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    Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

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    Akmal Khan
    PSTN is the public switched telephone network that allows analog voice communication between points by converting sound signals to electrical signals. It uses copper wires or cables for transmission and connects individual telephone networks globally through exchanges. While it was originally analog, PSTN advanced to use digital signals starting in the 1900s. Key advantages are bidirectional communication and clear calls, while disadvantages are lower transmission speeds and higher costs than digital networks. CDMA, MIMO, LTE, and OFDM are later digital communication technologies that provide improvements like increased capacity, security, data rates, and efficiency.

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    Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

    Uploaded by

    Akmal Khan
    48 views4 pages
    PSTN is the public switched telephone network that allows analog voice communication between points by converting sound signals to electrical signals. It uses copper wires or cables for transmission and connects individual telephone networks globally through exchanges. While it was originally analog, PSTN advanced to use digital signals starting in the 1900s. Key advantages are bidirectional communication and clear calls, while disadvantages are lower transmission speeds and higher costs than digital networks. CDMA, MIMO, LTE, and OFDM are later digital communication technologies that provide improvements like increased capacity, security, data rates, and efficiency.

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    PSTN is the public switched telephone network that allows analog voice communication between points by converting sound signals to electrical signals. It uses copper wires or cables for transmission and connects individual telephone networks globally through exchanges. While it was originally analog, PSTN advanced to use digital signals starting in the 1900s. Key advantages are bidirectional communication and clear calls, while disadvantages are lower transmission speeds and higher costs than digital networks. CDMA, MIMO, LTE, and OFDM are later digital communication technologies that provide improvements like increased capacity, security, data rates, and efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    48 views4 pages

    Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

    Uploaded by

    Akmal Khan
    PSTN is the public switched telephone network that allows analog voice communication between points by converting sound signals to electrical signals. It uses copper wires or cables for transmission and connects individual telephone networks globally through exchanges. While it was originally analog, PSTN advanced to use digital signals starting in the 1900s. Key advantages are bidirectional communication and clear calls, while disadvantages are lower transmission speeds and higher costs than digital networks. CDMA, MIMO, LTE, and OFDM are later digital communication technologies that provide improvements like increased capacity, security, data rates, and efficiency.

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    Submitted by AKMAL KHAN


    Submitted to Engr Rehan Ali khan
    ROLL NO 17F-EE-036
    SEMESTER 6 TH SCE B CLASS ROLL 36
    ASSIGNMENT WMC

    PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK (PSTN)


    PSTN technology which allows voice communication between two points through the usage of
    appropriate equipment. Analog sound signals are translated into electrical signals after a
    communication request is initiated. These electrical signals are converted back to analog sound
    signals once received at the destination PSTN stand for public switch telephone network .the
    general use of this system in 1800.for transmission use copper wire or coaxial cable .the copper
    wire connect to user and exchange network all over the world and each country.

    PSTN WORKING METHOD


    THIS is world worldwide communication which consists of individual telephone network. The
    telephone Connect each telephone on copper wire, fiber optic switching center cellular network
    and satellite.. The individual subscriber lines are connected to a local exchange, which
    communicates with exchanges as well as main and central exchanges. The lines within a local
    exchange typically have the same area code. A user who wants to call a number outside the local
    exchange has to add an area code. When the user want to call out country the user add country
    code this is the method which public telephone network work.

    Advance PSTN
    In first time PSTN works on analog signal but after in 1900 the analog signal converts into
    digital signal this is the one of the best advancement of public switch telephone network which
    the voice and data transmit in to digital signal. In the advancement of 1960 the analog switch is
    converting in to electronic switch which the speed of voice and data double in previous
    communication system.

    Advantage of PSTN
    One of the best advantages of this communication 1960 it is bidirectional. Bidirectional mean the
    incoming and outgoing data flow at the same channel.in this network allows a clear voice calls
    communication.
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    Disadvantage of PSTN
    THE disadvantage of this communication is it designed for voice communication. The
    transmission rate is slow compare to other digital wire communication. This is more expensive
    communication. High cost .

    Code division multiplexing


    CDMA is abbreviated code division multiplexing .in this type of networking the multiple data
    signal is transmits by common frequency band.at the same time CDMA provide each user there
    specific frequency band.

    CDMA is example of multiple accesses where a lot of transmitter can send data simultaneously
    on a single communication channel.

    Advantage of CDMA
    HIGH CAPACITY
    CDMA gives high capacity because it shares the same local wireless signal with thousand data
    consumer. It has up to 100 times the capacity compared to earlier analog cellular technologies
    and up to five times that of Global System for Mobile communication, or GSM-based, services.

    Strong security
    The problem security of code division multiplexing is much more secure compare to gsm
    technology .in code division multiplexing the signal not trace easily like GSM and other
    transmitting networks because a code division multiplexing provide a narrow bandwidth and
    good frequency hopping.

    MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUT PUT (MIMO)

    This is the advance technology of wireless communication in which multiple input and multiple
    output are used both the source (transmitter) and (receiver). The antennas at each end of the
    communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed.This
    technology now introduced into many wireless communications systems including 4G and 5G to
    3

    improve the signal performance and increase the data speed. In the modern technology MIMO is
    able to utilize the multiple path propagation that exists to provide improvements in signal
    performance.

    Long term evolution (LTE)


    Lte stand for Long Term Evolution. Long term evolution is a 4G wireless communications
    which developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GP) that's designed to provide up
    to double speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks,
    notebooks and wireless hotspots.

    Advantage of LTE
    The first main advantage of LTE is it decreases the traffic communications while sending data.
    LTE also allows more users to use the same frequency in a cell, which resulting in increment of
    Mobile Broadband users. The third advantage is LTE offers faster data rate transfer which in
    higher download and upload rate, When the rates is increase, it will also reduce the problem of
    lagging in internet connection.

    DIS ADVANTAGE OF LTE


    , there are some disadvantages of Long Term Evolution. This Technology required of
    additional antennas at network base stations for data transmission. The additional antenna
    increases the cost for the users to buy new cell phones to make use of new network
    infrastructure. The start cost of service provider also high in order to upgrade the equipment and
    there some new highly cost equipment need to be installed too. This is more costly equipment for
    any service provider to launch LTE.

    DATA RATE OF LTE


    IN theoretical LTE is up link is 100Mbit per second and the downlink is 50 Mbit per second but
    the frequency channel is 20Mhz.if you increase the data rate use multiple input and multiple
    output(MIMO) and install additional antenna which increase the speed of data and provide good
    performance.
    4

    Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)


    Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique for which transmit a large amounts
    of digital data over a radio wave. This technology works by splitting the radio signal into
    multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to
    the receiver.in short OFDM is a method encoding digital data on a multiple carrier frequencies.

    DATA OF OFDM
    The sending format of data over a radio channel is to send it serially, one bit after another. This
    relies on a single channel and any interference on that single frequency can disrupt the whole
    transmission.. The OFDM transmit data in parallel form to various carriers within the overall
    OFDM signal. After split into a number of parallel "substreams" the overall data rate is that of
    the original stream, but that of each of the substreams is much lower, and the symbols are spaced
    further apart in time.

    Advantage of ofdm
    Ofdm is a multiplexing is commonly implemented communications protocols because it provides
    several advantages over the traditional FDM approach to communications channels. More
    specifically, OFDM systems allow for better spectral efficiency reduced inter symbol
    interference (ISI), and resilience to multi-path distortion. In short orthogonal frequency division
    multiplexing is an important technology because many developing communications standards
    require the high multi-path advantages that are possible.

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