UNE Biochem 1005 Practice Questions
UNE Biochem 1005 Practice Questions
UNE Biochem 1005 Practice Questions
________ is commonly used as an oxidizing agent in catabolic pathways while ________ is commonly
used as a reducing agent in anabolic pathways.
NAD+/FAD;NADH
2.A substitution mutation occurs in the GRE (glucocorticoid response element) making it unrecognizable to
the glucocorticoid receptor. What impact would this have on the transcription of the gene downstream of
this element?
Prohibit the cell from reproduction and lead to death, Moreover, if the mutation occurs in the region of the
gene where transcriptional machinery binds to the protein, the mutation can affect the binding of the
transcription factors because the short nucleotide sequences recognized by the transcription factors will be
altered. Mutations in this region can affect rate of efficiency of gene transcription, which in turn can alter
levels of mRNA and, thus, protein levels in general. If the mutation occurs in the region of the gene where
transcriptional machinery binds to the protein, the mutation can affect the way in which transcription
factors bind to the protein. The mechanisms of transcription bind to a protein through recognition of short
nucleotide sequences. A mutation in this region may alter these sequences and, thus, change the way the
transcription factors bind to the protein.
3. In the liver, at the same time that epinephrine activates the βreceptors it also binds to α1receptors,
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which leads to:
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>The phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase >The activation of phosphorylase kinase by
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Ca++calmodulin >The increase in inositol trisphosphate and release of Ca++ from the endoplasmic
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reticulum >The activation of phospholipase C and the production of diacylglycerol
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4.When the pancreatic beta cells sense an increase in glucose, the release of insulin is facilitated through
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which of the following mechanisms?
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Increase in intracellular Ca2+
5.Which of the following types of tissue can use glucose, but not fatty acids, as a source of fuel? Brain
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tissue, red blood cells
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6.Inositol triphosphate (IP3) binds to _______ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum while diacylglycerol
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(DAG) activates ___________.
ligandgated Ca2+ channels, the influx of extracellular cations in Tlymphocytes OR protein kinase C
7.When Ca++ increases in muscle cells, muscle contracts and all of the following happen EXCEPT:
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase and alphaketo glutarate dehydrogenase are allosterically activated by
increases in NADH
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What is the oxidizing agent? Whichever product is reduced, i.e. gains an electron ( / H+)
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9.The primary GLUT transporter used by the liver is ____________ and the primary GLUT transporter
used by the skeletal muscle is _______________: GLUT 2; GLUT 4
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10. You have identified a mutation in the c subunit in the ATP synthase. The mutation changes the
glutamate residue, (that facilitates proton pumping into the mitochondrial matrix), to a glycine. The
inability to dissipate the proton gradient will have which of the following impacts on the electron transport
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chain? decreased ATP synthesis
12.The mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) relies on the use of three
prosthetic groups in the enzyme active site. Which of the following lists these three groups in the order that
they are utilized during the oxidation of pyruvate?
1.E1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as its prosthetic group. 2.E2:
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase which uses lipoamide and coenzyme A (also known as coASH) as its
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prosthetic groups. 3.E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase which uses flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as its cofactors.
13.When glucagon binds its receptor there is an increase in the second messenger, cAMP. cAMP levels can
be decreased by which of the following enzymes?
cAMPdependent phosphodiesterase
14.NADPH is used by most cells as:
A reducing agent in detoxification reactions
15.Certain conditions such as excessive alcohol consumption can increase the ratio of NADH/NAD+ in the
mitochondria. This will directly inhibit which of the following enzymes?
PDC Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
16.The addition of rotenone to the electron transport chain will do all of the following EXCEPT:
inhibits transfer of electrons from complex 1 to CoQ (prevents NADH from entering complex 1); H+
movement ceases, ATP not synthesized
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17.Which of the following statements best describes the action of epinephrine? increased release of
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glucose
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18.All of the following are disaccharides EXCEPT: ARE disaccharides: Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose NOT:
Agarose, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen, Insulin
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19.Which of the following activators is correctly paired with the glycolytic or TCA cycle enzyme that it
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activates?
Glycolytic: Hexokinase (1,2,3,4 glucokinase), phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose
biphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase,
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phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase. 2phosphoglycerate,
phosphoenolpyruvate; Glucose 6phosphate, Fructose 6phosphate; dihydroxylacetone phosphate,
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glyceraldehyde 3phosphate. TCA cycle: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH)/ acetylCoA/Ca2+;
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Citrate Synthase/acetyl coA; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/ ADP and NAD+; alpha Ketoglutarate
Dehydrogenase Complex/
20.Following a meal, fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate levels will be elevated in the liver. Under these metabolic
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conditions, all of the following enzymes will be active EXCEPT:
Protein kinase A, PFK2
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21.When a muscle cell contracts, all of the following will increase glycogenolysis EXCEPT:
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WILL INCREASE: Increase in Ca2+ calmodulin, Increase in epinephrine, Increase in cAMP
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22. Given the following enzyme pathway, A→B→C→D And given that the ΔG0' for A→B is 8; for
B→C is +6; and for C→D is +1 Then the ΔG0' for A→D is: 1
23.Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare recessive disorder that is caused by a mutation in the
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aldolase B gene. As a result of this disorder individuals may have all of the following symptoms
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), especially after eating fruits, fructose,
sucrose, jaundice, excessive sleepiness, convulsions, irritability
24. Under conditions of strenuous exercise, gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the _______ using
_______ formed in the skeletal muscle. liver; lactate
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25.In the red blood cell, glucose can be oxidized to two primary products. One of the oxidation products is
ribulose 5phosphate, and the other is which of the following compounds? Lactate
26.Several TCA cycle intermediates can be used as a substrate for the synthesis of other compounds.
Succinyl CoA is an intermediate that is directly used for the synthesis of which of the following
compounds? porphyrin, heme,and ketone body biosynthesis
27.Under conditions when a cell only needs to use the nonoxidative portion of the pentose phosphate
pathway to synthesize ribose 5phosphate, the elevated levels of NADPH in the cell will inhibit which of
the following enzymes? Ribose 5P only needed, so only the nonoxidative reactions. High NADPH
inhibits glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase, so transketolase and transaldolase are used to convert fructose
6P and glyceraldehyde 3P to ribose 5P.
28.A newly characterized inducible operon is regulated by levels of iron. In this system, iron is determined
to function as the inducer. When iron levels are elevated which of the following will occur? The
inducer combines with the repressor and inactivates the repressor.
29.In the liver, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) would be dephosphorylated and active when
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which of the following compounds or hormones is elevated? Glucagon
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30.The enzyme in the TCA cycle that catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation is Succinate
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thiokinase
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31.Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder that can be caused by a defect in
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phenylalanine hydroxylase. Phenylketonuria can also present due to a deficiency in which of the following
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vitamins or cofactors? tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
32. An individual with a deficiency in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) will have elevated levels
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of which metabolite after consuming a meal high in carbohydrates? Lactate
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33.Chronic smokers have an elevation of guanine residues associated with a benzopyrene ring. This bulky
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distortion to the DNA is repaired through which of the following mechanisms? Nucleotide Excision
Repair
34.Glycogen synthesis and degradation in the liver and muscle is very similar. Which of the following
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enzymes is NOT used in both muscle and liver for these metabolic pathways? G6Pase (Glucose 6
Phosphatase)
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35.A 3yearold boy who presented with generalized hypotonia, severe psychomotor development delay,
and severe lactic acidosis following ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal was diagnosed with a deficiency
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in pyruvate dehydrogenase (Xlinked recessive). Supplementation of which vitamin may be beneficial to
this individual: Vitamin D
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36.All of the following statements are true with regards to the malateaspartate shuttle EXCEPT:
electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to
generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to
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NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To circumvent this, malate carries
the reducing equivalents across the membrane. The shuttle consists of four protein parts: malate
dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. aspartate aminotransferase in the
mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. malatealphaketoglutarate antiporter in the cytosol.
glutamateaspartate antiporter in the inner membrane
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37.All of the following are part of the Cori Cycle EXCEPT: ATP is produced by the conversion of
lactate to glucose
38.Which of the following intermediates is a feedforward activator of pyruvate kinase? Fructose1,6
bisphosphate
39.Within the red blood cell, NADPH is required for which of the following processes? Reducing
glutathione (protection against oxidative stress)
40.A thiamine deficiency will result in decreased activity of: Pyruvate dehydrogenase; transketolase
41.During an overnight fast, which of the following pathways is the primary source of glucose required for
the maintenance of blood glucose levels? Liver glycogen is broken down for gluconeogenesis.
42.Dinitrophenol is an uncoupler of the electron transport chain. The addition of dinitrophenol will have
which of the following impacts to the cell? Increase oxygen consumption
43.Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to elevated levels of
blood glucose. Locally, insulin will inhibit the release of glucagon from alpha cells in the pancreas, and it
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will also impact the metabolism of many peripheral tissues. The actions of insulin are best described as
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which of the following? Insulin acts as a messenger to instruct the body's cells to absorb glucose, in
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effect reducing blood glucose levels.
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44. Which of the following is true regarding single point mutations to a genomic DNA sequence? single
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nucleotide changes to the DNA sequence may have no impact on the primary sequence of a protein
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45.The oxidation of glucose produces NADH. NADH can be oxidized in the mitochondria and in this
process the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is which of the following compounds?
O2
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46.A 2yearold boy is recently diagnosed with redgreen color blindness which is an Xlinked recessive
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disorder. If neither of his parents are colorblind what is the chance that this boy's sister is colorblind?
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0%
47.Which of the following hormones binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase? Peptide/protein hormones;
nerve growth factor (NGF), plateletderived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF),
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epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin.
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48.Besides its role in glycogen synthesis, which of the following directly relies on UDPglucose?
Galactose Metabolism
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49.Under fasting conditions, individuals with a deficiency in hepatic glucose 6phosphatase can not
dephosphorylate glucose 6phosphate generated from liver glycogenolysis. As a result of this disorder,
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which of the following is most likely to occur in this individual when the ratio of insulin to glucagon is
low? Glucose 6P > glucose, not occurring Free glucose is not being produced, so glucose can't leave
the cell to raise blood glucose levels.
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50.There are several anaplerotic reactions required to replenish intermediates of the TCA cycle. All of the
following compounds can be be used for these anaplerotic reactions EXCEPT: CAN BE USED:
Pyruvate, Aspartate, Glutamate, Beta Oxidation of fatty acids, adenylosuccinate; PEP carboxylase and
malate dehydrogenase; Glutamine
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