MODULE 2 PART 1 (Hydraulics)

CO.
1: Discuss the different liquid properties that are involved in the determina-
tion of pressure, forces, and flow.
CO. 2: Discuss the Continuity Equation with reference to the conservation of

mass, Energy Equation with reference to Euler equation, and Momentum Equa-
tion with reference to the 2nd Law of Newton on Motion.
ILO3: Calculate the hydrostatic pressure force on plane or curve submerged sur
faces and pressure variation in a fluid with rigid-body motion
ILO4: Determine the buoyant force of floating or submerged objects.
Enabling Learning Outcomes:
1. Solve the hydrostatic force acting on plane and curved surfaces.

2. Solve fluids translating along a straight path at constant acceleration and
fluids rotating with a constant angular speed.
Overview
When an object or surface is submerged in a fluid, forces eventually develop on the object’s sur-
face due to the fluid. The determination of these forces is important in the design of dams and
other hydraulic structures. This can be done by solving problems related to hydrostatic force on
plane and curved surfaces.
Although in the previous modules, we have been primarily concerned with fluids at rest or un-
der certain circumstances the particles of a fluid may have no relative motion between each
other yet the mass itself may be in motion. In this module, we will also learn to determine the
principles of relative equilibrium by solving fluids moving along a linear acceleration and rotat-
ing about a vertical axis at a constant angular speed.
Lesson 1: PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS

Read and understand the discussion in lesson 1.
Total Hydrostatic Force or Total Pressure:
F=(Uniform Pressure )(Area) = pA
Source: Fluid Mechanics Demystified
From the figure, the Total Hydrostatic Force acting on the inclined plane:
.
Location of the Total Hydrostatic Force:
Value of eccentricity, e (distance between the center of pressure (cp) and the
center of gravity (C or cg):
Geometric Properties of Common Shapes.
Source: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Munson, Young, et al.
Sample Problem No. 1:

A 60-cm square gate has its top edge 12 m
below the water surface. It is on a 45° angle
and its bottom edge is hinged as shown in
(a). What force P is needed to just open the
gate?
Solution:
Draw the FBD
Compute the Total Hydrostatic Force:
F γhA
F . !" # . $# . $# 43,130 N or 43.13KN
Compute for the location, d of F from the bottom of the submerged object:
/ 12 0.367845°
y 17.27:
sin 45° 67845°
I> 0.6x0.6A #/12

;< y Ay 17.27 0.6 0.6# 17.27# 17.272:
d y 0.3 D ;E 0.3:
Take moment at the hinge to compute for the value of P:

P(0.6)=0.3(43.13)
P=21.6 KN
Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces
Case 1: Liquid is above the curve surface Case 1: Liquid is below the curve surface
Source: www.Mathalino.com
For both cases, the value of the Total Hydrostatic Force is the resultant of the horizontal
and vertical components acting on curved surfaces.
F GFH I FJ I
FM
FH K/L, FJ KM tan PQ FR
Note that the area is the vertical projection of the submerged curve.
Sample Problem No. 2:

The 6 ft. diameter cylinder weighs 5000 lb.
and is 5 ft. long.
• Determine the upward force due to
the effect of oil in the left side.
• Compute the horizontal reaction at A.
• Compute the vertical reaction at B.
Solution:
Draw first the FBD and the projected area and volume.
• Upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side:

PT γV
π 3#I
PT 62.4 0.8# # 5#
2
XY " Z[ \]^_`a#
• Horizontal reaction at A:
Pb Rd γhA
Rd 62.4# 0.80# 3# 6# 5#
e !! Z[ fg fhi Zijf#
• Vertical reaction at A:
ΣFy=0
R k PJ 5000
R k 5000 D 3529
em !n op (upward)
Dams
Dams are structures whose purpose is to raise the water level on the upstream side of river,
stream, or other waterway. The rising water will cause hydrostatic force which will tend the
dam to slide horizontally and overturn about its downstream edge or toe. The raised water level
on the upstream edge or heel will also cause the water to seep under the dam. The pressure due
to this seepage is commonly called hydrostatic uplift and will reduce the stability of the dam
against sliding and against overturning.
Types of Dams:
GRAVITY DAMS EMBANKMENT DAMS
ARCH DAMS BUTTRESS DAMS

Analysis of Gravity Dams
Factor of Safety Against Sliding:

stu
Fqr w1
tv
Factor of Safety Against Overturning:

ty
Fqx w1
zy
Foundation Pressure
k
If { |
}
•€ }ƒ
~ D •1 ‚ „
k k
k
If { w }
2t…
~ƒ
†̅
Sample Problem:
A dam triangular in shape has a height of 24m. and a base of 12m. Density of masonry is 2,500
kg/cu.m. If it is supporting was at a depth of 20m. Where is the location of the resultant vertical
force from the heel of the dam.
Solution:
Compute for the weight of the dam:
ˆ KM
1
ˆ 24# 12# 1# 2500#
2
ˆ 360,000 kg
R = 360,000 kg
Compute for the Total Hydrostatic Force P:

‰ K/L
‰ 1000# 10# 20# 1#
‰ 200,000 Š‹
Compute for the Overturning Moment (OM)

OM= P (20/3)
OM= 200,000 (20/3)
OM= 1,333,333.33 kg-m
Compute for the Righting Moment (RM)

RM= W (8)
RM= 360,000 (8)
RM= 2,880,000 kg-m
Considering Moment at the heel:

R(12-x)= RM-OM
360,000 (12-x) = 2,880,00-1,333,333.33
(12-x) = 7.7m

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CO.

CO. 2: Discuss the Continuity Equation with reference to the conservation of

ILO4: Determine the buoyant force of floating or submerged objects.

Enabling Learning Outcomes:

1. Solve the hydrostatic force acting on plane and curved surfaces.

Lesson 1: PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS

Source: Fluid Mechanics Demystified

Source: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Munson, Young, et al.

Sample Problem No. 1:

Compute the Total Hydrostatic Force:

I> 0.6x0.6A #/12

Take moment at the hinge to compute for the value of P:

Sample Problem No. 2:

• Upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side:

GRAVITY DAMS EMBANKMENT DAMS

ARCH DAMS BUTTRESS DAMS

Factor of Safety Against Sliding:

Factor of Safety Against Overturning:

Compute for the Total Hydrostatic Force P:

Compute for the Overturning Moment (OM)

Compute for the Righting Moment (RM)

Considering Moment at the heel:

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