Lift and Drag Measurements of An Airfoil: C F UA F (Re)
Lift and Drag Measurements of An Airfoil: C F UA F (Re)
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiments is to measure the drag and lift forces exerted on an
airfoil model with varying angle and to pressure distributions around this airfoil.
2. INTRODUCTION
A body immersed in a fluid stream will experience forces due to action of the fluid
stream. It is customary to choose one axis parallel to the free stream and downstream. The force
on the body along this axis is called drag force. A second and important force is perpendicular to
the drag and usually performs a useful job, such as bearing the weight of the body. It is called lift
force. Third component is the side force. Airfoil wing is shown in figure 1. The angle between
the free stream and the chord line is called the angle of attack . The lift force FL, and drag force
FD, vary with this angle. The chord of an airfoil is the straight line joining the mean thickness
line between the airfoil leading edge and trailing edge. When the airfoil has a symmetric section,
the mean line and the chord line both are straight lines and they coincide. An airfoil with a
curved mean line is said to be chambered.
Leading edge
FL
FD
Chamber Line
b (Span)
t
Trailing edge
c
(Chord)
FD
CD = = f (Re) (1)
U 2 A f
The frontal area Af of the airfoil is (Af=t b). The number 1/2 is inserted and hence the
drag coefficient CD is defined as
FD
CD = = f ( Re) C D = f ( Re) (2)
1 2
U A f
2
FL
CL = = f ( Re) C L = f ( Re) (3)
1
U 2 A p
2
Where Ap is the planform area. The lift and drag coefficient for an airfoil are functions of both
Reynolds number and angle of attack, . Hence, CL or CD=f(Re,).
The maximum projected area of the airfoil is used to define lift and drag coefficient. These areas
are;
- Frontal area: thickness x span (Af =t.b).
- Planform area: span x chord length (Ap= b.c).
PS PT
C.V
Measurement of the air flow velocity: Mean velocity, U, can be found from the stagnation and
static pressures.
PT=PS+PD (4)
PD=PT-PS (5)
1
PD = U2 (6)
2 air
1 2( PT − PS )
air U2 = PT − PS U= (7)
2 air
UD h air
Re =
(8)
4 AC
Dh =
TC (9)
Where
FD = Drag Force (N) PS = Static Pressure (N/m2)
CD = Drag Coefficient U = Mean Velocity (m/s)
FL = Lift Force (N) Re = Reynolds Number
CL = Lift Coefficient air = Air density (kg/m3)
PT = Stagnation Pressure (N/m2) = Dynamic Viscosity of Air (N/ms)
PD = Dynamic Pressure (N/m2) Dh = Hydraulic Diameter (m)
2
AC = Cross-sectional Area of Channel (m ) TC = Periphery of channel (m)
H= Channel Height (m) B= Channel Width (m)
4. PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
There are 20 pressure tappings around the airfoil. A computer is used to command the
entire equipment, including processes such as channel selection and the simultaneous collection
and analysis of the data. Pressure outlets from the airfoil are connected to scanning box. Pressure
lines from the scanning box are connected to fittings at the rear of micromanometer. Pneumatic
pressures are applied to both sides of the micromanometer’s diagram. The pneumatic pressure
difference is transferred into a binary-coded-decimal (BCD) output signal, which is fed to the
computer by the micromanometer. Consequently, the microcomputer collects a pre-selected
number of samples for each reading in quick succession memorized and then analysed. Finally
the processed results are printed on a line printer.
The dynamic pressure PD at the entrance of test chamber and the static pressures around
the airfoil are measured by the computer controlled data acquisition system. These results are
processed and plotted by the computer.
6. CONSTANT VALUES
t= 19 mm b= 297 mm
c= 152 mm f=780 kg/m3
air=1.2 kg/m3 H=0.3 m
B=0.35 m
Calculation of density of air
- Measure the atmospheric pressure and room (air) temperature.
- Calculate the air density air = P RT where R: Ideal gas constant.
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