Assignment 7 With Solution

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Introduction to crystal elasticity and crystal plasticity

Module 5: Hardening mechanism in metals


1. The strength of metals increases due to
(a) increase in grain size
(b) decrease in number of dislocations
(c) presence of solute atoms
(d) strain-softening
Ans : (c)

2. The solute atoms provides the hardening effect more in cases of


(a) interstitial solid solution
(b) substitutional solid solution
(c) pure metals
(d) none of these
Ans : (a)

3. In dispersion strengthening, the strength increases


(a) with decreasing volume fraction of particles
(b) with increasing particle fraction
(c) with increasing volume fraction of particles
(d) none of the above
Ans : (c)

4. Which of the following statements is correct?


(a) Commercial metal do not deform according to the laws of single crystal
(b) Strength is inversely proportion to dislocation mobility
(c) Plastic deformation of single crystal occurs by the movement of dislocations
(d) Upper yield point is generally reported since it is more reproducible
Ans : (d)

5. In which of the following crystal strain hardened rapidy?


(a) BCC (b) HCP (c) FCC (d)SC
Ans : (c)

1. Consider a precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy. After an appropriate heat treatment, the


microstructure of the alloy consists of precipitates with a mean spacing of 0.2 µm. Compute the
shear stress required for Orowan bowing of dislocations in this material. Aluminium is having
FCC structure and lattice parameter is 0.4 nm.
(a)73.32 Mpa
(b)75.32 Mpa
(c)78.32 Mpa
(d)71.32 Mpa
Ans : (a)

Explanation: For bow out of dislocation in FCC Al-


2Gb = bd
2Gb 2Gb
∴= =
bd d
Where, G = 26 GPa, d = 0.2 × 10 
b = 0.282 nm (a/√2)

× × ×.  × 


 = = 73320000  = 73.32 Mpa
. ×

2. Consider a dispersion-strengthened alloy with average interparticle spacing of λ. If Nv is the


number of particles per unit volume, d is the mean particle diameter, and f is the volume fraction
of particles, then what will be the expression for interparticle spacing in terms of mean dia. and
volume fraction .
(a) ! = "#$1⁄2 &'⁄( − 1*
(b)! = "#$1⁄2 &'⁄ − 1*
(c)! = "#$1⁄2 &'⁄+ − 1*
(d)! = "#$3⁄2 &'⁄ − 1*
Ans : (a)

.
- 01 2/ 3
Explanation: f = /


+ 6 (
⇒f = ( π - 0 N8
λ
;
(9
⇒ d = - : 0
/

$+/(':= / ×
Again, for one particle =
>/ D
$:/'6/
=
$?@6'/
;
?@6 : /
⇒ = -90
6
; ;
? : / 
⇒ 1+6 = -90 ≈ - 90
/
;

⇒ λ = " B- 0 − 1C
/
9

3. For a rod of an fcc metal with a fiber texture, what is the maximum amount of texture
strengthening possible? (what is the highest possible ratio of yield strengths for textured material
to those of randomly oriented material?) what is the greatest amount of texture softening
possible?
(a) 3.67 , 2.44 (b) 4.56 , 3.5 (c) 2.3 , 0.5 (d) 3.2 , 1.5
Ans : (a)

Explanantion: As we know that,


6D GF
i) M (taylor factor) = =
6EF H

This ratio will tell that maximum amount of texture strngthening possible specified orientation.
and as we know that in FCC, [111] is closed pack direction.

So, M = 1.5√6 = 3.67


ii) The greatest amount of texture softening possible in [100] orientation –

So, M = √6 = 2.44
4. when music wire (100% pearlite) is cold drawn, the pearlite spacing is reduced in proportion
to the wire diameter. That is, d/do = D/Do, where d is the pearlite spacing and Dis the wire
diameter. The o subscript indicates original conditions. Assuming that the flow stress, σ , is
given by σ = LMN + O N d-1/2, derive an expression for σ as a function of strain, ε.
/
Q 
- 0
(a)σ = LMN + O N -" P / 0
/
Q 
- 0
(b) σ = 2LMN + O -" P
N
0
;
Q 
- 0
(c) σ = LMN + 2O -" P
N / 0
;
Q 
- 0
(d) σ = LMN + O -" P
N
0

Ans : (d)

Explanantion: σ = LMN + O N d-1/2


U " Q
R = ST = 2ST ⇒ " P - 0 = "
U "
;
Q 
- 0
So, σ = LMN + O N -" P 0

5. Consider a material strengthened by precipitation of fine particles. Suppose the shear yield
strength of the particles is G/10 (theoritical) and the strength of the matrix is G/500. Also,
assume that the volume fraction of particles is 1 vol% and they have a diameter of 0.010 µm.
Assume that b = 0.2nm. Calculate the applied shaer stress, τ (relative to G), which is necessary to
bow the dislocations between particles.

(a) 4.98 × 10( G

(b)2.98 × 10( G

(c)3.98 × 10( G

(d)1.98 × 10( G
Ans : (b)

Explanantion: As,  = WXY=Z[ \1 − ]9 ^ + `X=YZabc ]9

= 0.002(1-0.01) G + (0.01×0.1) G

 = 1.98 × 10( G + 0.001G

∴  = 2.98 × 10( G

6. Consider aluminium alloy containing Al2Mg precipitates. (i) Find out the expression of maximum
shear stress for particle shear in terms of surface energy and radius of particle, critical spacing between
particles and Berger’s vector. (ii) Calculate the critical spacing of precipitates at which the mechanism of
hardening changes from particle shear to dislocation bowing. Assume the precipitates are arrayed as
simple cubic. Specific surface energy of particle 1400 mJm-2, atomic radius of Al is 0.143 nm and shear
modulus 26.1 GPa. Note that Al is having FCC structure.
:= D
d
(a) e[ , 9.7 Å
:= D
d
(b) +e[ , 14.7 Å
:= D
d
(c) +e[ , 10.7 Å
(d) none of these
Ans : (a)

Explanation:
Force per unit length for the dislocation = ghcX= × i
So, total force on dislocation length = ghcX= × i × j
Work done during dislocation movement (2k ) = ghcX= × i × j × 2k
And, surface energy at interface due to cutting the particle = lk m
Where m is surface energy per area.
ghcX= × i × j × 2k = lk m
lk m
ghcX= =
2ij
ii) Due to dislocation bowing out:
n=MoMp = qhcX=
:=d D re
⇒ e[
= [
, [k = ksb tu ]

vi
ksb tu = = 9.7 Å
lm
× .× ×$ ×.+(× '
= :×+×/
= 9.7 Å

7. Consider an alloy of Al-Mg having 5% Mg by weight. The solid solution contains α – phase (1% Mg
by weight) and the particle of Al2Mg (β – phase of 35% Mg by weight) is precipitate out. Assume density
of Al and Al2Mg are 2.7 g/cm3 and 2.3 g/cm3.
(a) What is the volume fraction of precipitated particles?
(b) Calculate critical spacing between precipitates at which the hardening mechanism changes from
dislocation bowing (Orowan strength) to dislocation cut through the particles. Assume that the
precipitates are arrayed like simple cubic crystal structure. The shear yield strength of matrix (Al) is
GAl/500 and the particles are GAl/10 where GAl = 26.1 GPa. The atomic radius of Al is 0.143 nm and it
follows FCC structure.
(a) 0.14 ; 36.38
(b) 0.12 ; 36.38
(c) 0.10 ; 34.36
Ans : (a)

Explanation: As we know that from lever rule,

Mg (Wt%)
1 (w) 5 35 (β)
} +
y phase fraction = = ≈ 0.12
(} (+

So, w phase = 0.88


∴ Volume fraction
$. / .('
]9 = d.~~ d.; = 0.14
@
. ./

re
d
b) n=MoMp = 6

 = WXY=Z[ \1 − ]9 ^ + `X=YZabc ]9
r r€
€
= } $1 − 0.14' + × 0.14


= 0.01572 × vsb
= 0.4103 GPa
r€ e
0.01572 vsb = 6

×. ×
d= .}‚
= 36.38 × 10ƒ = 36.38 nm

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