A

Micro-Project
On
Information of Motherboard
Submitted To
MSBTE
In Partial Fulfilment of Requirement of Diploma Of
Computer Engineering
Under I Scheme
Submitted By:

Mr. Kunal Vijay Masurkar

Mr. Prasanna Prasad Kadrekar
Mr. Govind Gurnath Gawade
Mr. Manohar Santosh Naik
Mr. Atamaram Yashwant Jadhav
Mr. Somesh Sanjay Raje
Mr. Siddhesh Deepak Pawar

Under The Guidance Of:

Ms. S. R. Teli

For Academic Year 2020-2021

YASHWANTRAO BHONSALE POLYTECHNIC

pg. 1
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that,

Mr. Kunal Vijay Masurkar Roll No.18
Mr. Prasanna Prasad Kadrekar Roll No.14
Mr. Govind Gurnath Gawade Roll No.07
Mr. Manohar Santosh Naik Roll No.24
Mr. Atamaram Yashwant Jadhav Roll No.10
Mr. Somesh Sanjay Raje Roll No.29
Mr. Siddhesh Deepak Pawar Roll No.27

Of 2nd semester of diploma in Computer Engineering Of institute

Yashwantrao Bhonsale Polytechnic (1742) has completed the term work
satisfactorily in Course Computer Peripheral and Hardware
Maintenance (22013) For the academic year 2020-2021 as prescribed
in the curriculum.

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

Seal of Institution

pg. 2
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that,

Mr. Kunal Vijay Masurkar
Roll No. 18 of 2nd semester of diploma in Computer Engineering Of
institute Yashwantrao Bhonsale Polytechnic (1742) has completed the
term work satisfactorily in Course Computer Peripheral and
Hardware Maintenance (22013) For the academic year 2020-2021 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place-Sawantwadi Enrolment No: 2017420151

Date: Exam Seat No: 291364

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

Seal of Institution

pg. 3
 Index

Sr. No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Introduction 3

2 Abstract 4

3 Objectives of the project 5

4 Types of motherboard 5

65 Advantages of a motherboard 6

6 Disadvantages of motherboard 6

7 Components of a motherboard 7

8 Conclusion 17

9 Reference links 18

pg. 4
INTRODUCTION:
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard,
system board, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is
the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other
expandable systems.

It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial

electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit
(CPU) and memory and provides connectors for other peripherals.

Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems

such as the processor and other components.

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ABSTRACT:
Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the
name suggests, this board is often referred to as the “mother” of all components
attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard
drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra
USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the term
mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions
or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other
embedded systems).
Prior to the invention of the microprocessor, a digital computer consisted of
multiple printed circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a
backplane, a set of interconnected sockets. In incredibly old designs the wires were
discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon
became the standard practice. The Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and
peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards, which were plugged
into the backplate.
During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing
number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal
computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips)
capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk
drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. By the late-1990s, many personal computer
motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking
functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for
3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a
separate component.
The most popular computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published
schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-
engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for
building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards
offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the
manufacturer’s original equipment.

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 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:

The motherboard's primary purpose is to manage all the computer's subsystems. A

chipset manages communications among systems. The motherboard also
distributes power to the systems with low power needs.

TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD:
The motherboards are of many types. Like the AT motherboard, ATX, BTX, and
many more. The motherboard comes in two types. The integrated and non-
integrated motherboard. The non-integrated motherboard is basically used in
desktop computers. Where motherboards are connected to the other components
and have more space. But in an integrated motherboard, the components are all
built-in or joined.

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ADVANTAGES OF A MOTHERBOARD: -
Suitability-Consider its fit with other components, such as processors (CPU),
graphics cards, memory and ports for peripherals. An inadequate motherboard
influences the compatibility and functioning of those components.
Upgradability-A motherboard is itself upgradable. A consumer's computer needs
change, so a consumer can change a PC motherboard. For example, video game
software demands enhanced motherboard processing capacity. That would cause a
consumer to narrow his search for motherboards with such capability. A well-
chosen motherboard may allow consumers to upgrade peripheral components
without buying a new motherboard.
Replicability-Once committed to a self-built system, computer users can replace
and upgrade any component, motherboard included, with know-how and the turn
of a few screws. This allows a consumer to change with the times. If his needs
change quickly, he can tap into the latest and greatest motherboard of the time.

DISADVANTAGES OF MOTHERBOARD: -
1. Upgrading can be extremely limited depending on what you had in the
beginning. If you buy or built your computer and maxed out its capabilities, the
only improvements will only be the HDD.
2. Aside from the ability to add or upgrade the HDD, a video card, sound cards
or any other card peripheral in the appropriate slot, the RAM and (on certain
models) the CPU, there's nothing else you can upgrade to the board itself.
3. In terms of Laptops, it's only the size of the HDD, the RAM, whatever
peripheral you choose to plug into the USB slots, and (again, on certain models)
the CPU, there’s still nothing else you can add to it.
4. Components are soldered on the board at the manufacturing plant and they
are not meant to be replaced by the user.
5. On its own it has poor cooling. It really needs to go into a case with fans to
keep it from overheating.
*But these are disadvantages if we try to point out at them, a motherboard does not
have any. Every computer needs a motherboard. You cannot have a computer
without one and disadvantage is a comparative word. With literally no computers
without motherboards, there is nothing that could be considered a disadvantage
since there is nothing to have a disadvantage against.

pg. 8
Components of a MOTHERBOARD:
Motherboards are always characterized by their chipset, type of processor socket, and their form factor.
The following is a picture showing the most important Motherboard Components.

(fig.1 Motherboard)

1. BIOS AND CMOS:

(Fig.2 BIOS and CMOS)

BIOS or Basic Input Output System is where all the information and settings for
the motherboard are stored. It can be accessed, updated, and modified via the BIOS
mode.
The CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor) battery is what is
responsible for keeping all the information intact when the entire system is shut
down.
The CMOS battery can be removed to reset the BIOS after a failed update or if you
overclock your RAM beyond its capabilities

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 2. INPUT /OUTPUT PORTS:

(Fig.3 Input and Output ports)

Also commonly referred to as I/O ports for short. These ports are located at the back
of the computer and are often color-coded. Below are the I/O ports along with the
colors they represent.
Microphone– Pink 3.5mm jack port

Speakers and Headphones / Headsets / Earbuds– Bold green 3.5mm jack port

Monitor– Older motherboards are equipped with a solid blue VGA port at the
back, but newer motherboards use the HDMI and black or white DVI port as
standard
Ethernet network cable- Colorless port

Keyboard and Mouse– PS/2 port (Keyboard- purple; Mouse- green)

USB devices- USB 2.0 colorless port; USB 3.0/3.1 solid blue port (Yes, VGA
ports are a similar color, but this only goes to show how outdated VGA is)
Some modern motherboards feature USB C type connections.

pg. 10
3. IDE And SATA Connector (Storage Device Connectors)

(Fig.4 IDE and SATA connector)

The internal storage device connectors are where you will connect your
storage devices, such as mechanical hard drives and solid-state drives.
These storage devices need to be connected to the motherboard for data to
be submitted and retrieved.

Do not forget while HDDs and SSDs do the same thing (store data), there is a big
difference between how HDDs and SSDs accomplish this.

IDE, or Integrated Drive Electronics, is used to hook up disk drives, floppy

disks, and HDDs. This is a 40-pin male connector that connects the HDD.

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4. Power Connectors And SMPS.

(Fig.5 Power connector and SMPS)

The ATX (Advanced Technology extended) connector (found in more recent

motherboards) has 20 or 24-pin female connectors. This is the largest connector on
the motherboard, as this draws out the needed power directly from the power
supply.

The SMPS (switched-mode power supply) then utilizes this power to keep the
motherboard running.

5. Front I/O Connectors

This is where you connect the Power Switch, LED power indicator, Reset Switch,
and the HDD LED cables. The front audio port and front USB are also connected
here. These connections are usually located at the bottom part of the motherboard.

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6. CPU SOCKET:

(Fig.6 CPU socket)

The CPU socket is where your CPU (processor) is installed. This is where the
processing and transfer of data happens. Your CPU is one of the most important
parts of your computer, so you often choose your motherboard based on
compatibility with the CPU you intend to use. The CPU needs to be 100%
compatible with the motherboard socket for it to work.

pg. 13
7.Expansion Card Slots

(Fig.7 Expansion slot)

The expansion card slots are where you add extra components such as a video card,
network card, audio card, or PCIe SSD. The slots are in the bottom half of the
motherboard below the CPU socket.

Video Card Slot

The video card slot lets you install a dedicated GPU and boost the graphical
performance of your computer further than an AMD APU or Intel CPU would.
This goes to the high data slots, like the PCIe slot or AGP slot. Ports include, but
are not limited to, (depends on the card):

*HDMI

*DVI

"DisplayPort

*USB-C

pg. 14
Network Card Slot

Th
e network card slot is where you put the Network Interface Card (NIC). This
allows you to connect to other computer networks via LAN or the internet. It has
an RJ-45 port at the back.

Modem Card Slot

This is where you connect your network card so you can connect to the internet
through the telephone line. Obviously, this is an older technology than the above
NIC. This typically has 2 RJ-11 connectors to connect to the telephone.

Audio Card Slot

This is where audio cards fit. They convert electrical signals to the audio signals or
sound that we can hear. Depending on the type of audio, there will be different
types of ports found at the back. But it usually has several 3.5mm ports used for
the following:

*Microphone

*Speaker

*Recorder

*Gaming Joystick

pg. 15
8. RAM (Memory) Slots

(Fig.8 RAM slot)

RAM, or Random-Access Memory, slots are one of the most important parts on a
motherboard.

The RAM slots are, unsurprisingly, where you place the RAM modules. There is
the SIMM slot (Single in-line memory module) that only supports a 32-bit bus, and
there is the DIMM slot (Dual inline memory module) that can simultaneously run
with a 64-bit bus.

pg. 16
9.M.2 Slot
Northbridge and Southbridge Chip

(Fig.9 Northbridge and Southbridge)

The northbridge chip is connected directly to the CPU and handles fast
communication between the CPU and performance-sensitive components such as
the graphics card and system memory.

It is also connected to the southbridge chip that acts as a communications hub too.
However, the southbridge communicates with less performance-sensitive
components such as USB ports, storage devices, onboard networks, and audio
chips.

Nowadays, modern CPUs have the northbridge inside of them, which is why you
cannot find a northbridge on modern motherboards. This is a faster, more
responsive system and has reduced latency when compared to the older, on-board
northbridge.
10. ROM
Chip

pg. 17
 (Fig.10 ROM Chip)

ROM or Read Only Memory is where critical information needed to start a

computer is stored. It is extremely hard (if not impossible) to modify the contents of
ROM.
Unlike RAM, where information is lost when power is turned off, ROM retains the
contents even when the computer is turned off. Therefore, RAM is considered
“volatile,” while ROM is “non-volatile.”
FUTURE SCOPE:
We will see more SOC (system on chip) designs with integrated CPUs and GPUs.
Memory will become denser and faster, but the form factor will likely stay the
same for a while until the device needs it to change, such as to accommodate a
smaller case. The question should be "how will motherboards change with
devices?" The motherboard on your phone is completely different than the
motherboard in your desktop but the underlying technology is similar. It has
memory, a CPU, a GPU, networking devices, etc. The ways that they connect are
different though and we may see something like this happening in desktops in the
future as we find benefits to these designs. We will also see more special purpose
devices that may connect to general purpose devices. You can see this in smart
TVs that use DLNA to connect to your media server or home desktop or in
Chromecast that uses your phone or computer to stream content to your TV. It
really is more about the future of devices in general and the impact that they have
on motherboard design.

pg. 18
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the motherboard is important to the computer for many
reasons. As you can see, the motherboard is crucial in every way for a
computer to function properly. Motherboards are great tools that we
all know are essential, but it is also great to learn how these
components bring all the hardware together.

pg. 19
Reference links:

https://www.quora.com/In-a-computer-what-is-the-use-of-

the-motherboard

https://www.pinterest.com/amp/hopeyrabideau/motherboar

ds/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wikiMotherboard - Wikipedia

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THANK YOU!!

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