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Science 3

The document provides information about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins by outlining the objectives and motivation/review sections. It then describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions (Calvin cycle) where glucose is produced from CO2 using the ATP and NADPH. It discusses the structures involved like chloroplasts and thylakoids. It also explains the three main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis - light, carbon dioxide, and temperature. The document then shifts to cellular respiration, outlining the three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain where a net of 36 ATP are produced.

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Neon True Beldia
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84 views66 pages

Science 3

The document provides information about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins by outlining the objectives and motivation/review sections. It then describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions (Calvin cycle) where glucose is produced from CO2 using the ATP and NADPH. It discusses the structures involved like chloroplasts and thylakoids. It also explains the three main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis - light, carbon dioxide, and temperature. The document then shifts to cellular respiration, outlining the three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain where a net of 36 ATP are produced.

Uploaded by

Neon True Beldia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. describe what occurs during photosynthesis and cellular
respiration;
b. explain the importance of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration to the survival of living things.
c. demonstrate understanding that chemical changes and
energy transformations associated with the process of
photosynthesis, and compare the reactants and the products.
Motivation/Review:

• Answer the Loop Activity on page 81


-Which among the activities would use most of the energy?
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as
are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis
– Sunlight is transformed to energy stored in the form of
chemical bonds

(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria

(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
Photosynthesis-starts to ecological
food webs!
Photosynthesis
A plant needs four basic things in order to do
photosynthesis:
1. Water (from the ground)
2. CO2 (from the air)
3. Light (energy)
• white light
• collected by the chloroplasts
4. Chlorophyll (pigment molecule)
• Absorbs light
Structures of
Photosynthesis:
Where does
this happen?
Parts of a leaf
• Cuticle: Waxy covering. Prevents water loss
• Epidermis: Layer of cells that form the top
and bottom of leaf. Protection, gas exchange
• Palisade mesophyll: Tightly packed, tall
narrow cells. Lots of chloroplasts. Performs
most photosynthesis.
• Spongy mesophyll: Rounded, loosely packed
cells. Fewer chloroplasts
• Vascular bundles: Contain xylem (transports
water) and phloem (transports food)
Xylem- vascular tissue responsible for water transport
- replaces water lost during transpiration

Phloem- vascular tissue that transport minerals


- transports photosynthetic products in the leaves
Stomata
• Holes on the underside of leaves
• Let CO2 in, O2 and water out
• 2 Guard cells open and close each stoma
Closed Open
• The location and structure of chloroplasts
Chloroplast
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF CROSS SECTION
LEAF

Mesophyll

CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space

Outer
membrane

Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid compartment
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
• In most plants, photosynthesis occurs
primarily in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
• A chloroplast contains:
– stroma, a fluid
– grana, stacks of thylakoids
• The thylakoids contain chlorophyll
– Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures
light for photosynthesis
• Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane Thylakoid
Granum
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane

Thylakoid Space
Granum

chlorophylll
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT
ABSORBED

• Chloroplasts
absorb light Reflected
energy and Light light

convert it to
chemical energy

Absorbed
light

Transmitted Chloroplast
light
A closer look at CHLOROPHYLL
• Molecules of
chlorophyll are
attached to the
thylakoid membranes.

• The light energy


captured by the
chlorophyll is
converted ATP.
– Biochemical pathway
• When the light is absorbed, energy is
absorbed too.
Photosynthesis (p. 86)
Photosynthesis is the process that uses energy from the sun, together
with carbon dioxide and water, to make glucose and oxygen. The
primary role of photosynthesis is to make the carbohydrate, suggesting
that oxygen, which is released back into the atmosphere, is just a waste
product.
What is the reaction for
photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water àGlucose + Oxygen

Light
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
Factors affecting rate of
photosynthesis
External
factors
a. Sunlight
b. Temperature
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Water and
e. Minerals
The three main things affecting
the rate of photosynthesis are:

Light
Temperature
Carbon dioxide

These three factors are called LIMITING FACTORS.


The rate of photosynthesis increases when light gets brighter
Effect of light
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
– Light intensity: as light increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
– Carbon Dioxide: As CO2 increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
– Temperature:
• Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low
• Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis
increases
• If temperature too hot, rate drops
The Process:
There are 2 stages of • These two stages
photosynthesis: reflect the literal
1. Light-dependent meaning of the term
• In Thylakoid of photosynthesis:
CHLOROPLAST
2. Light independent
• In Stroma of
CHLOROPLAST

photo = use light


synthesis = to build/make
Photosynthesis Summary: 2 Stages

Photosynthesis

Light Reactions Dark Reactions

Energy from sunglight ATP


trapped in bonds of used to make
ATP carbohydrates

sunlight occurs with or


required without
sunlight
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, which
are shown in Figure below.
Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction
Raw Materials Products

Dark Reaction or Light Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle


Raw Materials Products
• Stage I is called the light reactions. This stage uses water and changes
light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in ATP and
NADPH (another energy-carrying molecule). This stage also releases
oxygen as a waste product.
• Stage II is called the Calvin cycle. This stage combines carbon from
carbon dioxide in the air and uses the chemical energy in ATP and
NADPH to make glucose.
• Light-independent reaction (Dark Reaction)
– Does not require light
– Calvin Cycle
• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Requires CO2
• Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
Calvin Cycle
• Carbon Fixation or Light Independent
Reaction

• Occurs in the stroma.

• Uses ATP and NADPH from light rxn.

• Uses CO2.

• To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and


uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Stroma

Dark
Reactions
(aka. Calvin
Cycle

Thylakoid
• Cellular Respiration (p.93)

Cellular respiration involves many chemical reactions. The reactions can


be summed up in this equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)


Mitochondrion: The Cell’s Powerhouse (p. 94)

• Identify the parts of the mitochondrion.


• Types of Cellular Respiration
-Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration (p. 95)
Respiration
n Purpose – to produce ATP energy
n Formula
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2--> 6H2 O + 6CO2 + ATP energy
n Types
¨ Aerobic
¨ Anaerobic (Fermentation)
n Cellular Respiration Vs.
Systemic respiration
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
n Occurs in Cytoplasm
n Energy
¨ Uses 2 ATP to get started
¨ Produces 4 ATP (net gain?)
n Reactant
¨ glucose
n Products
¨2 pyruvic acids (pyruvate)
¨ 2 NADH
n Electron carrier
n Carries to ETC
¨ 2 ATP (net gain)
Glycolysis

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

To the electron
transport chain

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biomi290/ASM/glycolysis.dcr
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
n Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
n Energy
¨ Produces 2 ATP
n Reactant
¨ pyruvate
n Products
¨8 NADH
¨ CO2
n What happens to this?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Electron Transport Chain)
n Occurs on inner membrane of the mitochondria
n Reactant
¨ NADH
¨ Oxygen
n Product
¨ H2O
¨ 32 ATP
Net Gain of Aerobic Respiration
n 36 ATP
n CO2 and H2O are waste products
Stages of Cellular Respiration

• The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into


three stages: glycolysis (stage 1), the Krebs cycle, also called
the citric acid cycle (stage 2), and electron transport (stage
3). Figure below gives an overview of these three stages,
which are further discussed in the concepts that
follow. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does
not require oxygen, whereas the Krebs cycle and electron
transport occur in the mitochondria and do require oxygen.
Respiration and Photosynthesis

• Metabolism includes both the breakdown of molecules to obtain


energy and the use of energy to build molecules. All living
organisms carry out both parts of metabolism but here we are
just focusing on two different kinds of metabolism: respiration
and photosynthesis. Like we saw in our simple overview, in many
ways respiration and photosynthesis are the opposite of each
other. Respiration breaks down molecules like sugar, fat, and
protein, and captures their energy to do work inside the cell. In
contrast, photosynthesis uses the energy of light from the sun to
build sugars to be used for plant growth and energy.
ATP
Production

• Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation


Anaerobic Respiration
n Glycolysis + Fermentation
n Purpose
¨ Recycle NAD+
n No more ATP
made
Types of Fermentation
n Lactic Acid Fermentation
¨ Converts pyruvate into lactic acid
¨ Used by humans
¨ Used to make yogurt,
cheese, chocolate,
etc..
Types of Fermentation
n Alcoholic Fermentation
¨ Convertspyruvate into ethanol and CO2
¨ Causes dough to rise
Cellular Respiration Flow Map

Glucose + 2 ATP

Oxygen

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2--> 6H2 O + 6CO2 + ATP energy


Application
Task 1
Task 2
Evaluation

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