Lecture – 02

Introduction To Computing & Programming

 Contents

• Advantages of Computer Over a Human

• Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
• Generations of Computer
• First Generation
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
• Fourth Generation
• Fifth Generation

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 Advantages of Computer Over a Human

1. Speed:
• Computer can perform any calculation in split of a second.
• Human consumes more time to do the same task.

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 Advantages of Computer Over a Human
2. Accuracy:
• Computer are very much accurate unless any software or hardware failure
occurs.
• Computer accurately performs what it is told to do.
• Human is prone to errors.

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 Advantages of Computer Over a Human
3. Delegacy:
• Computer can perform specific task repetitively infinite number of times
with uniform accuracy.
• Human gets bored with repetitive tasks.

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 Advantages of Computer Over a Human
4. Run for a long period of time:
• Computer can run for a very long period of time (once started).
• It does not need any rest.
• Human needs some rest and energy to do a task.

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 Advantages of Computer Over a Human
5. Multitasking:
• Computer can perform several different tasks at a time at very high speed
and tremendous accuracy.
• Human can not concentrate mind on multiple tasks.

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Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
1. Inflexibility:
• Computer are designed to do some specific tasks.
• Computer can play music or print the document but it cannot make a cup of
tea for you.
• Humans are flexible and can perform wide variety of tasks.

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Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
2. Needs Details:
• Computer always need details of operation to perform processing on data (It
does not think).
• Human can make sense of operation and does not need details every time.

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Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
3. Needs electric energy continuously:
• The computer needs continuous electric supply to operate.
• While a human also needs some sort of energy in the form of food but not
all the time.

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Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
4. Loss of data:
• The data store in a computer can be corrupted, deleted accidently or
infected by virus.
• Human may also lose the memory when some natural disaster attacks the
memory. (But It happens rarely)

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 Generations of Computer
• Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer
is/was being used.
• There are FIVE generations of computer:
First Generation Second Generation
Vacuum Tubes Transistors

Third Generation Fourth Generation

Integrated Circuits (ICs) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

Fifth Generation
Artificial Intelligence

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 First Generation of Computer
• The period of first generation was 1946-1959.
• The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
• These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to
frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could
be afforded only by very large organizations.
• In this generation mainly batch processing operating systems were used.
• Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and
output devices.
• The computers in this generation used machine code as programming
language.
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First Generation of Computer

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 First Generation of Computer
The main features of first generation are: Some computers of this generation were:
• Vacuum tube technology • ENIAC
• Unreliable • EDVAC
• Supported machine language only • UNIVAC
• Very costly • IBM-701
• Generated lot of heat • IBM-650
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of A.C.
• Non-portable
• Consumed lot of electricity

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 Second Generation of Computer

• The period of second generation was 1959-1965.

• In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
• In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
• In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages
like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
• The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating
system.

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Second Generation of Computer

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 Second Generation of Computer
The main features of second generation are: Some computers of this generation were:
• Use of transistors • IBM 1620
• Reliable in comparison to first generation • IBM 7094
computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation • CDC 1604
computers • CDC 3600
• Generated less heat as compared to first
• UNIVAC 1108
generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to
first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
• Supported machine and assembly languages

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 Third Generation of Computer
• The period of third generation was 1965-1971.
• The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of
transistors.
• A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.
• The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
• This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.
• In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming
operating system were used.
• High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

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Third Generation of Computer

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 Third Generation of Computer
The main features of third generation are:
Some computers of this generation were:
• IC used
• IBM-360 series
• More reliable in comparison to previous
• Honeywell-6000 series
two generations
• Smaller size
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)

• Generated less heat

• IBM-370/168

• Faster
• TDC-316

• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language

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 Fourth Generation of Computer
• The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980.
• The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits.
• VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and
their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
• Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
• In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating
system were used.
• All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this
generation.
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Fourth Generation of Computer

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 Fourth Generation of Computer
The main features of fourth generation are:
Some computers of this generation were:
• VLSI technology used
• DEC 10
• Very cheap
• STAR 1000
• Portable and reliable
• PDP 11
• Use of PC's
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• Very small size
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of
networks
• Computers became easily available

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 Fifth Generation of Computer

• The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date.

• In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips
having ten million electronic components.
• This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
• AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and
method of making computers think like human beings.
• All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.

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 Fifth Generation of Computer

Artificial Intelligence (AI) includes:

• Robotics
• Neural Networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.
• Natural language understanding and generation.

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Fifth Generation of Computer

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 Fifth Generation of Computer
The main features of fifth generation are: Some computers of this generation were:
• ULSI technology • Desktop
• Development of true artificial intelligence • Laptop
• Development of Natural language • NoteBook
processing • UltraBook
• Advancement in Parallel Processing • ChromeBook
• Advancement in Superconductor • Smartphones
technology
• More user friendly interfaces with
multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact
computers at cheaper rates

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