DENE1113 :

Principle of
Electrical and
Electronic
Chapter 1 : Introduction of
Principle of Electrical and
Electronics
Objectives
 At the end of slide, the student should be able to:
 Explain the different between electrical and electronic.
 Describe the electrical/electronic parameters such as charge,
current, voltage, resistance, conductor, insulator and power.
 Describe the comparison between active device and passive
device.
 Convert value of parameter into scientific notation and
engineering notation.
 Explain value of parameter according to engineering metric
prefixes.

2 DENE1113
Early Computer

A press conference for what is considered the first computer, the ENIAC, was held at the University of
Pennsylvania on February 1, 1946. The machine (shown here with a technician) took up an entire room, weighed
30 tons and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes to perform functions such as counting to 5,000 in one second.
ENIAC, costing $450,000, was designed by the U.S. Army during World War II to make artillery calculations. The
development of ENIAC paved the way for modern computer technology–but even today’s average calculator
possesses more computing power than ENIAC did.
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Modern Computer

4 DENE1113
Introduction to Electronics
INDUSTRIAL

CONSUMER
TEST AND
MEASUREMENT

Electronic
SYSTEMS
COMPUTERS Systems
BIOMEDICAL

COMMUNICATIONS

CIRCUITS
Electronic
Circuits

Electronic
COMPONENT Components

POWER
Basic of
CURRENT
Electricity
RESISTANCE
VOLTAGE

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Introduction to Electronics
 By definition, electronics is the branch of technology or science that
deals with the use of components to control the flow of electricity in a
vacuum, gas, liquid, semiconductor or conductor.

 Both electrical and electronic circuits and system control electron

flow. However, their applications are distinctly different.

 Electrical circuits and system manage power, and therefore must

perform such function as generating, distributing and converting
electrical power.

 Electronic circuits and system manage information, and therefore

must perform such functions as generating, sensing, storing,
retrieving, amplifying, transmitting, receiving and displaying
information.

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Charge
 Physical property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when close to other electrically
charged matter.
 Symbol = Q
 Unit = Coulomb
 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electron
 Coulomb is defined as:
 The quantity of the electricity which flow past a given point
in an electric circuit when a current of one ampere is
maintained for 1 second.

where Q = IT
 I = Current (Ampere)
 T = Time (Second)

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Voltage
 Definition : Electrical force that causes current to flow in
a circuit.
 Symbol = V
 Measured in volts
 Unit = V

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Current
 The movement of electrical charge
 Symbol = I
 Measured in Amperes
 Unit = A

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Resistance
 An electrical conductor is the opposition to the
passage of an electric current through that
conductor
 Symbol = R
 Measured in Ohms
 Unit = Ω
 Resistance is:
◦ Directly proportional to its length, l
◦ Inversely proportional to its area, A
◦ Depends on the nature of the materials
◦ So, l l
R R
a a
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Conductor
 Material that having a low resistance which allows
electric current to flow in it.
 Eg: metal, copper

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Insulator
 Is a material having a high resistance which does not
allow electric current to flow in it.
 Eg: plastic, rubber, glass.

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Electrical Power
 The rate at which electric energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.
 When a direct current is flowing in an electric circuit
and with voltage across the circuit, then the power is
calculated by:

P=IV
 Symbol = P
 Measured in watts
 Unit = W
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Electrical Devices
 Active devices
 The devices or components which produce energy in
the form of voltage or current.
 Able to inject power to circuit
 Able to provide power gain
 Eg : diode, transistor; triac, thyristor, IC, SCR

 Passive devices
 The devices or components which store or maintain
energy in the form of voltage or current.
 Incapable of supplying any energy
 Incapable of providing power gain
 Eg: resistors, capacitor, inductor
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Active Components

Transistors

Integrated Circuit (IC)

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Passive Components
Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

Resistors

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Capacitors

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

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Passive Components
Inductors

Transformers

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Electronic System
 Passive components are used in conjunction with active
components to form an electronic system.

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SI Fundamental Unit

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric Current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous Intensity Candela cd

19
Important Electrical Unit
 Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units
are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a
fundamental unit.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage Volt V
Resistance Ohm Ω
Power Watt W

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Scientific and Engineering Notation
 As the names indicate, scientific notations are
typically used by science and engineering notation is
utilized primarily by engineering and engineering
technology.
 The usefulness of engineering notation will become
apparent in the next section in determining unit
prefixes.

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Scientific Notation
 Scientists have developed a shorter method to express
very large numbers. This method is called scientific
notation. Scientific Notation is based on powers of the
base number 10.
 Scientific notation expresses a value as a power of
10, such that the numeric part is greater than or
equal to 1 but less than 10.
 That is, the numeric part always has one and only
one digit left of the decimal point.
 The form of scientific notation is N x 10n

1 ≤ N < 10

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Scientific Notation
 Example 1:
Express the number 123 in scientific notation.

Solution 1:
You need to move the decimal point 2 places to the left to
get only one digit left of the decimal point, that is, from 123 to
1.23.
To compensate, add 2 to the 10's exponent, that is, from 100
to 102.
1.23 x 102 ←Scientific notation

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Scientific Notation
 Example 2:
Express the number 0.00012 in scientific notation.

Solution 2:
You need to move the decimal point 4 places to the right to
get only one digit left of the decimal point, that is, from 0.00012
to 1.2.
To compensate, subtract 4 from the 10's exponent, that is,
from 100 to 10-4.
1.2 x 10-4 ←Scientific notation

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Scientific Notation
 Example 3:
Express the number 12,300,000 in scientific notation.

Solution 3:
1.23 x 107 ←Scientific notation

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Engineering Notation
 Engineering notation expresses a number as a power
of 10 such that the numeric value is greater than or
equal to 1 but less than 1000, and the 10’s exponent
is a multiple of three.
 The form of engineering notation is N x 10n

‘n’ must be
1 ≤ N < 1000
multiple of 3

 The exponent n must be a multiple of 3 and is an

appropriate value to force the number N to be a value
between 1 and 1000.

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Engineering Notation
 Example 1:
Express the number 12,300 in engineering notation.

Solution 1:
You need to move the decimal point 3 (a multiple of 3)
places to the left to get a number between 1 and 1000, that is,
from 12,300 to 12.300.
To compensate, add 3 to the 10’s exponent, that is, from 100
to 103.
12.3 x 103 ←Engineering notation

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Engineering Notation
 Example 2:
Express the number 12,300,000 in engineering notation.

Solution 2:
12.3 x 106 ←Engineering notation

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Exercise
 Convert the number into Scientific Notation and
Engineering Notation.
 87,000,000
 0.000 032

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Engineering Notation

When all else fails…

USE YOUR CALCULATOR!

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Engineering Metric Prefixes

31 DENE1113
Conclusion
 Electrical vs Electronic
 Electrical/Electronic Parameter
 Active vs Passive Devices
 Scientific vs Engineering Notation
 Engineering Metric Prefixes

32 DENE1113
Thank You