VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

"Jnana Sangama", Belagavi-590018

An Internship report on

“ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF

THINGS(IOT)”
Submitted By
SANJEEV KANDEL (1RI17CS040)
Internship carried out at
“NANO ROBOTICS EMBED TECHNOLOGIES”

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr. Manjunath R Mr. Baba Fakruddin Ali
Professor & Head Internship Trainee
Department of CSE, RRIT Nano Robotics Embed Technologies

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree

in
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

RR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHIKKABANAVARA,
BENGALURU-560090
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
2020-2021
 RR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHIKKABANAVARA, BENGALURU – 560090

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship 17CS84 entitled “Environment Monitoring System Using
Internet Of Things (IoT)” is a bonafide work carried out by Sanjeev Kandel bearing USN:
1RI17CS040 in partial fulfillment for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in
Computer
Science Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year
2020-2021. It is certified that all the corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report submitted in the department Library. This Internship report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship Project report prescribed for award of
said degree.

……………………. …………………… ………………………

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Dr. Manjunath R Dr. Manjunath R Dr. Mahendra K V
[Professor & He] [Professor & Head] [Principal]
Department of CSE, RRIT Department of CSE, RRIT RRIT, Bangalore

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1……………………….. ……………………

2………………………. …………………....
 NANO ROBOTICS EMBED TECHNOLOGES
Enabling technology innovations.
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company

Ref: NRET/ITE/2020/21/383 Date:

01/12/2020

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. SANJEEV KANDEL, with USN 1RI17CS040 has worked as
Technical Intern with Nano Robotics Embed Technologies, from 1st November - 2020 to 30th
November - 2020. he worked on different modules and hands-on development of project titled as
“Environment Monitoring System Using Internet of Things (IoT)” including architecture, Electronic design and
communication protocols.
His internship had training and focus priority on learning & developing new skills and gaining deeper
understanding of concepts through hands-on applications.

Responsibilities:
 Programming and implementing software of embedded devices.
Solid program experience in c.
 Designing, developing, coding, testing and debugging system
software.
 Interface with hardware design and development.
 Hands on development and troubleshooting with embedded
targets.

During the period of his internship program with us he was found punctual, hardworking
and inquisitive. We wish him every success in life.

Office: #27/1, 14th Main, Gokula 1st Stage, Mathikere, Bangalore-560054.

Contact No: +91-9964137725, +91-9060620102.
Mail ID: [email protected]
Website: www.nanorobotics.in
 DECLARATION

I, Sanjeev Kandel, Student of 8th semester CSE, RRIT, hereby declare that the internship
entitled “ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF
THINGS (IOT)” had been carried out under the supervision of Mr. Baba Fakruddin
Ali, Trainee at Nano Robotics Embed Technologies and submitted in partial fulfillment of
the source requirements for the award of degree in Bachelor of Computer Science and
Engineering of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
during an academic year 2020-2021

PLACE: BANGALORE NAME: SANJEEV KANDEL

DATE: ....……………... USN: 1RI17CS040

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it a privilege to whole-heartedly express my gratitude and respect to

each and every one who guided and helped me in the successful completion of this
internship projects.

I am grateful to Dr. Mahendra K V , Principal, RR Institute of technology Bangalore

and all staff members of Computer Science and Engineering Department for their kind
co- operation.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Manjunath R, Professor and Head, Department of

Computer Science and Engineering, for his co-operation and encouragement. I thank
him for providing me an opportunity to carry out the Internship project at college.

I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Manjunath R, Professor &
Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Mr. Baba Fakruddin
Ali, Internship trainee in Nano Robotics Embed Technologies for their valuable
guidance during the course of this Internship Project and continuous suggestions to make
my Internship Project successful.

Finally, it is a pleasure and happiness to the friendly cooperation showed by all the staff
members of computer science department.

SANJEEV KANDEL
 ABSTRACT

The internet of things (IoT) is connecting the devices and tools to the internet network to be

controlled by websites and smart phone applications remotely, also, to control tools and

instruments by codes and algorithms structures for artificial intelligence issues. In case we want

to create advanced systems using python algorithms, Wi-Fi or Ethernet connection is connected to

our tools, equipment, and devices controlling them by smart phone applications or internet

websites. That’s actually the simplified definition of IoT. Farther than just using the IoT as a

smart home to operate lamps or other home-use devices, it can be used as a security system or an

industrial-use system, for example, to open or close the main building gate, to operate full

automatic industrial machine, or even to control internet and communication ports. And more

ideas can be done by using IoT technology. A huge industrial facilities or governmental

institutions have much of lamps. Employees sometimes forget to turn them off in the end of the

day. This research suggests a solution that can save energy by letting the security to control

lighting of the building with his smart home by Blynk application. The lamps can be controlledby

switches distributed in the building and Blynk application at the same time with a certain

electrical installation. This research presents a simple prototype of smart home, or the easy way

and low cost to control loads by Wi-Fi connection generally.

 Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Introduction about NERT ..................................................................................................................... 2
Mission: .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Vision: ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Management:................................................................................................................................................... 3
Skills set: ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Technical Department .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Embedded Firmware Design ................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 System Software .................................................................................................................................. 7
Product Engineering Services ...................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.2 MICROPROCESSOR .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.3 ARDUINO........................................................................................................................................... 8
Fig 3.1. Arduino .......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.4 LED ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Fig 3.2 LED .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Fig 3.3 IR Sensor ......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.6 UART ................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.7 ADC .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Fig 3.5 UART............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.2 IOT .................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.1 IMPORTANCE OF IOT .................................................................................................................... 11
Example of IoT: ............................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.2 IOT IN SIMPLE WORDS.................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF IOT .................................................................................................................. 11
Where iot is used ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Why iot is used .............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.4 IOT TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.5 COMPONENTS OF IOT ................................................................................................................... 12
2. Gateway............................................................................................................................................. 13
3. Cloud ................................................................................................................................................. 13
4. Analytics ........................................................................................................................................... 14
5. User interface..................................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 14
 3.3 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTING MONITORING SYSTEM........................................... 15
3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 COMPONENTS USED: .................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.4 Existing System and Proposed Model ................................................................................................. 17
EXISTING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 17
PROPOSED SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.5. PROGRAM CODE .............................................................................................................................. 18
OUTPUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER – 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 22
Fig 5.1: Output of system connection ............................................................................................................. 23
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 26
Environment Monitoring System

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Nano Robotics Embed Technologies(NRET)No. 27/1, 14th

NAME AND ADDRESS
Main, Gokula 1st Stage,Near Muneshwara Temple,
Mathikere, Bangalore, Karnataka 560054

CONTACT DETAILS +91-9964137725

+91-9060111226
MAIL ID [email protected]

COMPANY SUPERVISOR Kareema Unisa

NAME WITH CONTACT +91 9964137725
NO.

Nano Robotics Embed Technologies, established in 2013, is a pioneer in providing high quality
competitively priced products and services to customers in Embedded Solutions for the Packaged
Products, Product Development and in Technology Solutions covering Embedded Systems and
System Software to its Global Clientele.
NRET Technologies was started by a group of dynamic software professionals and management
consultants, with an objective of providing an integrated system solution for any organization.
Presently the team consists of software professionals’ experts in Technology Domain and
Functional Knowledge. Quality and timely delivery being the deliverables of NRET, we have
retained Clients from the start and are continuing in doing so with our new clients.
A company promoted by technocrats, NRET was incorporated as a small start-up design house of
micro-processor-based electronics to a niche clientele. Over the years we have plunged into
diverse domains acquiring valuable insights into the business of product engineering.

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With a global mind-set, NRET will now cater to the world market. NRET was started as far back
as 2013. With over 10 employees, the company has development centres in different regions of
Bangalore. As an Organization, our Goal is to contribute to society through broad-ranging
activities in the areas of Software development, Training and Technical Projects.
1.2 Introduction about NERT
Nano Robotics Embed Technologies has successfully performed projects under various platforms
and has delivered high quality competitively priced products and services to customers all over
India. It is a premier embedded systems services company that offers a wide range of software
products, services and solutions to the Home Automation, Display Devices and Consumer
Electronics. We offer exceptional value to our customers through our highly competent
interdisciplinary engagements and delivery teams who are in the forefront of these technically
challenging areas. While our core business practices are built around providing industry leading
solutions and services to our customers, we strive to keep ourselves on the cutting edge of
technology by fostering Research & Development culture in the organization. Through our
diverse embedded systems expertise and service delivery experience, we provide rapid quality
deliveries that reduce project costs, & risks significantly and accelerate time-to market. The
approach facilitates significant improvement in our client's business processes and development
lifecycles.

Mission:
1. To provide more value per dollar to our clients by providing timely and qualitative
services/solutions and attain utmost client satisfaction through skill building, innovation and best
practiced processes.
2. To offer total, cost-effective, next generation embedded hardware and software solutions in the
shortest possible development time enabling our clients to launch their production.
Vision:
1. To bring best of the human assets by providing environment for grooming, nurturing, and
growing talent to foster human growth and providing services and solutions to the IT companies
globally creating value for our customers.
2. To lead in embedded hardware and software solutions and be known as an electronic product
development company of repute.
3. To build strategic partnerships globally with all stakeholders - clients, vendors, and investors.

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4. To stay abreast with technology and build our technical competence and domain expertise.
5. To nurture a winning team that has a passion for excellence.
6. To be the delight of our customers by achieving perfection in our processes and quality
methods.
Management:
Nano robotics embed Technologies is led by highly experienced and successful Professionals
from technology Industry With focus on customer and passion to create value management at
NRET is committed to create an unmatched experience for the customers. The composition of our
team is a balanced blend of competence leadership, Experience. It consists of veterans as well
young, yet seasoned professionals with a strong vision in steering the company to greater heights.
Process:
At Nano Robotics Embed Technologies we utilize our resources and expertise to ensure that your
product development project flows smoothly. We will maintain close communication with you
throughout the project to ensure that your project is proceeding consistent with your needs.
Skills set:
NRET uses very advanced technologies for development of electronic devices and embedded
systems. We continually study latest technologies and their applications to product development
focusing on embedded system design based on microprocessors, microcontrollers, system-on-
chip, DSPs, FPGAs and related board support packages for embedded operating systems. We use
time-to-market.
security, and energy savings. Low-power and low data rate wireless embedded networks provide
an affordable and flexible solution for home automation to monitor and control things like light
switches and lights; HVAC (heating, ventilating, air conditioning) controls and thermostats;
computers, TVs, and other electronic devices; smoke detectors and other safety equipment.

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CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
2.1 Technical Department
Once upon a time, new product design and development in the field of electronics was hardware
design. Today this isn’t the case. Circuit design – be it analogy or digital circuit design–is only
part of the equation. An electronic system may include an embedded microcontroller or a
microprocessor requiring programming, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) coded in a
hardware description language such as Verilog or VHDL, and lots of software in C, assembly
language, Java, or any of a dozen other popular languages. If nothing else, for instrumentation,
low-noise analogy systems, and high-speed digital design, electronic design is bound also to
encompass PCB layout, since the copper and fiber glass of a printed circuit board can be very
much a part of the circuit itself at extreme frequencies or extreme low signal levels.
But although electronic hardware is only a part of the total electronic product, it has better not the
weak link in the chain. So, anyone offering electronic product development had best be not only
good at it, but also able to see where it fits in the bigger picture Gone also are the days when
engineering design services could be “soloed” and electrical engineering companies could operate
in comparative vacuums and simply throw their work over the wall at each other. All parties
involved in the endeavor (which should be, from the start, a top-down design effort) have to be
aware of what’s happening on the other side of the hardware-software boundary,
manufacturability question, or applications programming interface(API).
NRET provides complete hardware design solutions that encompass:
 Block-level design
 Component selection
 Schematic capture
 Multi-layer PCB layout

NRET design systems and boards based on analogy circuits, digital circuits and subsystems,
microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPGAs, DSPs and SOCs. Creating schematics using Capture
tools, simulation of the hardware and design of multi-layer PCBs are some of the aspects of
Embedded Hardware Design. They gather initial technical and functional requirements, design
schematic diagrams and multilayer printed circuit boards, attempt to comply with the
environmental safety requirements and ROHS.

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2.2 Embedded Firmware Design

NRET serve customers who develop products that leverage original work in the deeply embedded
space. They are expert on:
How to organize and partition tasks (and hide information) for modularity, code reuse, function.
NRET serve customers who develop products that leverage original work in the deeply embedded
space. They are expert on: How to organize and partition tasks (and hide information) for
modularity, code reuse, function. Even when we're writing "assembly," we're frequently thinking
"object model." And ease of debugging.
1. What makes a good API, and how to present one to an application programmer so that he
doesn't have to get bogged down in the embedded Space?
2. How to split functionality across hardware and software, aligning the necessities of engineering
and manufacturing" cost of goods sold" with the demands of product development timelines and
the economic realities of market windows.
3. Where device initialization can go wrong and how to avoid the pit falls.
4. How semaphores and mailboxes work, and how tasks can be unintentionally blocked or have
their priorities scrambled as a result of not having proper access to resources.
5. How to implement linear time invariant (LTI) systems for critical control feedback loops.
6. How to write "spectrally pure" code for digital signal processing systems so that software isn't
polluting data with high harmonics due to the system jitter that can be inherent to non-
deterministic algorithm timings.
7. Where commercial operating systems can and cannot meet the constraints of a hard real- time
deadline.
8. Interrupt latency, and where it can take a project off track if it's not calculated carefully.
9. How to plan for tools usage so that your system is debug with minimal effort, and how
debugging tools themselves can mask problems in certain circumstances.
NRET design both hardware and software, so it has a clear understanding of how the boundary
between them may be moved in one direction for speed, in another to reduce memory footprint,
and in still another to juggle the trade-offs between one- time non-recurring development costs
and per-unit costs (COGS) for new products. Members of NRET team collectively have hundreds
of years of experience writing embedded code. Several had started their careers when NACA was
rechristened NASA and computers were just starting to supplant slide rules to crunch the numbers
to put Project Mercury into space.

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In this internship software stimulator were designed. Some of them have even reverse-engineered
"closed" microprocessor architectures–and picked the locks that let us into their JTAG debugger
ports. So, we're intimately familiar with how the world looks from the silicon's point of view. IT
may use somebody else's SDK's when its writing an application and it's convenient, but when an
SDK is unavailable, we can create one from scratch. It is understood microprocessors at the level
of the state machine that is the micro code engine, but we also know what a good C-callable
function looks like. It is known that needs to be presented through an API to the higher-level code
that runs above it and know what's much better when it remains hidden from the calling function.
Even “assembly”, they frequently think about “object model”. If was written something custom,
NRET writes it to be as modular and reusable as possible. Or its designing it to have at least an
API that's common too the recall able routines so that changes at the embedded level don't
percolate up to become major application rewrites later.
A thorny low-level software problem– a system that must run in real time and fails, an application
that's crashing for reasons you can't understand at application level, or code that just doesn't fit the
target device – may be caused by conflicts at the embedded level. And they're frequently
impossible to find above the device driver's API. Core area of expertise encompasses single-
processor to multi-processor control applications and distributed embedded software systems. The
technology capabilities are well supported by industry-specific experiences in developing
embedded software solutions for test & measurement equipment, industrial automation, security,
home automation and medical equipment industries. Company focus on delivering feature-rich,
high-availability and fault tolerant embedded software and system software solutions provide
sustenance engineering services, such as software maintenance and technical support services to
widen product life cycles.
Our Embedded Software Development expertise includes:
 Design of complex distributed software architectures for multi-processor real- time
/embedded systems.
 Development of embedded applications such as GUIs, MMIs, browsers and Protocol
stacks for a variety of embedded systems.
 Development of device drivers and Board Support Packages.
 Capability in working with several proprietary and industry standard embedded operating
systems.
 Working with diverse range of hardware platforms, processors and custom hardware
devices.
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 Design and interoperability testing.

 Testing of embedded systems and development of automated test environments.
 Porting applications between different RTOS and processor.
 Feature enhancement, performance tuning, maintenance and support for existing
embedded systems.

2.3 System Software

NRET aim is always to provide total solutions to our clients. Therefore, along with embedded
solutions we also develop system software for user and instrument interface to a PC on multiple
platforms and interface technologies. They develop custom application software such as:
1. Device Driver Development
2. Web enabling any product
3. Data base management
4. Interface to wireless modem set c.

Embedded Technology Labs is also proficient in development of device drivers for interfacing
custom hardware to computers with various operating systems. We can assist our clients in
custom protocol stack development as well. They venture into the deeply embedded space and
locate the fault so that you don't have to. (Unless you want to, in which case, we can be your
guide.) If you only want to work in the upper levels of application space, we'll give you the API's
and the measurable mile stones in their development that'll keep your over all project on track.
We're fast and efficient in our coding, and we want to give you the metrics you need to track the
progress of your embedded development.
Product Engineering Services
Products define the identity of technology companies, and the present business environment seeks
innovative ways to turn ideas in to real products-quickly. Having built expert teams in board
design, FPGA design, embedded software, application software, Embedded Technology Labs is
uniquely placed to offer services in products / total solutions development - from requirements
capture to architecture, design, prototyping, design validation and support during deployment.
Design experience and domain knowledge garnered over many years help our product design
teams deliver quality, cost effective solutions in the shortest time frame.

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CHAPTER 3
TASK ASSIGNED
3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and
peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers in use today
are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals
for computer systems.
3.1.2 MICROPROCESSOR
A Microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the function of a central processing
unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as
input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory and provides result as output.
3.1.3 ARDUINO
The ARDUINO Uno board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328.The ARDUINO Uno
board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328.

Fig 3.1. Arduino

It has 14 digital input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and a reset
button/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP
header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and a reset button.

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3.1.4 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric
current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength.

Fig 3.2 LED

3.1.5 IR SENSORS
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation.

Fig 3.3 IR Sensor

Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting
motion. An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These
types of sensors measures only infrared radiation rather than emitting it, that is called as a passive
IR sensor.

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3.1.6 UART
A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is the microchip with programming that
controls a computer's interface to its attached serial devices. On inbound transmission, converts
the serial bit stream into the bytes that the computer handles. Universal Asynchronous Receiver /
Transmitters are commonly included in microcontrollers and are designed to be used for several
applications. UARTs are used for devices including GPS units, modems, wireless communication
and Bluetooth modules, amongst many other applications.

Fig 3.5 UART

3.1.7 ADC
ADC stands for "Analog-to-Digital Converter". This device can take an analog signal, such as an
electrical current, and digitize it into a binary format that the computer can understand. A common
use for an ADC is to convert analog video to a digital format. One of the major benefits of ADC
converter is high data acquisition rate even at multiplexed inputs. With the invention of a wide
variety of ADC integrated circuits (IC’s), data acquisition from various sensors becomes more
accurate and faster. Dynamic characteristics of the high performance ADCs are improved
measurement repeatability, low power consumption, precise throughput, high linearity, excellent
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and so on.

3.2 IOT
The internet of things or IOT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

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3.2.1 IMPORTANCE OF IOT

Importance of Internet of things (IOT) in our live: Internet of things (IOT) plays a key role in our
day to live from managing airports' passenger flow to heating building and taking care of the elder.
The capability to network electronics in a standard means is set to modernize intelligent device
control.
Example of IoT:
Internet of Things Healthcare Examples: Connected Contact Lenses and Activity Trackers.
Internet of Things Manufacturing Examples: Digital Twins and Autonomous Self-Healing
Systems.
IOT (Industrial Internet of Things) Examples: Caterpillar and Predix.
Examples of Internet of Things Devices: Smart Lock and Smart Mirror.
How does it works:
The Internet of Things (IOT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of Everything (IOE),
consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
surrounding environments using embedded sensors, processors and communication hardware.
3.2.2 IOT IN SIMPLE WORDS
The Internet of Things is simply "A network of Internet connected objects able to collect and
exchange data." It is commonly abbreviated as IOT. In a simple way to put it, you have "things"
that sense and collect data and send it to the internet. This data can be accessible by other "things".

3.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF IOT

IOT opens ways to a sea of valuable data through analysis, real-time field data, and testing. The
Internet of Things also improves the current devices in power, precision, and availability. IOT
focuses on creating systems rather than just equipment.

Where iot is used

Smart city is another powerful application of IOT generating curiosity among world's population.
Smart surveillance, automated transportation, smarter energy management systems, water
distribution, urban security and environmental monitoring all are examples of internet of things
applications for smart cities.

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Why iot is used

IOT could also be used to solve problems such as city parking, traffic lights control, and even toll
collection services. IOT through use of various sensors is currently being actively used in

agriculture to monitor humidity, temperature, pH levels, wind speed, rainfall and even pest
infestation in crops.

3.2.4 IOT TECHNOLOGY

The internet of things or IOT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

3.2.5 COMPONENTS OF IOT

Smart devices and sensors – Device connectivity: Devices and sensors are the components of the
device connectivity layer.
Gateway: Image- pinterest.com.
Cloud: Internet of things creates massive data from devices, applications and users which has to
be managed in an efficient way.
Analytics:
User interface: We all have heard about Internet of Things, IOT is a transformation process of
connecting our smart devices and objects to network to perform efficiently and access remotely.
What are the major components of Internet of Things?
1. Smart devices and sensors – Device connectivity
Devices and sensors are the components of the device connectivity layer. These smart sensors are
continuously collecting data from the environment and transmit the information to the next layer.
Latest technique in the semiconductor technology is capable of producing micro smart sensors for
various applications.
Common sensors are:
 Temperature sensors and thermostats
 Pressure sensors

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 Humidity / Moisture level

 Light intensity detectors
 Moisture sensors
 Proximity detection
 RFID tags

How the devices are connected?

Most of the modern smart devices and sensors can be connected to low power wireless networks
like Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Z-wave, LoRaWAN etc… Each of these wireless technologies has
its own pros and cons in terms of power, data transfer rate and overall efficiency.
Developments in the low power, low cost wireless transmitting devices are promising in the area
of IOT due to its long battery life and efficiency.
Latest protocols like 6LoWPAN- IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks have
been adapted by many companies to implement energy efficient data transmission for IOT
networks.6LoWPAN uses reduced transmission time (typically short time pulses) and thus saves
energy.
2. Gateway
IOT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and protocols.
Another function of gateway is to translate different network protocols and make sure
interoperability of the connected devices and sensors. Gateways can be configured to perform pre-
processing of the collected data from thousands of sensors locally before transmitting it to the
next stage. In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to compatibility of TCP/IP protocol.
IOT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with higher order
encryption techniques. It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect the system
from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
3. Cloud
Internet of things creates massive data from devices, applications and users which has to be
managed in an efficient way. IOT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store huge
amount of data in real time. Industries and services can easily access these data remotely and
make critical decisions when necessary. Basically, IOT cloud is a sophisticated high performance
network of servers optimized to perform high speed data processing of billions of devices, traffic
management and deliver accurate analytics. Distributed database management systems are one of

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the most important components of IOT cloud. Cloud system integrates billions of devices, sensors,
gateways, protocols, data storage and provides predictive analytics. Companies use these analytics
data for improvement of products and services, preventive measures for certain steps and build
their new business model accurately.
4. Analytics
Analytics is the process of converting analog data from billions of smart devices and sensors into
useful insights which can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis. Smart analytics solutions
are inevitable for IOT system for management and improvement of the entire system.
One of the major advantages of an efficient IOT system is real time smart analytics which helps
engineers to find out irregularities in the collected data and act fast to prevent an undesired
scenario. Service providers can prepare for further steps if the information is collected accurately
at the right time. Big enterprises use the massive data collected from IOT devices and utilize the
insights for their future business opportunities. Careful analysis will help organizations to predict
trends in the market and plan ahead for a successful implementation. Information is very
significant in any business model and predictive analysis ensures success in concerned area of
business line.
5. User interface
User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IOT system which can be accessible by users.
Designers will have to make sure a well-designed user interface for minimum effort for users and
encourage more interactions. Modern technology offers much interactive design to ease complex
tasks into simple touch panels controls. Multicolor touch panels have replaced hard switches in
our household appliances and the trend is increasing for almost every smart home device. User
interface design has higher significance in today’s competitive market, it often determines the user
whether to choose a particular device or appliance. Users will be interested to buy new devices or
smart gadgets if it is very user friendly and compatible with common wireless standards.
Conclusion
Internet of Things has been evolving ever since it started its journey few years back. New
technologies and protocols join IOT ecosystem to make it more accessible, cost effective, energy
efficient and most importantly secure.

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3.3 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTING MONITORING SYSTEM

Recently, with the increasing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT), the interest in cellular IoT is
growing such that the LTE Advanced Release-13 standard of 3GPP (the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project) introduced a Narrowband IoT technology to provide services over
wide .Meanwhile, as the damage from air pollution due to fine dust and ozone increases
continuously, interest in the atmospheric environment is increasing rapidly around the world.
According to the recent study fine dust is mainly caused by combustion of fossil fuel, and it is
known to act as a main factor causing or exacerbating various lung diseases in the human body.
Ozone is caused by the photochemical reaction of NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
emitted from automobile exhaust gas and the like due to strong sunlight, which causes respiratory
system diseases.
Hence, there is a growing need for an atmospheric environment monitoring system capable of
effectively measuring and analyzing contaminants in the air as the hazard of air pollution becomes
serious. For this purpose, a government-led air monitoring system in most countries is installed to
provide information on air pollution to users by observing the atmospheric environment and air
pollution information observed through the National Ambient air quality Monitoring Information
System (NAMIS) of Korea Environment Corporation is also provided to the public However, the
NAMIS consists of high-cost atmospheric environment measurement equipment, and thus, it is
very expensive to build a new atmospheric environment measurement station. Therefore, there is
a desperate need for an atmospheric environment monitoring system that can effectively provide
atmospheric environmental observation results to public facilities such as kindergartens and
schools, or homes and commercial facilities in the area where the NAMIS' atmospheric
environment measurement station is not operated.

In this paper, we propose an IoT-based atmospheric monitoring system using LTE mobile
communication network (Long Term Evolution) in order to solve the problems such as cost and
the restrictions in the installation place and space of existing atmospheric environment measuring
equipment. The proposed system has been developed as a prototype that measures various air
environment information including fine dusts and ozone in the atmospheric environment
measuring device and transmits the packet including the measured information as well as the
location and operation status of the measuring device to the LTE network and analyzes them on
the server.

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3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.6 Block diagram

3.3.2 DESCRIPTION
In recent years, people are getting more conscious of the environment they are living in. This
consciousness is driving the need to develop a reliable environmental monitoring system. An
environmental air quality monitoring system also has industrial application. In mining or in heavy
industry, there is a possibility of air contamination by different harmful gases. In such hazardous
situations, an environmental monitoring system can potentially save the life of the workers. In
such largescale sensor deployment, there are data collection, data management, connection, and
power consumption issues. IoT technology is specifically suited for this sort of need. This paper
presents an IoT based framework that effectively monitors the change in an environment using
sensors, microcontroller, and IoT based technology. Users can monitor temperature, humidity,
detect the presence of harmful gases both in the indoor and outdoor environment using the
proposed module. The data is stored in the web server and the user can access the data anywhere
in the world through an internet connection. In the proposed work a web application is developed
to provide vital information to the user. The user can also set up a notification for critical changes
in the sensor data. In comparison to other closely related systems, the proposed system is a low-
cost one, accurate and user friendly. It is also cloud-based and has easy monitoring and data
visualization modules. The system has been evaluated in different stages. After testing all the
functions in different conditions, it shows a high degree of accuracy and reliability.

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3.3.3 COMPONENTS USED:

Hardware Used :-
Microcontroller
Temperature Sensor
Power supply
WIFI

Software Used :-

 Embedded C
 Arduino compiler
 Proteus

3.3.4 Existing System and Proposed Model

EXISTING SYSTEM

There are many existing works on evaluating and comparing physical activity monitors. Some of
them evaluated a set of monitors on their accuracy of step counts, and the others on their accuracy
of energy expenditure. Most of the existing works evaluated accuracy by testing the monitor’s
performance during pollution, and there were also a small part of these works can be improved by
using IOT technology in proposed system.

. Disadvantage
• Low communication
• Not efficient

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The goal of building a smart city is to Improve quality of life by using technology to improve the
efficiency of services and meet residents needs. Information and Communication Technology
allows city officials to interact directly with the public to tell what is happening in the city, how
the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life. We are going to monitor the
environment by using IOT technology. Consider an area that is being surveyed for estimating how
much the area is affected by pollution. The constituents of air along with its proportion are
calculated and if it is higher than normal then the officials are intimated about it.

Advantages of Proposed System

• User Friendly
• High Reliability
• Low power consumption

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3.3.5. PROGRAM CODE

#include "MQ135.h"
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#define DEBUG true
SoftwareSerial esp8266(9,10);int air_quality;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup() {
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print ("circuitdigest ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
lcd.print ("Sensor Warming ");
delay(1000);
Serial.begin(115200);
esp8266.begin(115200); // your esp's baud rate might be different
sendData("AT+RST\r\n",2000,DEBUG); // reset module
sendData("AT+CWMODE=2\r\n",1000,DEBUG); // configure as access point
sendData("AT+CIFSR\r\n",1000,DEBUG); // get ip address
sendData("AT+CIPMUair_quality=1\r\n",1000,DEBUG); // configure for multiple
connections
sendData("AT+CIPSERVER=1,80\r\n",1000,DEBUG); // turn on server on port 80
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT); //Gas sensor will be an input to the arduino
lcd.clear();
}

lcd.setCursor (0, 0);

lcd.print ("Air Quality is ");
lcd.print (air_quality);
lcd.print (" PPM ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);
if (air_quality<=1000)
{
lcd.print("Fresh Air");
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
}
else if( air_quality>=1000 && air_quality<=2000 )
{
lcd.print("Poor Air, Open Windows");
digitalWrite(8, HIGH );
}
else if (air_quality>=2000 )
{
lcd.print("Danger! Move to Fresh Air");
digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // turn the LED on
}

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lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
delay(1000);
}
String sendData(String command, const int timeout, boolean debug)
{
String response = "";
esp8266.print(command); // send the read character to the esp8266
long int time = millis();
while( (time+timeout) > millis())
{
while(esp8266.available())
{
// The esp has data so display its output to the serial window
char c = esp8266.read(); // read the next character.
response+=c;
}
}
if(debug)
{
Serial.print(response);
}
return response;
}

OUTPUT

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Chapter 4
REFLECTION NOTES
4.1 Specific Outcome
Internship offer students a hands-on opportunity to work in desired field. To learn how
course of study applies to the real world and build valuable experience that makes
students stronger candidates for jobs after graduation. An internship can be an excellent
way to “try out” a certain career.

Internship provides an opportunity to gain valuable experience in a career field. It’s a

great way to gain specific skills and knowledge as well as make contacts and build
confidence. More and more, employers are using work experiences as screening
devices to assess the skills and abilities of prospective employees. Employers like to
see that candidate had some type of related experience before they consider for a
position. Having additional work experience before applying for job gives an edge
over other candidates in a competitive job market.

Internship for professional careers is similar in some ways but not as rigorous to
apprenticeships for professions, trade and vocational jobs, but the lack of
standardization and oversight leaves the term open to broad interpretation. Interns
may be college or university students, high school students, or post-graduate adults.
These positions may be paid or unpaid and are usually temporary. Generally, an
internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the student and
an organization.

Experience and Assessments of Internship

Although internship vary greatly from one organization to the next, the term
traditionally refers to real- world work experiences in which students fulfill short-
term positions within a company or organization in order to gain hands-on experience
and develop career-specific skills. Sponsoring agencies generally work with the
student to meet specific learning goals and provide special mentoring or networking
opportunities. In exchange, the intern helps the employer in meeting overall work
goals

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Technical outcomes:

The internship in the Nano Robotics and Embedded Technologies Private

Limited helped me a lot to learn about the IT companies. Initially they started
training us on basics of Embedded C and Some different types of Micro
Controller . With the basics of all the above mentioned technologies .

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CHAPTER – 5
RESULTS

System testing, or end-to-end testing is a completely integrated system of testing to verify

that it meets its requirements. The System testing result show as a Table 1.

TEST CASE EXPECTED OBSERVED TEST RESULT

RESULT RESULT

USER SHOULD
HAVE SUCCESSFUL SUCCESSFULLY PASS
SUCCESSFUL
LOGIN LOGIN
LOGIN THIS
SYSTEM

USER CAN
EASILY ACCESS ACCESSIBLE EASILY PASS
THE EVERY MENU ACCESSIBLE
ENVIRONMENT
SWITCH

USER CAN
CONTROLL THE EASILY USER PASS
ELECTRICAL CONTROLLABLE CONTROLLED
APPLIANCE

USER CAN SEE THE EASILY VISIBLE

SEE THE CURRENT HOME PASS
GAS STATUS ENVIRONMENT STATUS
STATUS

USER CAN USER CAN USER CAN

DATA CONTROL DATA CONTROL PASS
DIAGRAM SERVICE DATA SHOW
SERVICE SERVICE

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 Environment Monitoring System

Fig 5.1: Output of system connection

Fig 5.2: Output connection

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Fig 5.2: Output of System Current Status

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CONCLUSION

In this, we have proposed an IoT-based atmospheric dust monitoring system, which is

developed by a prototype with a small size,low cost and eco-friendly air environment
measurement device connected by the LTE network, and the atmospheric environment
analyzer.The development system has no restriction on installation location or installation
space. The development system observes the atmospheric environment elements similarly,
even though it is difficult to directly compare the observation results of the two systems due
to the different locations in the measurement sites of the two systems. The development
system can easily change measuring sensors, and compatible with various communication
systems such as the WIFI communication network for the transmission of the measurement
results. It is expected that the development system will be effectively utilized in atmospheric
environment based services by installing the developed measurement devices at public
facilities such as schools and homes.

This Environment Monitoring System is made from lowcost components that are easily
available and can be used to monitor several environmental parameters. This system can be
easily be adapted for both indoor or outdoor use. The proposed system has been tested several
times with different parameters, and have been successful throughout. Last but not least, this
device can connect to the gateway via Bluetooth, Infrared or WiFi without much design
changes thus making it suitable for different scenarios. This system is therefore flexible and
scalable. In future the research work is intended to introduce several machine learning
techniques that will give more insight to the user. Besides, to manage changes efficiently, the
records can be kept in a secure immutable digital ledger using technologies like Blockchain

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REFERENCES

[1] T. Abbasov, T. Karadağ, and E. Karaca, “Elektrik Toplu Taşıma Araçlarında Elektromanyetik
Alanların Ölçülmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi”, Emanet, 2015, 13-15 Nov. 2015, pp.1-3.

[2] T. Etem, T. Abbasov, "Electric Field Measurements of a Base Station at 2G and 3G

Frequencies",2016 XII International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in
MEMS Design, pp. 110-113, 2016.

[3] BTK, (2015). Regulation on the Determination, Control and Supervision of Exposure
Limit Values of Electromagnetic Field Intensity from Electronic Communication Devices
according to International Standards. [online] Available at: http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr,
[Accessed 27 March 2017]

[4] M. Hasan, M. H. Anik and S. Islam, "Microcontroller Based Smart Home System with
Enhanced Appliance Switching Capacity," 2018 Fifth HCT Information Technology Trends
(ITT), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2018, pp. 364-367.

[5] A. R. Islam, K. Bhowmick, D. Sikder and H. U. Zaman, "A Multifarious Design of a

Microcontroller Based Home Security and Automation System," 2019 11th International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Honolulu,
HI, USA, 2019, pp. 1-6.

[6] M. M. Alam, S. Saha, P. Saha, F. N. Nur, N. N. Moon, A. Karim, and S. Azam, “D-
CARE: A Non-invasive Glucose Measuring Technique for Monitoring Diabetes Patients,”
Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Computational Intelligence Algorithms for
Intelligent Systems, pp. 443–453, Apr. 2019

[7] D. Debnath, A. H. Siddique, M. Hasan, F. Faisal, A. Karim, S. Azam, and F. D. Bore,

“Smart Electrification of Rural Bangladesh Through Smart Grids,” Lecture notes on Data
Engineering and Communication Technologies, 2020

[8] M. Hasan, A. Z. Dipto, M. S. Islam, A. Sorwar, S. Islam, “A Smart Semi-Automated

Multifarious Surveillance Bot for Outdoor Security Using Thermal Image Processing,”
Advances in Networks, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 21-28, 2019.

[9] M. A. Uaday, M. N. I. Shuzan, S. Shanewaze, R. I. Rakib and H. U. Zaman, "The Design

of a Novel Multi-Purpose Fire Fighting Robot with Video Streaming Capability," 2019 IEEE
5th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Bombay, India, 2019,
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[10] A. Ahmed, M. M. R. Parvez, M. H. Hasan, F. N. Nur, N. N. Moon, A. Karim, S. Azam,

B. Shanmugam, and M. Jonkman, “An Intelligent and Secured Tracking System for
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