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Studies commissioned by Gustavsson et al., (2011) estimated yearly global food

loss and waste by quantity at roughly 30 percent of cereals, 40–50 percent of root
crops, fruits and vegetables, 20 percent of oilseeds, meat and dairy products, and 35
percent of fish. Current numbers show that up to one third of all human food
produced is wasted along the food supply chain. Food loss represents a loss of
economic value for actors in the food production and supply chains. Massive
amounts of food go to waste even before leaving the farms, however the exact
quantity of waste from farms is the biggest unknown of all waste statistics.
Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C. & Sonesson, U. (2011). Global Food Losses and Food
Waste – Extent, Causes and Prevention. Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).
Agricultural waste at the first step of the food chain is not adequately quantified.
Waste separated on the farm is often not classified as waste, as farmers can plough
it back into the fields. However, when farmers eliminate crops they have grown, it is
still a huge squandering of food, land, water, agrichemicals and fuel. Loss at the
agricultural level of the food chain has regional differences. Market requirements,
i.e. the requirements on appearance, variety, size, maturity etc. that wholesalers,
importers and in the end consumers have are as essential as is the price they are
prepared to pay for the products (Parfitt, Barthel & Macnaughton, 2010)
Parfitt, J., Barthel, M. & Macnaughton, S. 2010. Food Waste Within Food Supply
Chains: Quantification and Potential for Change to 2050, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., vol.
365, pp. 3065- 3081
Food production is the single biggest impact we humans have on nature.

Environmental pressures from agriculture cause habitat change, climate change,
increased water use and toxic emissions. Substantial habitat losses have arisen due
to increased demand for land for agriculture. Furthermore, increased pollution,
habitat changes and species distribution changes have impaired the services that
ecosystems provide. Hence, Agriculture is also one of the main drivers of climate
change, water pollution and soil degradation when indirect impacts are accounted
for (Hertwich et al., 2010).
Hertwich, E., van der Voet, E., Suh, S., Tukker, A., Huijbregts M., Kazmierczyk, P.,
Lenzen, M., McNeely, J., Moriguchi, Y. (2010) Assessing the Environmental Impacts
of Consumption and Production: Priority Products and Materials, UNEP Report.
Retrieved fromhttp://www.greeningtheblue.org/sites/default/files/Assessing%
20the%20environmental%20impacts%20of%20consumption%20and
%20production.pdf
Packing houses are situated in carrot growing areas, owned by wholesalers or

farmers or a combination. When selling to the fresh market, carrots are washed,
graded and packed according to the retailer’s requirements; damaged and
misshapen roots usually go for livestock feed or for processing for industrial
products. It is up to the wholesaler to decide crookedness or size. Carrots with visual
fungal agents are not excepted in packaging to the retail market. Each market
requires different root size, and grading for different requirements can ensure a high
proportion of sellable roots.
The bigger packinghouses in Norway do sorting preformed with an optic sorting
system. Carrots are washed, then on a high-speed conveyor belt, pass through a
photographic sensor. A camera searches for defects like lack of color, bends,
breakage or blemishing. Any specimen the camera detects which fails to match the
pre-programmed ideal of carrots is discharged to an out-grading pile. The conveyor
belt with the carrots left then passes to manual sorting for defects the camera is not
able to detect. The remaining carrots are then packed and shipped straight off to the
supermarkets. Some smaller packing houses do the sorting process manually. The
wholesaler will only pay for what they are able to deliver to the client. The rest of the
carrots are rejected, in turn being fed to livestock or sold to industry processing.
Packing houses pack based on standards received from the wholesalers, and this is
confidential information.
Rebekka Bond. Carrot Loss during Primary Production:Field Waste and Pack
House Waste. Hedmark University of Applied Sciences.
Carrots is a perishable product, and inadequate temperature management

during storage causes water loss and decay. Most carrots are stored for a time after
harvest, up to 8 months and fungal agents cause considerable loss due to improper
storage condition. Quality and storability have also been found to be affected by
sowing time, harvest time and development stage when harvested. Least storage
loss has been found to be when carrots are harvested when yield increase or
improvement in quality or storability is at the top without increasing the risk of frost
injuries (Suojala, 2000)
Suojala, T. (2000) Pre- and postharvest development of carrot yield and quality.
Department of Plant Production, Horticulture. University of Helsinki, pp 37
Mature carrot roots are usually harvested during autumn and placed in cold
rooms until washing, sorting, packaging and distribution over the following year.
During storage, carrots are vulnerable to different microorganisms that can cause a
variety of postharvest diseases (Ghorbani et al., 2008)
Ghorbani, R., Wilcockson, S., Koocheki, A. & Leifert C. (2008) Soil Management for
Sustainable Crop Disease Control: A Review. Environ Chem Lett, 6, 149–162
There are five stages of conducting a value chain analysis of carrot commodity.
The first is identifying the sequencing activity of carrot cultivating process. Second,
compose the value chain map based on the result of the first stage. Third, analyze
the value added of carrot commodity. Fourth, define the actors and the function in
the value chain map. Fifth, define the roles of each enabler (FBC, 2008)
.
a. Identifying the Sequences Activity of Carrot Cultivating Process
The carrot cultivating process was started from the on-farm activity (upstream)
to off-farm activity (downstream). There are two activities recognized as the
derivative product of carrot: carrot seed production and instant carrot home
industry. The seeding process includes in the on-farm activity. Meanwhile, the home
industry of instant carrot is defined as part of the off-farm activity.
b. Composing the Value Chain Map of Carrot

The result from the first stage is used to compose the value chain map of carrot.
The value chain map of carrot will depict three characteristics: the network
structure, the value added, and the governance structure. The network structure
shows the vertical and the horizontal dimensions of the carrot value chain map. The
vertical dimension is the carrot value chain map itself. While the horizontal
dimension shows the relationship among actors in the same chain link (among the
farmer, among the collector, etc.). The governance structure shows the role (scope)
of institutions as enablers in carrot value chain. Meanwhile, the value added will be
depicted in separate diagram.
In the horizontal line, the carrot value chain map shows three components: the
functions, the actors, and the enablers. The function refers to some activities occur
in carrot cultivating process, from on-farm activity to off-farm activity. The actor
refers to people who are involved in carrot cultivating process. While the enabler
shows some institutions that conduct and give intervention in the sequencing
process of carrot cultivating process.
c. Carrot Value Added

Based on the carrot value chain map in Figure 3, the whole value added the
process of carrot commodity.
d. Defining the Function and Actors in the Value Chain Map

Carrot Farmer
Carrot farmer has two functions: as carrot grower and as carrot seeder.
Mostly, carrot farmers cultivate their own farmland, while the rest rent the
farmland from other farmers who have large farmland. Rental price is calculated
based on the total land area used per year. For some carrot farmers, farmland is
not the only media to plant the carrot. They also utilize the home yard to
cultivate the carrot. Carrot farmers also utilize the home yard as a seeding
laboratory.

Local Collectors
Local collectors are directly involved in buying carrots from local farmers.
They are also selling carrots to traders or retailers at the local market.

Traders
Traders often buy carrot from the local collectors and directly from the
carrot farmers in the vicinity. For traders from other cities, they often get
supplies from the local collectors. In running their business, some traders mix
carrots from local with carrots from other regencies. Traders also supply
retailers in traditional markets. Therefore, traders combine the functions of
collecting and selling their carrots in the market.

Retailers
There are numerous carrot retailers who caters to the household
consumers. These retailers also sell other vegetables and other items. Some
retailers also sell carrot and another vegetable door to door. In addition,
retailers also sell carrot in traditional markets.
e. Defining the Roles of Enablers

Local Government and Non-Governmental Organizations play important roles in
moving the carrot commodity along the value chain.
Full Bright Consultancy (FBC). (2008). Product Chain Study Onion. Nepal: Full Bright
Consultancy (Pvt.) Ltd.
One of the problems faced by small-scale farmers in many developing countries

is the lack of marketing opportunities. Some government programs and aid donors
are still concentrating on how to increase agricultural production without facilitating
the marketing of farm produce to the market. This is likely to have an impact on
farmers in terms of cash for buying inputs or reinvesting on farm and other basic
necessities for the family. Increasing production, while at the same time linking
production to the markets in a sustainable way, will help farmers improve the
productivity and quality of their crops. This will lead to the increase of farmers’
income, reduce unemployment and, hence, reduce poverty in rural areas (Mancero
2007).
Mancero, L. 2007, Potato Chain Study in Ecuador, FAO.ESAE-CIP Project, Ecuador.
To overcome these problems and, hence, help them move from subsistence to
semi-commercial farming, linking farmers with the markets is important. This may
involve government bodies and the private sector in the implementation of the
linkage approach, such as linkages through agribusiness firms, cooperative, leading
farmers, processors and vertical coordination. By participating in these linkages,
farmers are likely to get more benefits. Many empirical studies have shown that by
linking small-scale farmers to the markets, they will benefit from it. Benefits include
the availability of inputs and credits, assistance and risk reduction. Furthermore,
their production, productivity, and the quality of the product will also improve, as
there is an assured market for the products. These can make a significant
contribution to poverty reduction and reducing unemployment (Berdegue et al.
2008).
Berdegue, J.A., Bienabe, E. and Peppelenhos, L. 2008, Keys to Inclusion of Small

Scale Producers in Dynamic Market, Innovative Practice in Connecting Small-Scale
Producers with Dynamic Market, Sustainable Market Group and IIED, London.
The role of agri-food chains and networks has become increasingly important in
providing market access for farmers in developing countries. In the last ten years
most firms in developing countries have been integrating into geographically
dispersed supply networks or commodity chains. In addition, food and agribusiness
chains are affected by consumers’ demands related to the quality and safety of food
and the sustainability of the production and the way producers handle the products.
Hence, improving smallholders access to market and competitiveness needs
concerted efforts for linking various stakeholders including producers, traders,
processors and retailers, in order to reduce transaction costs. Working
collaboratively in the supply chain can guarantee access to new and profitable
markets and the ability to timely respond to demand (Ruben et al. 2006).
Ruben, R., Slingerland, M. and Nijhoff, H. 2006, Agro-food Chains and Networks for
Development: Issues, Approaches and Strategies, Springer, Netherland.
In recent years, consumers and retailers are demanding products that can be
supplied for most of the year, with good quality and at a competitive price. To meet
this demand, the supply chains need to concentrate on market-oriented instead of
product-oriented production. The chain that is driven by consumers can only be
successful if it is organized in a flexible, efficient and responsive way (Vorst et al.
2007).
Vorst, J.G.A.J., da Silva, C.A. and Trienekens, J.H. 2007, Agroindustrial Supply Chain
Management: Concepts and Applications, Occasional Paper 17, Agricultural
Management, Marketing and Finance, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome,
Italy.
Trust is an important factor in the supply chain which can shape the chain in an
effective and efficient way, especially for fresh produce. For example, when
producers and market intermediaries have less access to the legal system, it is
recognizable that trust is increasingly important in the reduction of risk and
facilitating exchange. Likewise, any conflict that arises will be solved in the first stage
and this can satisfy both partners involved in supply chain when in a situation with a
high level of trust (Kemp and Ghauri, 2001)
Kemp, R.G.M. and Ghauri, P.N. 2001, Interdependency in Joint Ventures: The
Relationship Between Dependence Asymmetry, Journal on Chain and Network
Science, 1(2).
Carrot is a good source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. As

compared to other vegetables, the carrot can contribute more to the human diet.
Antioxidant, anti-carcinogen and Immune-enhancer benefits, wound healing,
cardiovascular and cholesterol disease lowering, Anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, and anti-fungal benefits of carrot have also reported by researchers
(Silva Dias, 2014).
Silva Dias JC (2014). Nutritional and Health Benefits of Carrots and their Seed
extracts. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5: 2147-2156.

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REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Studies commissioned by Gustavsson et al., (2011) estimated yearly global food

Food production is the single biggest impact we humans have on nature.

Packing houses are situated in carrot growing areas, owned by wholesalers or

Carrots is a perishable product, and inadequate temperature management

b. Composing the Value Chain Map of Carrot

c. Carrot Value Added

d. Defining the Function and Actors in the Value Chain Map

e. Defining the Roles of Enablers

One of the problems faced by small-scale farmers in many developing countries

Mancero, L. 2007, Potato Chain Study in Ecuador, FAO.ESAE-CIP Project, Ecuador.

Berdegue, J.A., Bienabe, E. and Peppelenhos, L. 2008, Keys to Inclusion of Small

Carrot is a good source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. As

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