2D NMR Spectros
2D NMR Spectros
tD1
tD2
… tD3
…
tDn
t1 t2
• t1 is the variable delay time, and t2 is the normal acquisition
time. We can envision having f1 and f2, for both frequencies…
• We’ll see that this format is basically the same for all 2D
pulse sequences and experiments.
A rudimentary 2D experiment
• We’ll see how it works with the backbone of what will
become the COSY pulse sequence. Think of this pulses,
were t1 is the preparation time:
90y 90x
t2
t1
y z
90x x
x
ωo
y
y z
90x x
x
ωo
y
The rudimentary 2D (continued)
y z
90x x
x
ωo
y
y z
ωo
90x x
x
y
ωo * t1 )
A(t1) = Ao * cos(ω
The rudimentary 2D (…)
• If we plot all the spectra in a stacked plot, we get:
A(t1)
t1
t1
ωo
f2 (t2)
• One thing that we are overlooking here is that during all the
pulsing and waiting and pulsing, the signal will also be
affected by T1 and T2 relaxation.
The rudimentary 2D (…)
• Now we have FIDs in t1, so we can do a second Fourier
transformation in the t1 domain (the first one was in the t2
domain), and obtain a two-dimensional spectrum:
ωo
• We have a cross-peak
where the two lines
ωo intercept in the 2D map,
f1 in this case on the
diagonal.
f2
• If we had a real spectrum with a lot of signals it would be a
royal mess. We look it from above, and draw it as a contour
plot - we chop all the peaks with planes at different heights.
ωo
f2
The same with some real data
• This is data from a COSY of
pulegone...
time - time
t2
time - frequency
t1
500 600 700 800 900
f2 pts
f2
frequency - frequency
400 500
f1
f2 pts
f2
The same with some real data
• Now the contour-plot showing all the cross-peaks:
f1
f2
• OK, were the heck did all the off-diagonal peaks came from,
and what do they mean?
• I’ll do the best I can to explain it, but again, there will be
several black-box events. We really need a mathematical
description to explain COSY rigorously.
Homonuclear correlation - COSY
• COSY stands for COrrelation SpectroscopY, and for this
particular case in which we are dealing with homonuclear
couplings, homonuclear correlation spectroscopy.
• With this basic idea we’ll try to see the effect of the COSY
90y - t1- 90y - t1 pulse sequence on a pair of coupled spins. If
we recall the 2 spin-system energy diagram:
J (Hz)
ββ
I S
αβ • • ••
βα
S I
I S
••••
αα
• We see that if we are looking at I and apply both π / 2 pulses,
(a pseudo π pulse) we will invert some of the population of
spin S, and this will have an effect on I (polarization transfer).
Homonuclear correlation (continued)
• Since the I to S or S to I polarization transfers are the
same, we’ll explain it for I to S and assume we get the same
for S to I. We first perturb I and analyze what happens to S.
z
y
90y x
x
y
J/2
Homonuclear correlation (…)
• If we do it really general (nothing on-resonance), we would
come to this relationship for the change of the S signal (after
the π / 2 pulse) as a function of the I resonance frequency
and JIS coupling:
ωS ωI
ωI
ωS
f1
f2
Next class
• Heteronuclar correlation spectroscopy (HETCOR).