiefly for this purpose. You cannot
handle web designing unless you are knowledgeable in the subject. You can get it done by
with the support of some web designing professionals from any of the best ecommerce
solution providers or a web design ecommerce solution in a very short span of time.

Hosted and custom ecommerce solutions

Custom ecommerce solutions are available in various kinds. And it includes the specialty web
development where the usual methods of ecommerce are followed, custom content
management systems for which there are many classy CMS products and the right kind of
CMS product can help you out largely for the increase of your business. There is also

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backend custom solutions which are meant to handle a complex product structure or a
principal customer base of a specific country and custom flash development can create a
highly creative consumer experiences.

Hosted business ecommerce solutions are less expensive to develop and come in different
forms. The most popular hosted business ecommerce solution is the SAAS model where
along with the ecommerce solution software, the hardware is also provided.

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Features of E-commerce
1. Ubiquity

Internet/Web Tech Is Available Everywhere. Market Place Can Be Created So Shopping Can
Happen Anywhere

2. Global Reach

Tech Reaches across National Boundaries Which Makes Market space Potentially Billions

3. Universal Standards

There Is One Set of Tech Standards, Namely Internet Standards

4. Reachness

Video, Audio, And Tech Messages Are Possible

5. Interactivity

The Tech Works through Interaction with The User

6. Information Density

The Tech Reduces Information Costs, And Raises Quality

7. Personalization/Customization

The Tech That Allows Personalized Marketing Messages to Be Deliver To Individuals As

Well As Groups

8. Social Technology

User Content Generation and Social Networks, Enable User Content Creation and
Distribution

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E-Commerce Advantages

 The predominant advantage of e-commerce over the other means of commerce is that
it overcomes the barriers of time and distance thus making it a hit over the global
market.
 This, for the consumers is more befitting when they find less time for shopping. There
is least requirement for moving out of the houses and there are no restrictions and
limitations of time for you to shop.
 Many favourable deals are available for the consumers who shop on the internet,
whereas there is a lesser possibility of discounts and deals when the shopping is done
in the shops.
 As for the business entrepreneurs, the e-commerce solutions provide real time
communication with the consumers and the facility of data exchange with the internal
departments thus increasing the efficiency of supply chain process.
 There is a better visibility of the supply chain and the supplies being more predictable,
the inventory levels of the company can be vastly reduced. This again results in the
decreased costs.
 There is a great flexibility in the target market segmentation. This permits the
companies to concentrate on a particular group of customers and thereby concentrate
on the satisfaction of that group of customers by tending to their unique needs.
 With the development of e-commerce websites, the exchanging of information
between different organizations becomes simpler and easier.
 There is much saving of time with the e-commerce software and e-commerce
websites as there is not much to maintain unlike the real time shops and also in the
adjudication of the invoices and orders.
 Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.
 Buying/selling 24/7.
 More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.
 Low operational costs and better quality of services.
 No need of physical company set-ups.
 Easy to start and manage a business.
 Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around
physically.

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E-Commerce Disadvantages

Though e-commerce solutions and e-commerce websites are found beneficial, there is a fair
share of disadvantages too. Before one enters the e-commerce business, it is important to
understand the disadvantages of the e-commerce business along with the benefits.

 The time of delivery of the products plays an important part in the disadvantages of
the e-commerce solutions. It is unlike walking out of the store with the desired
product and it takes a lot of time to get delivered and in some cases also needs a
special amount for the delivery.
 The e-commerce business functions purely on trust. You don't know the exact kind of
item you are purchasing and the quality of the item and the condition as well. The
consumers don't even know if the e-commerce businesses they are involved in are
legitimate.
 There is a limitation in the things you order online. For example you cannot think of
ordering a plate of pasta from Italy staying in Japan. Thus the perishable goods are
better avoided while buying things through the e-commerce websites.
 Though there is a certain amount of interaction between the consumer and the
merchant that takes place through the e-commerce websites, there is a lack of personal
service that makes the consumer feel more comfortable.
 While the payment comes into question, the consumer is deprived of the security of
the information regarding the credit cards. This may give rise to the theft along with
other ways of misusing them.
 Any one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which
eat up customers’ money.
 There is no guarantee of product quality.
 Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.
 As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer
loyalty is always on a check.
 There are many hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site,
service, payment gateways; all are always prone to attack.

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Factors Affecting E-Commerce

The following are the various factors which affect the e-commerce:-

1. Speed
Speed of the internet affects the performance of the e-commerce. If the speed of the
internet is high then a user can access the various functions very well.

2. User
User who uses the e-commerce is also affect the performance of E-commerce. User’s
knowledge and attitude toward the internet and on e-marketing give negative impact
on the e-commerce.

3. Technology
Technology is another factor which affects the e-commerce. Now technologies are
changes day to day. Companies have to use the new technology to attract the
customers more and more so that the productivity of the firm can be increased.

4. Database and information

Database and information which help in accessing the system also affects the
performance of the e-commerce. If the data and information which a user uses is
wrong then he/she will not get the right product or services.

5. Budget
Budget of the user also affect the e-commerce. A user will purchase the
products/services which are in under of his/her budgets.

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Major Ecommerce Business Classifications
 B2B Ecommerce
 B2C Ecommerce
 C2B Ecommerce
 C2C Ecommerce
 B2G Ecommerce
 G2B Ecommerce

1. B2B (Business-to-Business )
A B2B model focuses on providing products from one business to another. While
many ecommerce businesses in this niche are service providers, you’ll find software
companies, office furniture and supply companies, document hosting companies, and
numerous other ecommerce business models under this heading.

 Metalsite.com

 Shop2gether.com

 Houstonstreet.com

These businesses have custom, enterprise ecommerce platforms that work directly with other
businesses in a closed environment. A B2B ecommerce business typically requires more
start-up cash

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2. B2C (Business- to –Consumer)

A website following the B2C business model sells its products directly to a customer. A
customer can view the products shown on the website. The customer can choose a product
and order the same. The website will then send a notification to the business organization
via email and the organization will dispatch the product/goods to the customer.

 Amazon.com

 Edites.com

 Pets.com

We can view products on the websites like Amazon, Flipkart and can order it. After receiving
the order, the selling company of the products processes it and sends it to us. Here a business
company is selling their products to the customer with the help of an e-commerce website.

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3. C2B (Consumer-to-Business)

In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for
a particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a
particular service. For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan
provided by various banks via websites. A business organization who fulfils the consumer’s
requirement within the specified budget, approaches the customer and provides its services.

 Reverseauction.com

 Priceline.com

For example, if you are a software developer, then you can show a demo of your software or
skills that you have on the sites like freelancer, fiverr etc. If a company likes your software or
skills then the company will directly buy the software from you or can hire you for their
services

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4. C2C (Consumer - to – Consumer)

A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell their assets like
residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information
on the website. Website may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another
consumer may opt to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the
post/advertisement on the website.

 Ebay.com
 Americanboastlisting.com
 Inforocket.com

Here, if consumer 1 wants to sell a product then he/she can publish the details of the product
on the website like OLX. The consumer 2 can view the details of the product on that website
that consumer 1 wants to sell. If consumer 2 is willing to buy the product that consumer 1 is
selling, then the buyer can directly contact the seller and the product will be sold. Here
products are selling directly from a consumer to another consumer via the website.

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5. B2G (Business - to – Government)

Business-to-government (B2G) is a business model that refers to businesses selling products,

services or information to governments or government agencies.”

B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and
exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by
the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the
government.

 Efederal.com
 Igov. Com

6. G2B (Government - to – Business)

Governments use B2G model websites to approach business organizations. Such websites
support auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.

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Electronic Data Interchange
EDI stands for electronic data interchange. Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the
concept of businesses electronically communicating information that was traditionally
communicated on paper, such as purchase orders and invoices. Technical standards for EDI
exist to facilitate parties transacting such instruments without having to make special
arrangements.

EDI means the electronic exchange of business documents, such as orders, delivery slips and
invoices. These documents are exchanged among business partners in structured data form
and without manual intervention. There are set standards for this which applies
internationally. The goal of EDI is the easy and secure exchange of data between companies,
independent of formats or merchandise management systems. Furthermore, companies
should be able to further process this data without having to manually record it again.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) enables fast, accurate and reliable exchange of data
between the computer systems of organizations that do business together.

Electronic Data Interchange is the virtual exchange of data or business documents in

electronic format between trading partners. This exchange of documents is generally between
buyer and supplier and consists of transferring purchase orders, invoices, payments, shipping
notices and various other documents and by nature eliminates paper trails, improves
operational efficiency and enhances virtual exchanges with new trading partners.

With EDI, any company can virtually interact with another organization anywhere in the
world without the hassle of waiting times and forecasting future procedures. EDI replaces the
manual processes involved in ordering and distribution, creating seamless electronic trading
between both buyer and supplier. 

EDI eliminates waiting times associated with manual processing, provides users with real-
time product and stock level information, creates benchmarks for future sales forecasting and
reduces overheads by creating an efficient business process.

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Components of EDI

 Standard document format

A standard format agreed upon by both parties which do not require complicated
hardware or software to access information. Both parties communicate directly
through a business application.

 Translator and Mapper

A translator is used to convert the raw data into meaningful information according to
the specification provided by a mapper. A mapper is used to create conversion
specification. It compiles the specification and then gives instructions to the translator
on how to convert the data.

 Communication software
It is used to transmit data and convert business documents into a standard format. It
follows a standard communication protocol which is incorporated into the software.

 Communication Network
It provide a direct link between trading partners who are will to exchange business
documents through EDI.

 Modem – It is a hardware device that transmits data from one computer to another.
 VAN – A network that connects the computer system of one organization to another.
 Point to point link – A direct communication link between two networks.

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Benefits of EDI

By implementing EDI, we have helped many companies add value to their organization by
automatically processing information, reducing clerical tasks and eliminating data entry
errors. 

Using EDI for the end-to-end use of electronic transactions throughout the business cycle
results in significant savings in time and resources.  Current trading partners benefit from the
seamless flow of information and availability of the technology opens doors for new business
opportunities.

Other benefits include:

 Minimal paper usage

EDI reduces associated expenses of storage, printing, postage, mailing and recycling

 Enhanced quality of data

EDI minimizes data entry errors, improves accounts payable/receivable times as

processes become streamlined and can be used for forecasting

 Improved turnaround times

Your business cycle is improved and stock levels are kept constantly up to date and
visible.

 Improved timelines

EDI transfer ensures real-time processing and eliminates times associated with
manually sending, receiving and entering orders.

 Costs saving in operational efficiency

EDI reduces the time it takes your staff to manually create invoices and process
purchase orders.

 Helps create a greener world

EDI eliminates paper trails and ensures paper usage is kept to a minimum

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Electronic Payment System

An e-payment system is a way of making transactions or paying for goods and services
through an electronic medium, without the use of checks or cash. It’s also called an electronic
payment system or online payment system.

Electronic Payment is a financial exchange that takes place online between buyers and
sellers. The content of this exchange is usually some form of digital financial instrument
(such as encrypted credit card numbers, electronic cheques or digital cash) that is backed by a
bank or an intermediary, or by a legal tender.

An e-commerce payment system facilitates the acceptance of electronic payment for online
transactions. Also known as a sample of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), e-commerce
payment systems have become increasingly popular due to the widespread use of the internet-
based shopping and banking.

Benefits of using an e-payment system

 E Commerce websites use an e-payment system to make it easier and more

convenient to pay for their customers. It comes with many benefits, which are:
 More effective and efficient transactions. It’s because these are made just in minutes
(even with one-click), without wasting customer’s time.
 It also lowers the whole transaction cost.
 Reaching more clients from all over the world, this result in more sales.
 Today it’s easy to add payments to the website, so even a non-technical person may
implement it in minutes and start processing online payments.
 Payment gateways and payment providers offer highly effective security and anti-
fraud tools to make transactions reliable.

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Process of E-Payment

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Modes of electronic payments
The modes of electronic payments are:

 Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)

 Credit Card
 Debit Card
 Smart Card
 E-Money

 Cash Payment System

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) is an electronic system used to transfer money from one
bank account to another without any cash exchange by hand. Accounts can be in the same
bank or different banks. Fund transfer can be done using ATM (Automated Teller Machine)
or using a computer.

Nowadays, internet-based EFT is getting popular. In this case, a customer uses the website
provided by the bank, logs in to the bank's website and registers another bank account.
He/she then places a request to transfer certain amount to that account. Customer's bank
transfers the amount to other account if it is in the same bank, otherwise the transfer request
is forwarded to an ACH (Automated Clearing House) to transfer the amount to other account
and the amount is deducted from the customer's account. Once the amount is transferred to
other account, the customer is notified of the fund transfer by the bank.

EFT comprises many other concepts of payment system include:

 Direct debit, which is a financial transaction in which the account holder instructs the
bank to collect a specific amount of money from his account electronically for
payment of goods or services.

 E-Check, a digital version of an old paper check. It’s an electronic transfer of money
from a bank account, usually checking account without the use of the paper check.

 Electronic billing is another form of electronic funds transfer used by companies or

businesses to collect payments from customers over electronic method.

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  Credit Card

The most popular form of payment for e-commerce transactions is through credit cards. It is
simple to use; the customer has to just enter their credit card number and date of expiry in the
appropriate area on the seller’s web page.

Credit card is small plastic card with a unique number attached with an account. It has also a
magnetic strip embedded in it which is used to read credit card via card readers. When a
customer purchases a product via credit card, credit card issuer bank pays on behalf of the
customer and customer has a certain time period after which he/she can pay the credit card
bill. It is usually credit card monthly payment cycle. Following are the actors in the credit
card system.

 The card holder − Customer

 The merchant − seller of product who can accept credit card payments.
 The card issuer bank − card holder's bank
 The acquirer bank − the merchant's bank
 The card brand − for example, visa or MasterCard.

To improve the security system, increased security measures, such as the use of a card
verification number (CVN), have been introduced to on-line credit card payments. The CVN
system helps detect fraud by comparing the CVN number with the cardholder's information.

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Credit Card Payment Process

Step Description

Step 1 Bank issues and activates a credit card to the customer on his/her request.

The customer presents the credit card information to the merchant site or to
Step 2
the merchant from whom he/she wants to purchase a product/service.

Merchant validates the customer's identity by asking for approval from the
Step 3
card brand company.

Card brand company authenticates the credit card and pays the transaction by
Step 4
credit. Merchant keeps the sales slip.

Merchant submits the sales slip to acquirer banks and gets the service charges
Step 5
paid to him/her.

Acquirer bank requests the card brand company to clear the credit amount and
Step 6
gets the payment.

Now the card brand company asks to clear the amount from the issuer bank
Step 7
and the amount gets transferred to the card brand company.

 Debit Card

Debit cards are the second largest e-commerce payment medium in India. Customers who
want to spend online within their financial limits prefer to pay with their Debit cards. With
the debit card, the customer can only pay for purchased goods with the money that is already
there in his/her bank account as opposed to the credit card where the amounts that the buyer
spends are billed to him/her and payments are made at the end of the billing period.

 Smart Card

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It is a plastic card embedded with a microprocessor that has the customer’s personal
information stored in it and can be loaded with funds to make online transactions and instant
payment of bills. The money that is loaded in the smart card reduces as per the usage by the
customer and has to be reloaded from his/her bank account.

 E-Wallet

E-Wallet is a prepaid account that allows the customer to store multiple credit cards, debit
card and bank account numbers in a secure environment. This eliminates the need to key in
account information every time while making payments. Once the customer has registered
and created E Wallet profile, he/she can make payments faster.

 Net banking

This is another popular way of making e-commerce payments. It is a simple way of paying
for online purchases directly from the customer’s bank. It uses a similar method to the debit
card of paying money that is already there in the customer’s bank. Net banking does not
require the user to have a card for payment purposes but the user needs to register with
his/her bank for the net banking facility. While completing the purchase the customer just
needs to put in their net banking id and pin.

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 Mobile Payment

One of the latest ways of making online payments are through mobile phones. Instead of
using a credit card or cash, all the customer has to do is send a payment request to his/her
service provider via text message; the customer’s mobile account or credit card is charged
for the purchase. To set up the mobile payment system, the customer just has to download
a software from his/her service provider’s website and then link the credit card or mobile
billing information to the software.

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Online payment Procedure

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25
Virtual Organization

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A virtual organization or company is one whose members are geographically apart, usually
working by computer e-mail and groupware while appearing to others to be a single, unified
organization with a real physical location.

Virtual organization is a temporary network of companies, suppliers, customers, or

employees, linked by information and communications technologies, with the purpose of
delivering a service or product.

A virtual organization is primarily characterized as being a network of independent,

geographically dispersed organizations with a partial mission overlap. Within the network, all
partners provide their own core competencies and the co-operation is based on semi-stable
relations. The products and services provided by a Virtual Organization are dependent on
innovation and are strongly customer-based. Further, a Virtual Organization is secondarily
characterized by a single identity with loyalty being shared among the partners and the co-
operation based on trust and information technology. In addition, there is also a clear
distinction between a strategic and operational level.

Working of Virtual Organization

Virtual teams (organizations) are supported by both hardware and software. General
hardware requirements include telephones, PCs, modems or equivalent, and communication
links such as the public switched network (telephone system) and local area networks.
Software requirements include groupware products such as electronic mail, meeting
facilitation software, and group time management systems.

In virtual teams, the nodes are the same—team members—whereas the links are primarily
virtual (electronic) and software is used to mediate the interactions. In simple terms, then

Virtual teams = teams + electronic links + groupware

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The demands made on information technology for supporting company networks are
characterized by attempts at integration. Electronic interoperation is supported by three
pillars. These are:

1. Automation of information flow and the elimination of media breaks (machine-to-

machine communication: EDI),

2. The interchange of unstructured data (human-to-human communication: groupware),

3. The linking of several local area networks into wide area networks (man-machine
communication both within and outside the corporation’s own site).
The following matrix illustrates some of the information and communication
technologies that support virtual organizations—working together with anyone, at
anytime, from anywhere.

Same Place Different Place

Same Time Face-to-Face Meetings, Open Virtual Meetings, Distance Learning,

space technology (PCs, Help Desks, Telework, Group
Electronic whiteboards, Authoring, Video Conferencing
Projectors). (LiveMeeting, NetMeeting, Windows
Messaging, PCs, Cameras,
Telephones, Projectors)

Different Time Team Rooms Electronic Mail, Group Time

Management, Distance Learning,
Computer Conferencing (Outlook,
Voice mail, Telephones, Groove,
Moodle)

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Conferencing

There are three basic forms of conferencing:

1. Audio conferencing

Audio conferencing allows people at separate locations to connect simultaneously through

conventional telephone technology. Telephone companies provide audio conferencing
bridges as a service and as a product. Other companies (see References) also provide
products for audio conferencing.

2. Data conferencing

Data Conferencing refers to a communication session among two or more participants

sharing computer data in real time. Interaction and presentation devices such as a screen,
keyboard, mouse, camera, etc. can be shared or be able to control each other computer.
Microsoft’s NetMeeting is a good example of a data conferencing product. While
NetMeeting also supports both audio and video conferencing, currently it is best at data
conferencing.

3. Video conferencing

A video conference is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies, which allow two

or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It
has also been called visual collaboration and is a type of groupware.

Reasons for Virtual Teams

Reasons for virtual teams center on the differences in time and space for team members.

 Team members may not be physically collocated.

 It may not be practical to travel to meet face-to-face.

 Team members may work different shifts

Specifically, teams may be distributed because of the new realities facing organizations such
as:

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  Organization-wide projects or initiatives

 Alliances with different organizations, some of which may be in other countries

 Mergers and acquisitions

 Emerging markets in different geographic locations

 The desire of many people and government organizations for telecommuting

 The continuing need for business travel and information and communications
technologies available to support this travel.

 A need to reduce costs

 A need to reduce time-to-market or cycle time in general (the increasing velocity in

business)

Advantages of Virtual Organization

Several benefits of virtual teams include the following:

 People can work from anywhere at any time.

 People can be recruited for their competencies, not just physical location.

 Many physical handicaps are not a problem.

 Expenses associated with travel, lodging, parking, and leasing or owning a building
may be reduced and sometimes eliminated.

 There is no commute time.

Telecommunication, the backbone of virtual organization influences various sectors:

 Benefits to the employee

 Benefits to the organization

 Benefits to the society

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Benefits to the employee

 Less stress (no driving, no office pressure)

 Ability to go to school while working

 Improved family life (fewer family conflicts)

 Opportunity to make more money (more free time)

 Money saved on lunches, clothes, gas, car maintenance

 Employment opportunities for housebound people (single parents of children,

handicapped)

Benefits to the organization

 Increased productivity (15-50%)

 Reduced real estate (or rent) cost

 Ability to tap remote labor pool-Staffing flexibility

 Less paperwork

 Less absenteeism

 Fewer labor costs

 Better interaction of employees and suppliers

Benefits to the society

 Less air pollution

 Less use of fossil fuels

 Fewer traffic problems and car accidents

 More business for suburbs and rural areas

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Disadvantages of Virtual Organization

 More pressure on the organization to search out opportunities, to find partners, and to
evaluate what opportunities it does and does not want to accept.

 The risk organizations face when forming alliances with other firms to leverage their
technologies is that over time, whatever technological edge the organization has may
disappear.

 By extending an organization’s global reach, virtual organizations encounter new

organizational complexities.

 Because of the varying capabilities of the virtual organization’s participants,

leadership may evolve along different dimension, with various individuals or firms
taking the lead role depending on the issue. However, the lack of focus or central
responsibility creates new risks.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org/
 www.amazon.com/
 www.wikinvest.com/concept/E-Commerce
 www.ecommerceeducation.com/benefits-of-ecommerce.asp
 www.ecommerceoptimization.com/ecommerce-introduction
 ecommerce.hostip.info/.../Business-Business-B2B-E-Commerce
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce_payment_system
 https://www.business2community.com/ecommerce/e-payment-system-01641721
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/e_commerce_payment_systems.html
 https://bbamantra.com/electronic-data-interchange-edi/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_organization

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