Contents

About the Author

Preface
Note for Students of General Studies
Note for Political Science and International Relations Students
Acknowledgements
SECTION A
FOUNDATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
PART-A
Chapter 1 A Conceptual Review of the Evolution and Relevance of the State
in International Relations
Why Study International Relations?
How did the State Evolve?
Chapter 2 Key Terms in International Relations
Introduction
Basic Terms of International Relations
Additional Terms in International Relations
Key Concepts and Terms Used in Nuclear Diplomacy
Key Concepts in International Relations
Advanced Terms and Concept in International Relations
Terms Used in Economic Integration
PART-B
Chapter 1 International Historical Context and World History for
International Relations from Ancient Times till the Rise of Europe
Introduction
The Need for Historical Background in International Relations
The Concept of International Society
International History of the Ancient Times
International History of Medieval Era
Rise of Modern European International Society and the Nation States
Chapter 2 International Historical Context and World History for
International Relations from Modern Times till the Onset of the Cold War
Situation of Europe in the Modern Times
World War II (1939–1945)
Chapter 3 International Historical Context and World History for

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 International Relations During the Cold War
Post-War Settlement and the Institutionalisation of Cold War
Collapse of USSR and the end of the Cold War
Final Analysis of the Modern Period
Chapter 4 International Historical Context and World History for
International Relations in the World After the Cold War
The World after Cold War
End of Section Questions
SECTION B
THEORIES AND APPROACHES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Chapter 1 The Difference between Theory and Approach
Theory and Approach
Chapter 2 Theory of Idealism
Assumptions of Human Behaviour
Foundations of Idealism in International Relations
Origins of Idealism
Core Principles and Forms
Criticism of the School
Chapter 3 Theory of Realism
Core Concepts
Idea of Human Behaviour in Realism
Foundation of Realism in International Relations
Origin of Realism
Application of Realism in Real Life
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Theory of Liberalism
Idea of Human Behaviour
Foundation of Liberalism in International Relations and Classical Liberalism
Type A – Interdependency Theory
Type B – Institutional Liberal Mechanism
Type C – Sociological Liberalism
Type D – Republican Liberalism
Real Life Case Study of Liberalism—US Invasion of Iraq
Chapter 5 Theory of Functionalism
Foundation of Functionalism School in International Relations
Neo-Functionalism
Real Life Case Study

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 Chapter 6 Theory of Marxism
Idea of Human Behaviour and Society
End of Section Questions
SECTION C
MAKING AND ORIGIN OF THE INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 1 Indian Foreign Policy in Ancient Times and India’s Strategic
Thought
Introduction
The Ramayana and Indian Foreign Policy
The Arthashastra and Indian Foreign Policy
Chapter 2 An Overview of Indian Foreign Policy from British Time till
Nehru
Introduction
Making of Foreign Policy till 1947
Early Years of Independent Foreign Policy
Final Analysis
Chapter 3 Determinants and the Formation of Indian Foreign Policy
Chapter 4 Overview of Indian Foreign Policy from Nehru till the Present
Introduction
Foreign Policy of the Nehruvian Era
Foreign Policy of Indira Gandhi
Foreign Policy of Rajiv Gandhi
Foreign Policy of P V Narasimha Rao
Foreign Policy of I K Gujral
Foreign Policy of Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Foreign Policy of Manmohan Singh
Foreign Policy of Narendra Modi
Analysis of Major Shifts in the Foreign Policy of India from the Period of Cold
War to the Post-Cold War World
Final Analysis
End of Section Questions
SECTION D
INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD RELATIONS
Chapter 1 India and Neighbourhood Policy—Key Drivers
Historical Analysis of India’s Engagement with the Neighbourhood
India’s Neighbourhood First Policy
Chapter 2 India and Bhutan Relations
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 Historical Background
India–Bhutan Treaty, 1949
India–Bhutan Commercial Diplomacy
India–Bhutan Hydrodiplomacy
India–Bhutan Security Cooperation
China Factor in Indo–Bhutan Relations
Analysis of Visit of the Indian PM to Bhutan, 2014
Chapter 3 India and Nepal Relations
Historical Background
Nepalese Struggle with Democracy
India–Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950
India–Nepal Border Related Issues
India–Nepal Hydropower Diplomacy
India–Nepal Commercial Diplomacy
China Factor in Indo–Nepal Relations
Analysis of Indian Prime Ministerial Visit in 2014 to Nepal
India and Nepali Constitution, 2015 and Madhesi Problem, 2016
Analysis of Visits from Nepal to India—September 2016, April 2017 and
August 2017
Chapter 4 India and Bangladesh Relations
Historical Background
Defence Diplomacy
Commercial Diplomacy
Land Boundary Agreement Issue
Maritime and Security Issues
Teesta River Issue and River Disputes
Energy Security Diplomacy
Rise of Radicalisation in Bangladesh
Analysis of the Indian Prime Minister’s Visit to Bangladesh—2015
Visit of Shiekh Hasina to India—2017
Chapter 5 India and Myanmar Relations
Diplomatic Historical Background
India–Myanmar Border Issues
Extremism in Myanmar and Rohingya Issue
Commercial Diplomacy
Defence and Security Relations
Recent Bilateral Visits
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to Myanmar
Analysis of the PM Visit to Myanmar—2017
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 Final Analysis
Chapter 6 India and Sri Lanka Relations
Historical Relations up to Cold War
India–Sri Lanka Ties in the Post-Cold War Period
Role of State Parties in India–Sri Lanka Relations
Defence Diplomacy
Commercial Diplomacy
Kachchatheevu Island Issue
The 13th Amendment Issue
Indian Diplomacy and UNHRC Issue
Fishermen Issue
Analysis of PM Visit to Sri Lanka—March, 2015 and May, 2017
Chapter 7 India and Maldives Relations
Historical Background
Islamic Extremism and Maldives
Strategic Importance of Maldives for India
Commercial Diplomacy
Chapter 8 India and Afghanistan Relations
Historical Background of Afghanistan
Origins of India and Afghanistan Relations
Indian Interest in Afghanistan
Afghanistan as an Outreach to Central Asia (CA)
Indian Engagement Since 2001
Policy Options for India Post 2014
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to Afghanistan—December, 2015 and June, 2016
Role of Regional Players and Their Power Politics
Heart of Asia Process
Regional Players and Great Game
End of Section Questions
SECTION E
BILATERAL REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA
AND/OR AFFECTING INDIA’S INTERESTS

PART-A
Chapter 1 India and Africa Policy—Key Drivers
Historical Background
Significance of Africa and Key Drivers of India’s Africa Policy
India–Africa Trade and Commerce

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 Diplomatic Issues Related to Security and Piracy
Diplomatic Policy of China in Africa
Future Policy for India
Chapter 2 India and Mauritius Relations
Basic Background
Defence and Security Diplomacy
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of Prime Ministerial Visit to Mauritius, 2015
Chapter 3 India and Kenya Relations
Historical Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Chapter 4 Indian and Mozambique Relations
Historical Background
Defence Diplomacy
Commercial and Oil Diplomacy
Analysis of the Visit of Mozambique’s President to India
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to Mozambique, July 2016
Chapter 5 India and Nigeria Relations
Historical Background
Defence Diplomacy
Commercial and Oil Diplomacy
Chapter 6 India and Angola Relations
Historical Background
Oil and Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of the Visit of Angolan Agriculture Minister to India
Chapter 7 India and Seychelles Relations
Historical Background
Defence Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to Seychelles—2015
Chapter 8 India and Namibia Relations
Historical Background
Civil Nuclear Cooperation and Developments During Indian President’s Visit—
2016
Chapter 9 India and Ghana and Cote D’ Ivoire Relations
Historical Background
Visit of Indian President—2016
Chapter 10 India and South Africa Relations

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 Historical Background
India and SA Diplomatic Relations
Commercial Diplomacy
Multilateral Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit—July, 2016
Chapter 11 India’s Outreach to Africa
End of Part Questions
PART-B
Chapter 1 India and Central Asia Policy—Key Drivers of the Relationship
Background of Central Asia (CA)
Part-A: From the Silk Road to the Great Game
Part-B: From the Collapse of the Soviet Union to the Revival of the New Great
Game
Strategic Interest of India in CA
Strategic Interests of Other Players in CA
Challenges Faced by India
Chapter 2 India and Kazakhastan Relations
Basic Background
Commercial and Oil Diplomacy
Nuclear Cooperation and Technology Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian Prime Minister’s Visit—2015
Future Areas of Cooperation
Chapter 3 India and Kyrgyz Republic Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Defence Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian Prime Minister Visit—2015
Future Area of Cooperation
Chapter 4 India and Tajikistan Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian Prime Minister Visit—2015
Chapter 5 India and Turkmenistan Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian Prime Minister’s Visit—2015
Chapter 6 India and Uzbekistan Relations

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 Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of the Indian Prime Minister’s Visit—2015
Final Analysis
End of Part Questions
PART-C
Chapter 1 India and South East Asia Policy—Key Drivers
Historical Analysis of Indian Policy
Evolution and Analysis of Look East Policy (LEP)
From Look East Policy to Act East Policy
Analysis of Key Themes in India and SEA and EA
Regional Relationships and Their Dimensions
Chapter 2 India and Australia Relations
Introduction
Phase 1: 1947 to 1970
Phase 2: 1970 to End of Cold War
Phase 3: Strategic Convergence
Commercial Diplomacy
Strategic Diplomacy
Nuclear Diplomacy
Education Diplomacy
Analysis of PM’s Visit to Australia—2014
Visit of Malcolm Turnbull to India—2017
Chapter 3 India and Vietnam Relations
Historical Background
Strategic Diplomacy
Commercial Diplomacy
Oil Diplomacy and South China Sea Issue
Defence Diplomacy
Visit of Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (Vietnamese PM) to India—2014
Visit of the Indian PM to Vietnam—2016
Chapter 4 India and South Korea Relations
Historical Background
Trade Diplomacy
India–South Korea CEPA
Strategic Diplomacy
Nuclear Diplomacy
Analysis of PM’s Visit to and from Korea
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 Chapter 5 India and North Korea Relations
Historical Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of the Ri Su Visit to India—2015
Chapter 6 India and Fiji Relations
Basic Background
Analysis of PM’s Visit, November 2014
End of Part Questions
PART-D
Chapter 1 India and Europe Policy—Key Drivers of the Relations
Basic Background
Areas of Cooperation
Chapter 2 India and France Relations
Historical Background till the Cold War
India and France Since Cold War till Now
India–France Commercial Diplomacy
India–France Nuclear and Technology Cooperation
India–France Defence Relationship
Prime Minister’s Visit to Paris—2015
Conclusion of Rafale Deal
Final Analysis
Chapter 3 India and Germany Relations
Introduction
Science and Technology
Analysis of Third and Fourth IGC (2015, 2017) and PM’s Visit to Germany—
2015
Chapter 4 India and Belgium Relations
Basic Background
Areas of Cooperation
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of PM’s Visit to Belgium—2016
Chapter 5 India and Switzerland Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Science and Technology Diplomacy
Development Cooperation
India, European Free Trade Agreement and Switzerland
Analysis of PM’s Visit to Switzerland—2016
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 Swiss President’s Visit to India—August, 2017
End of Part Questions
PART-E
Chapter 1 India and West Asia Policy—Key Drivers
Historical Analysis of India’s Engagement with West Asia
Look West Policy
India and the Regional Security Situation in the Gulf
Conclusion
Chapter 2 India and Egypt Relations
Historical Background of India–Egypt Relations
Commercial Diplomacy
Visit of Mohamed Morsi to India—2013
Analysis of the visit of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to India
Chapter 3 India and Qatar Relations
Historical Background of India–Qatar Relations
Commercial Diplomacy
Natural Gas Diplomacy and Recent Trends
Defence Diplomacy
Analysis of the Indian PM’s Visit to Qatar—June 2016
Chapter 4 India and Turkey Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Defence Diplomacy
Visit of Indian PM—2015
Visit of Recep Tayyip Erdogan to India—2017
Chapter 5 India and United Arab Emirates Relations
Historical Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Defence Diplomacy
Analysis of the Visit of the Indian PM—2015
Chapter 6 India and Saudi Arabia Relations
India and Saudi Arabia during the Cold War
India and Saudi Arabia—Delhi and Riyadh Declarations
Commercial Diplomacy
Oil Diplomacy and Regional Security
India–Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership
Analysis of the Indian PM’s Visit to Saudi Arabia—2016

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 End of Part Questions
PART-F
Chapter 1 India and Latin America Policy—Key Drivers
Basic Outline
Initial Phase During the Cold War
Post-Cold War Period
Final Analysis
Chapter 2 India and Venezuela Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Hydrocarbon and Oil Diplomacy
Crisis in Venezuela and the Oil Sector
Chapter 3 India and Mexico Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of Bilateral Visits in 2016
Future Areas of Cooperation
Chapter 4 India and Brazil Relations
Basic Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Defence Diplomacy
Analysis of Recent Meets
PART-G
Chapter 1 The Concept of Middle Powers
Chapter 2 India and the Great Britain Relations
Basic Background
Phase 1: 1947 to 1965
Phase 2: 1965 to 1991
Phase 3: From the End of the Cold War till the Present
Analysis of the Indian PM’s Visit to Britain 2015
Theresa May’s Visit to India
Chapter 3 India and Canada Relations
Historical Background
Commercial Diplomacy
Nuclear Diplomacy
Energy Diplomacy
Education Diplomacy
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 Analysis of the 2015 Visit of the Indian PM to Canada
Chapter 4 India and Iran Relations
History of Diplomatic Relations
Strategic Diplomacy
Pipeline Diplomacy
India-Iran and Kashmir Question
India and Iran Oil Diplomacy
India and Iran Port Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit—2015
End of Part Questions
PART-H
Chapter 1 India and Japan Relations
Evolution of India’s Relationship with Japan
Domestic Factors between India and Japan
Strategic Re-balancing and Pivot to Asia
Commercial Diplomacy
India–Japan Defence Diplomacy
India–Japan Nuclear Diplomacy
India’s Act East Policy and Japan
Indian PM’s Visit to Japan and other Bilateral Visits as Part of India–Japan
Annual Summits
Potential Concerns and Irritants
Future Potential Areas of Cooperation
Chapter 2 India and the USA Relations
Relations During the Cold War
India and US Defence Diplomacy
India–US Education Diplomacy
India and US Nuclear Diplomacy and Power Politics
India and US Commercial Diplomacy
India–US Visa Related Issues
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to the US, from 2014 to 2017
Chapter 3 India and Israel Relations
Introduction
Period 1: 1922 to 1947: Conflicting Nationalism: The Gradual Formation of
India’s Israel Policy
Period 2: 1948 to 1956: Reality Check? Recognition of Israel and Limits of
India-Israel Rapprochement
Period 3: 1956 to 1974: Crises and Debates: Contestation and Revision of

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 India’s Israel Policy
Period 4: 1984 to 1992: Setting the Stage for Change: From Estrangement to
Engagement with Israel
Period 5: 1992 to Present: From Prudent Rapprochement to the New Strategic
Partnership and De-hyphenation—The Consolidation of India’s New Israel
Policy
Analysis of Visit of the Indian President to Israel and Palestine
Visit of the President of Israel to India
Chapter 4 India and Russia Relations
Diplomatic History
Diplomatic Relations upto India’s Independence
Diplomatic Relations from 1947 to 1962
Diplomatic Relations During the Cold War
Diplomatic Relations after the End of the Cold War
Defence Diplomacy
Nuclear and Energy Diplomacy
Commercial Diplomacy
India–Russia Relations in the 21st Century
Analysis of Indian PM visit to Russia, 2015
End of Section Questions
PART-I
Chapter 1 India and Pakistan Relations
Historical Overview of the Relations and a Brief Understanding of Core
Bilateral Diplomatic Issues Since 1947 till End of the Cold War
Historical Overview of the Relations and a Brief Understanding of Core
Bilateral Diplomatic Issues Since the end of the Cold War
India–Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute—An Analysis
India and Pakistan and Nuclear Diplomacy
Analysis
Jihad as a Grand Strategy by Pakistan
Other Disputes Between India and Pakistan
Conclusion of the Relationship
Chapter 2 India and China Relations
Diplomatic History of India–China Relations
Nuclear Diplomacy Between India–China Relations
Basics of Tibet Issue in India–China Relations
Border Issue in India–China Relations
Analysis
Pakistan Factor in Sino–India Relations
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 India and China—Commercial Diplomacy
Analysis of Indian PM’s Visit to China—2015
India and China-Dolam Standoff (2017)
Conclusion and Final Analysis
End of Section Questions
SECTION F
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS
Chapter 1 United Nations—Envisaged Role and Actual Record; Specialised
UN Agencies—Aims and Functioning; and the Debate on need of UN
Reforms and Case of India
Origin of the UN
Basic Precepts of the UN
Concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
India and R2P Diplomacy
Key Elements in India’s Multilateral Negotiations in Foreign Policy
India and the UN
India’s Climate Change Diplomacy
India and WTO
Chapter 2 Other International and Regional Agencies and Forums—
Analysis of their Structures and Mandates
Introduction
India and the International Criminal Court (ICC)
India and the G–8
India and the G–77
India and the G–20
India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
India and BRICS
India and BIMSTEC
India and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
India and the Nuclear Security Summit
India and the Multilateral Export Control Regimes
India and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
India and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
India and the Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)
India and the ASEAN
India and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
India and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
India and World Bank and IMF

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 End of Section Questions
SECTION G
INDIA AND SECURITY POLICY, CULTURAL DIPLOMACY, ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND
NUCLEAR FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 1 India’s National Security Policy
Chapter 2 India’s Foreign Policy and Terrorism
Chapter 3 Indian Foreign Policy, Aerospace and Outer Space Diplomacy
Chapter 4 India and Science and Technology Diplomacy
Chapter 5 India’s Maritime Foreign Policy Strategy
Chapter 6 India’s Foreign Economic Policy
Phase I: 1947 to 1966
Phase II: 1967 to 1975
Phase III: 1975 to 1990
Phase IV: 1990 till now
Chapter 7 Oil Diplomacy and India’s Energy Diplomacy
Chapter 8 Indian Diaspora
Introduction
Concepts and Terms
Historical Analysis of the Indian Diaspora
Indian Diaspora and the World
Ensuring the Security of the Indian Diaspora
Recent Schemes, Initiatives and Programmes
Chapter 9 India’s Nuclear Foreign Policy
The Realist Foundation of India’s Nuclear Strategy
Conclusion
End of Section Questions
SECTION H
INTERNATIONAL ISSUES AND CURRENT TRENDS
Chapter 1 Issues in the Middle East
Introduction
Islam—Origin, Schools and Schism
Islamic Ideologies—Wahabism, Salafism, Muslim Brotherhood, Baathism and
Alawis
Israel and Palestine Issue
India’s Palestine Policy

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 Arab Spring, Syrian Crisis and Libyan Crisis
India’s Position on Arab Spring
Kurdish Problem
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
Crisis in Yemen
Turkey Coup, 2016
Qatar Crisis
Crux of the Entire Middle East in Diagrams
Chapter 2 Issues Related to China
Introduction
One Belt, One Road Initiative
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
India’s Official Position on the OBOR and CPEC
Diagram Explaining OBOR, CPEC and String of Pearls
South China Sea Issues
Chapter 3 Issues Related to Indian Foreign Policy
Introduction
Issue-1: India’s Policy Options for Afghanistan—2018, 2019
Issue-2: India’s Policy Options for Iran—2018, 2019
Issue-3: Nuclear Tests by North Korea and Indian Policy
Issue-4: Newness in India’s China Policies and Other Issues
Issue-5: Relevance of NAM in the 21st Century
Chapter 4 Issues Related to Europe
Issue 1: Russia–Pakistan Relation, Russia/China/Pakistan Axis and Russia in
Afghanistan Post 2014—Impact Analysis
Issue 2: Britain’s Exit (BREXIT) from European Union and its Impact on India
and the World
Issue 3: The Ukraine Crisis and the Great Power Rivalry
Chapter 5 Issues Related to USA
Issue 1: Obama’s Trans-Pacific-Partnership and Trump’s Policy
Issue 2: US–Iran Nuclear Deal of 2015 and Regional Implications
Issue 3: The US’s Pivot to Asia and Asian Rebalancing Initiative
Chapter 6 Issues Related to Nuclear Diplomacy
The Nuclear Matrix and the Nuclearisation of Asia
Indian Concept of Disarmament
Future Nuclear Strategy for India
Chapter 7 Issues in Global Politics and International Foreign Policy
Introduction

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 Issues Related to War
Issues Related to Terrorism
Issues Related to Environment
End of Section Questions
SECTION I
INDIA’S GRAND STRATEGY AND CONCLUDING DEBATES IN FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 1 Challenges in the Indian Foreign Policy
Introduction
Section 1: Strategic Consequences of India’s Economic Performance on the
Foreign Policy of India
Section 2: Issues Related to Defence Diplomacy of India and National Security
of India
Section 3: Oceanic Rivalry in the Indo–Pacific and the Samudra Manthan
Section 4: India’s Quest for a Global Power Status
Chapter 2 India’s Grand Strategy
Introduction
Grand Strategy and China and India Relationship
Grand Strategy and the USA and India Relationship
Conclusion
Grand Strategy and Afghanistan and India
Grand Strategy and India and Iran
Grand Strategy and India and Israel
Grand Strategy and Africa and India
Chapter 3 Foreign and Strategic Policy of India
Introduction
India and Asian Theatre from China to Central Asia
India in International Institutions in Relation to the Great Powers
India—Hard Power Tools and Internal Security
Chapter 4 Concluding the Indian Foreign Policy
Introduction
Core Elements of Indian Diplomatic Style of Negotiation

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