Teacher’s Questions in EFL Classroom Interaction ...

TEACHER’S QUESTIONS IN EFL

CLASSROOM INTERACTION

Danu Angga Vebriyanto

[email protected]
Graduate Program of PPS UNNES

ABSTRACT
Questioning is a basic method implemented by teacher in order
to build interaction in the classroom and also to stimulate the stu-
dents to perform their speaking skill in target language. The present
study attempted to describe the types of questions that the teacher
usually applies in the classroom during teaching and learning pro-
cess, to find out the teacher’s purposes of applying those levels of
questioning, and to describe the effects of applying the levels of
questioning for the students’ understanding of English, and to iden-
tify students’ oral responses towards teacher questions. The data
were collected by recording the teaching and learning process and
interviewing the English teacher. Based on the research findings, it
was discovered that the teacher utilized certain types of questions.
Referential-open questions that can elicit longer responses were
31%. On the other hand, the percentage of display-closed questions
was 69%. Questions that are categorized as display/closed ques-
tions were widely used for checking students’ understanding of the
materials questions that categorized as referential/open questions
were widely used for looking for certain information from the stu-
dents. It was found that in all season 70% of students’ responses
were in form of words. The production of words was the effect of
employing display or closed question. In the other hand, students’
responses in form of sentence were 7 sentences. It was the effect of
employing referential or open question.

Keywords: teacher’s questions, EFL, classroom interaction

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INTRODUCTION
Teacher’s question or teacher questioning is one of the most
common techniques in the classroom interaction. Galls as cited in
Richard (1996) states that more than a half of classroom talk is
dominated by questioning and answering. David (2007) adds that
teacher’s question is an important aspect of classroom interaction
in second language classroom which has obtained large amount of
attention from researchers or scholars.
Teachers’ question is one part of teacher talk based on meth-
ods of classroom interaction analysis i.e. Foreign Language Interac-
tion Analysis (FLINT) developed by Moskowits. Study conducted
by Yanfen and Yuqin (2010) on teacher talk in classroom interaction
reveals that teacher initiates the interaction mostly by questioning.
This fact gives us general view about the connection between teach-
er’s question and classroom interaction, meaning that the discus-
sion about teacher’s question cannot be separated from interaction.
For language teachers, interaction is very essential. It is “the hearth
of communication”. According to Brown (2001), Interaction is the
exchange of thoughts, feelings, and ideas which is conducted by
two or more people, and mutual effect will be produced in both
communicators. In the classroom context, Kalatari (2009) defines
classroom interaction as “interaction between teacher and students
in the classroom”.
Interaction cannot be produced easily and naturally without
some initiatives or efforts from teachers. Teachers need to con-
stantly engage and stimulate the students to be actively involved
in classroom interaction. Furthermore, the stimulus from teachers
in the beginning of classroom interaction is very crucial to build
interactive language classroom. One of the paramount techniques
for teachers to initiate and maintain interaction in the classroom
is by developing questioning strategies or techniques. As the EFL
students generally reluctant to initiate and maintain the interaction,
teachers’ questions supply important stepping stone for students to
join in the classroom interaction. (Brown, 2001)

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BACKGROUND LITERATURE
1. Teacher’s Questions in EFL Classroom Interaction
Considering about the importance of teachers questioning in
the classroom interaction, the investigation on teacher’s questioning
behavior has been an important issue. The studies on teacher’s ques-
tioning show that teachers favor asking a great number of questions
in the classroom with different rationale. It is revealed that teacher’s
question has essential role. The activity of questioning and answer-
ing is considered as form of communication which is commonly
used by students and teachers in the classroom. (Shen, et.al 2012)
Furthermore, many studies investigate the effect of display-
closed questions and referential-open questions used by teachers
upon students’ language production in term of length and com-
plexity. Studies conducted by Brock as cited in Lynch (1991), also
Al Mu’aini (2012) reveal that referential questions asked by teacher
initiates longer and extensive oral responses from students whereas
display question results short and closed answer. On the contrary,
Shomoosi (2004) claims that display-closed questions sometimes
produce longer responses (five-minute answer) from students. From
the studies above, we can see that there is different result of studies
on the effect of either display-closed questions or referential-open
questions to students’ language production. This difference basi-
cally can be understood since each research is hold in different place
with different participants. This difference means that the study on
teacher’s question or classroom questioning is still worth investi-
gated.
Obviously, from the elaboration above, we can see that ques-
tioning is typically implemented by teachers in their teaching pro-
cess. It is a basic method implemented by teacher in order to build
interaction in the classroom and also to stimulate language produc-
tion of students. Unfortunately, some teachers do not realize about
the importance of using appropriate questioning types and strategy
to help the students trying to produce language. They do not real-
ize that their questions will give consequence on student language
production. In some cases, poor questioning makes classroom inter-
action tend to be boring and students are unmotivated to speak or

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perform their language production skill.

Research which is conducted on the use of questions in the
classroom reveals that the majority of teachers do not utilize effec-
tive questioning techniques. When we review the research, we can
discover that teachers’ questioning has crucial rule in the classroom
and teachers need to develop their questioning technique. Proper
questioning types will result in the enforcement of students to per-
form their language competence as the respond to teachers’ ques-
tions. (Sadker,2011)
Concerning above explanation, this study aims at examining
teacher’s questioning types, teacher’s purpose of questioning and
students’ responses to several types of teacher’s questions. The
study on this area is still worth investigated since there is no conclu-
sive result.

2. Question and Teacher’s Question

Cotton (2012) states that question is any sentence which has in-
terrogative form or function. Aizikovitsh et.al. (2011)describe ques-
tion as an inquiry expression which encourages or asks for response
or rejoinder. Richard Nordquist (2013) defines:
“Question is a type of sentence expressed in a form that re-
quires (or appears to require) an answer. Also known as an
interrogative sentence, a question is generally distinguished
from a sentence that makes statement, delivers a command, or
expressed an exclamation.”

He adds that in terms of syntax, the character of question is an

inversion between the subject and the first verb in the verb phrase.
There is also interrogative pronoun in the beginning or tag question
in the end.
In daily communication, the use of question is unavoidable.
When communicating, people use various forms of question in or-
der to get some information from their interlocutor. A question
is also a good device to maintain the communication with other
people. Obviously, a question has the important function in con-
versation. Question has the significant function not only in general

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context, but also in teaching-learning (classroom) context. Cotton

states that classroom questioning has long and venerable history
since Socrates, the Greek philosopher, with his method of question-
ing (Socratic method) guides the students by challenging assump-
tions, exposing contradictions, and leading to new knowledge and
wisdom. In addition, classroom questioning attracts researchers and
practitioners to be their topic of studies because of its extensive use
as current teaching technique. Classroom questioning also takes the
second most popular teaching technique after lecturing. In teaching-
learning process, classroom questioning is widely used by teachers
for about 35-55%.
In addition, Richard and Lockhart state that there are some
reasons why questions widely used by teachers as teaching tech-
nique. First, questions stimulate and maintain students’ interest.
Second, they encourage students to think and focus on the content
of the lesson. Third, they enable a teacher to clarify what a student
has said. Fourth, they enable a teacher to elicit particular structures
or vocabulary items. Fifth, they enable teachers to check students’
understanding. Sixth, they (questions) encourage student participa-
tion in a lesson.
Furthermore, study conducted by Millah (2009) on classroom
interaction reveals that asking question is the activity that dominates
teacher talk (21,75 %) and most of students talk is dominated by
giving responses (33,75 %). This study is in line with Liu and Zhao
study which is entitled “A Study of Teacher Talk in Interactions in
English Classes”. The study reveals that teachers tend to employ
large amount of questions when they initiate classroom interaction.
Based on the observation, Teacher talks are dominated by question-
ing for about 48 %.
The elaboration above gives us clear insight about question and
teacher’s question. Question is a meaningful linguistics unit (sen-
tence) or utterance which has interrogative sense, meaning that it is
intended to get some information or responses from the listener or
reader. The form of question is not only in form of interrogative
by using question word, auxiliary verb, and tag, but also in form of
declarative sentence with rising intonation.

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Questioning plays vital role in daily communication. It can be

used as a tool to create and maintain communication. These func-
tions also can be implemented in classroom context. Questioning
is commonly used by teacher as an instrument to create interaction
in the classroom. It is the best way to encourage some responses
from student and also to check students understanding about ma-
terial which has been studied. Concisely, questioning provide large
amount of benefit and function for classroom interaction. The
comprehensive discussion about questioning or teachers’ question
will be elaborated in the next section.

2. Types of Teacher’s Questions

Teacher’s questions have been classified in a number of ways.
Some experts categorized types of questions into display and ref-
erential question, open and closed question. According to Brown
(2001), display question is type question in which the answer of the
question is already known by the teacher. This type of question is
asked for students in order to check whether they know the answer
or not. Based on several studies, these kinds of questions are gener-
ally found in the classroom interaction. Teachers highly use display
questions based on their purposes that is to check students’ knowl-
edge. (Yang, 2011)
When in display questions teacher have already known the
answers of the questions, in referential questions, teachers do not
know the answer of the questions. Ellis as cited in Al-Muaini states
that “referential questions are genuine or real questions.” The pur-
pose of this question is to acquire some information that teachers
do not know from students. (Husein, 2012) Based on research con-
ducted by Long and Sato as cited in Lynch (1991), Referential ques-
tion is rarely asked by teacher in the classroom interaction. From
76% of teacher’s question proportion, only 14% are asked by using
referential questions.
The second category of question is open and closed question.
Nunan and Lamb as cited in Al-Farsi (2012) describe open ques-
tions as type of question which can promote broad response from
students. They are types of questions that are broad and permit

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more than one acceptable answer from students. Eggins and Slade
(1997) suggest that open questions are type of question that “seek
to elicit completion of a proposition from the addressee” or in an-
other words, it demands factual or opinion information from the
addressee. Open question commonly recognized in form of wh-
interrogative or wh-question. It can be concluded that teachers who
ask by using this type of the possible answer from students. The
responses will be varied according to students. Compared to open
questions, Ellis as cited in Al-Farsi states that closed questions are
types of questions which produce only one acceptable answer or re-
sponse from students. These types of questions have the purposes
of demanding confirmation or agreement with factual or opinion
information. The form of closed questions are commonly realized
by polar (yes-no) interrogatives.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that types of
teacher’s questions can be classified into several categories. Based
on Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives, teacher’s questions
are categorized into knowledge, comprehension, application, analy-
sis, synthesis, and evaluation question. Those levels of questions are
developed based on students’ level of thinking so that the higher
level of questions will expect the higher students’ level of think-
ing. The other types of questions are display and referential ques-
tions, open and close-ended questions. Display questions are types
of questions in which the teacher has already known the answers of
the questions. It is used to check students’ understanding about the
lesson that they have studied. Conversely, referential questions are
types of questions that teacher actually does not know the answer
of the questions. Teacher really wants to know particular informa-
tion from students. These questions commonly elicit long response
from students. Another category is open and closed questions. In
open questions, teacher cannot expect possible answer form stu-
dents. The answer will be varied according the students. Some re-
searchers insist that open questions tend to be open and vice versa.
In the other hand, closed-ended questions are questions that only
have one acceptable answer so that teacher has already known the
answer. In the present study, teachers’ questions would only be cate-

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gorized into display and referential questions, open and close-ended

questions. It is because the objective of the study is focused on the
classroom interaction. In the other hand, types of teacher’s ques-
tions based on Bloom taxonomy tend to focus on students’ level of
thinking.

3. Functions and Purposes of Teacher’s Questions

Christenbury, Kelly and Kinsella as cited in Brown (2001) pro-
pose some functions of teacher questions in the classroom inter-
action. Teacher’s questions can a) give students the drive and the
opportunity to produce language contentedly because EFL stu-
dent generally afraid of initiating classroom interaction without any
stimulus from the teacher. Silent students will get a great chance to
produce their language (communicate) if appropriate questions are
addressed to them, b) set off some stimulus for students to com-
municate and interact each others. One question may be all that is
needed to start a discussion; without the initial question, however,
students will be hesitant to start the process c) give the instructor
immediate feedback about student comprehension. After posing a
question, a teacher can use the student response to diagnose linguis-
tic or content difficulties. Grammatical or phonological problem
areas, for example, may be exposed through the student’s response
and give the teacher some specific information about what to treat,
d) provide students with opportunities to find out what they think
by hearing they say. As they are nudged into responding to questions
about, say, a reading or a film, they can discover what their own
opinions and reactions are. This self-discovery can be especially use-
ful for prewriting activity.
Tanaka as cited in Nishimura (2012) proposes three func-
tions of question. The first is “interpersonal function”. It means
that question can set up, keep, and modify the relationship between
questioner and respondent. The second is “information-gathering
function”, meaning that question can be an instrument to get some
information about certain issue or topic. The last is “meaning-cre-
ating function”. It means that a new idea can be produced by ques-
tioning.

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Kauchak and Eggen as cited in Xiaoyan (2008) add that in the

classroom, teacher’s questions serve several functions. They are di-
agnostic, instructional and motivational function. As diagnostic tool,
teacher’s questions are used to diagnose what students know and
how students think about certain topics. As instructional function,
teacher’s questions can assist the students to study new information
in the learning process. The last function according to Kauchak and
Eggen is motivational function. Teacher’s questions can be a tool
that engages the students to be actively involved in the classroom
discourse and encourage or challenge their thinking.
Dealing with the purposes of teacher questions, Cotton (2012)
provides variety of purposes emerge from the variety of literature
analysis. Teacher’s questions are used to a) develop interest and mo-
tivate students to become actively involved in lessons, b) evaluate
students’ preparation and check on homework or seatwork comple-
tion, c) develop critical thinking skills and inquiring attitudes, d) re-
view and summarize previous lessons, e) nurture insights by expos-
ing new relationships, f) assess achievement of instructional goals
and objectives, g) stimulate students to pursue knowledge on their
own
Furthermore, Cohen et.al. (2004 ) give in depth purpose of
teacher’s questions in the classroom. They suggest the purpose of
teacher’s questioning based on several learning stages in the class-
room. In the introduction stage, teachers’ questions are used a) to
establish human contact; b) to assist in establishing set induction
devices; c) to discover what the class knows; d) to revise previous
work; e) to pose problems which lead to the subject of the lesson.
In the presentation stage, teacher’s questions are used to a) main-
tain interest and alertness; b) to encourage reasoning and logical
thinking; c) to discover if students understand what is going on. In
the application stage, teacher’s questions are used a) to focus and
clarify; b) to lead the students to make observations and draw infer-
ences for themselves; c) to clear up difficulties, misunderstandings
and assist individual student. In the last stage, conclusion, teacher’s
questions are used a) to revise the main point of the lesson; b) to
test the result of the lesson, the extent of students understanding

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and assimilation; c) to suggest further problems and related issues.

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that teacher’s
questions have significant role in the classroom interaction. It can
give numerous benefits for language student, classroom interaction,
and the objective of language classroom.

4. Relationship Among Types of Teacher’s Questions, Pur-

poses of Teacher’s Questions and Students’ Oral Responses
Types of teacher’s questions, purposes of teacher’s questions
and students’ oral responses have a positive relationship. Chaudron
states that student’s target language production (students’ oral re-
sponses) in from of correct and meaningful responses might be as-
sisted by teacher’s question. It was based on some second language
studies which concerned with teacher’s questions and students’
target language production (students’ oral responses). Chaudron
(1988) adds that in order to keep students’ attention, elicit students’
verbal responses, and assess students’ learning progress, teacher’s
questions represent as a primary tool.
Furthermore, a study that has been done by Brock on the effect
of teacher’s questions on students’ language production revealed
that students’ responses for teacher’s referential questions were sig-
nificantly longer and syntactically more complex. It was compared
to students’ responses for teacher’s display questions which were
short.
On the contrary, Shomoosi (2004) claims that display-closed
questions sometimes produce longer responses (five-minute an-
swer) from students. From the studies above, we can see that there
is different result of studies on the effect of either display-closed
questions or referential-open questions to students’ language pro-
duction. This difference basically can be understood since each
research is hold in different place with different participants. This
difference means that the study on teacher’s question or classroom
questioning is still worth investigated.

METHOD
It is essential to apply a proper research design in order to at-

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tain research objectives. The present study describes teacher’s ques-

tioning types, purpose of questioning and also students’ responses
in natural setting. Hitchcock and Hughes (1995) insisted that social
behavior in natural setting is the main concern of qualitative ap-
proach. It means that the participants of the research are not tak-
en into laboratory or modified situation.(Creswell, 2009) Since the
present study concerns with the classroom interaction in the natural
setting, qualitative approach will be appropriate to be employed in
this study.
The present study is also categorized as descriptive research.
Cohen et.al. (2007) state that descriptive research “looks at individu-
als, groups, institutions, methods and materials in order to describe,
compare, contrast, classify, analyse and interpret the entities and the
events that constitute their various fields of inquiry.” In line with
this statement, the present study aims at describing, analyzing and
interpreting teacher questioning types, purposes and also students’
responses in the classroom.

1. Setting and Timing

The present study was conducted in SMK Palapa Sema-
rang which is situated on Jln. Untung Suropati Mijen Semarang.
This school has got excellent accreditation score as well as ISO
9001:2008. This school was chosen because of the accessibility
and availability of time. Moreover, some studies dealing with
teacher’s questions were conducted at junior and senior high
school, so the present study would be a pioneer and expected
to give a different result. The participant of the present study
was an English teacher and her students in XI-TKJ class in the
academic year of 2012/2013. The present study was conducted
from 1st until 15th May 2013.

2. Sources of Data
Moleong (2009) stated that the data which were collected
in qualitative research were in form of words, picture, and not
in form of numbers. The source of data could be from inter-
view script, photo, videotape, notes, and other documents. In
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line with Moleong’s account, the data of the present study were
taken from the transcript of interaction between the English
teacher and students in the classroom as well as the interview
with English teacher.

3. Constructing Trustworthiness
According to Creswell and Miller as cited in Creswell (2009),
Validity is one of the strong points in qualitative research. It was
needed to verify and clarify the accuracy of the finding on the
perspective of the researcher, participants, and the readers of
the account. In order to verify the accuracy or the validity of the
research finding, there were certain procedures that had been
utilized.
The first procedure that had been implemented to verify
the accuracy or the validity of the research finding was triangula-
tion. Different sources of data from observation (by means of
video recording and note-taking) and interview had been ob-
tained and examined in order to build coherent explanation.
The second procedure was peer debriefing. Creswell (2009)
argued that this procedure is used to boost the accuracy of the
report or explanation. In this procedure, a person was involved
to make a review and questions about the study. This procedure
can enhance the validity of the research. In the present study,
the peer debriefing are the supervisor of the researcher and fel-
low students.

4. Data Analysis Technique

There were several steps that have been employed in order
to analyze the data. The first step was collecting all data from
observation (by means of video-recording and field-notes) and
interview. The second step was transcribing and coding the data.
All of recorded data, either video record from classroom inter-
action or audio record from interview were transcribed. The ut-
terances of the teacher were given T code, whereas students’ ut-
terances were given S or Ss code. The third step was interpreting
the data. The researcher identified teacher’s questioning types,

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teacher’s purpose of questioning and students’ responses to

several types of teacher’s questions. Concluding the finding and
discussing the research finding was the last step in data analysis
processes. The researcher presented some conclusions from the
research finding which is related to the objective of the research.

RESULT
1. Types of Teacher’s Questions
Based on the analysis of the transcription of the teaching and
learning process in the first session, the amount of questions which
are posed by teacher are 33 questions. The type of question that is
asked frequently by teacher is display and open question, which the
teacher has already known the answer and there is only one accept-
able answer. This situation is shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Teacher’s Questions

Teaching stages Total
Types of teach- Pre- Whilst- Post- (per
er’s questions activity activity activity type)
N % N % N % N %
Display/Closed
1 5 21 95 - - 22 66
question
Referential/
- - 11 100 - - 11 33
Open question
Total Questions 33 100

From the table above, it can be seen that display and closed
question dominates for about 66% (22 questions) out of 33 ques-
tions. On the other hand, referential and open question in which
the teacher does not the answer and there is more than one accept-
able answer, have the total of 11 questions (33%).
The second session uncovers almost the same finding with the
first session. Display and opened question is the type of question
that is frequently used by the teacher. The attention-grabbing find-
ing in the session 2 is the increasing number of question which
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Danu Angga Vebriyanto

is asked by the teacher. The total numbers of questions asked by

teacher are 70 questions. Forty-nine questions are categorized as
display and closed question. Twenty-one questions are categorized
as referential and opened question. This escalation is influenced by
the learning focus of session 2 on agreement and disagreement ex-
pression and concessive conjunction (grammar). To figure out the
distribution of teacher’s questions in the session 2, it is necessary to
study the following table.

Table 2 Teacher’s Questions

Teaching stages Total
Types of teach- Pre- Whilst- Post- (per
er’s questions activity activity activity type)

N % N % N % N %
Display/Closed
1 2 48 98 - - 49 70
question
Referential/
1 4 19 90 1 4 21 30
Open question
Total Questions 70 100

Same as the distribution in the first session, display and closed

questions in this session are frequently used by teacher to ask the
translation of words or phrases for the students.
In order to get a comprehensive understanding of types of
teacher’s questions in two sessions under analysis, the table bellow
provides the distribution of types of teacher’s questions in two ses-
sions.
Tabel 3 Distribution of Teacher’s Questions
Session Session
types of teacher’s Total
1 2
questions
N % N % N %
Display/Closed question 22 66 49 70 71 69
Referential/Open question 11 33 21 30 32 31
Total 33 100 70 100 103 100

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The table shows that in two sessions under analysis, there

was an improvement in the numbers of questions that are asked
by teacher. The uses of display-closed questions by teacher were
dominant apart from the different focus of learning. Display/
closed questions were frequently used by teacher to ask for transla-
tion of certain word, phrase, even sentence to the students. On the
other hand, referential-open questions which have low percentage,
are frequently used by the teacher to ask for student’s personal in-
formation and also students’ opinion about certain topic.

2. Teacher’s Purposes of Applying Different Types of Ques-

tions
Based on the interview with the teacher, it was revealed that
there were some purposes of asking several types of questions to
students. The teacher said that she commonly used yes-no question
which is categorized as display/closed question. The purpose of us-
ing this type of question is to check students’ understanding about
the underlying material. The other type of question that was gener-
ally used by the teacher was wh-question which can be categorized
as referential/open question. The teacher said that the purpose of
using wh-question was to ask for detail information or answer from
students.
The facts above correspond with the result of the analysis of
the transcription of the teaching and learning process in the all ses-
sion. Questions that are categorized as display/closed questions
were widely used for checking students’ understanding of the ma-
terials that were being discussed in the class. In the first session and
the second session, the teacher asked students to translate some
words or phrases by using some display/closed questions. It was
done by the teacher in order to know whether students understand
the material or not. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the tran-
scription of the teaching and learning process in the all session,
questions that categorized as referential/open questions were wide-
ly used for looking for certain information from the students. Be-
sides that, referential/open questions were also used for stimulating
students’ opinion about something.
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Danu Angga Vebriyanto

3. Students’ responses toward teacher’s questions in terms of

verbal language production in EFL classroom interaction

Students’ Responses: First Session

Total
Types of Sen-
Letter Syllable Word Phrase (per
teacher’s tence
type)
questions
N % N % N % N % N % N
Display/
Closed - - - - 10 71 3 21 1 7 14
question
Referen-
tial/ Open - - - - 4 44 2 22 3 33 9
question
Total - - - - 14 61 5 26 4 17 23

Students’ Responses: Second Session

Total
Types of
Letter Syllable Word Phrase Sentence (per
teacher’s
type)
questions
N % N % N % N % N % N
Display/
Closed - - - - 20 83 4 17 - - 24
question

Referential/
Open ques- - - - - 8 62 2 15 3 20 13
tion

Total - - - - 28 76 6 16 3 8 37

DISCUSSION
1. Types of Teacher’s Questions
From the analysis of the transcription of teaching and learning
process in the first and second session, it was discovered that the
teacher utilized certain types of questions. Similar to some of pre-

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vious research such as Al Mu’aini (2012), Yang and Yuliyanti (2008),

the research finding of the present study revealed that referential-
open questions that were used by the teacher were considerably few-
er than the display-closed questions. Referential-open questions that
can elicit longer responses had the percentage 31%. On the other
hand, display-closed questions had the percentage 69%. These pro-
portions of types of questions inhibit the students from perform-
ing their language competence extensively. Furthermore, most of
the teacher’s questions functioned as a way of checking students’
understanding.
The teacher expected that students would give a response when
she asked questions. However, students are used to living in a school
and social system where students talk is commonly not encouraged
and where a student’s response is characteristically brief, monosyl-
lable word and syntactically less complex then it made the teacher
difficult to use questions as an effective teaching tools. Therefore,
encouraging students to talk more is the primary goal. The atmo-
sphere for classroom talk needs to be built by teacher. In order to
encourage students’ responses, teacher also needs to give opportu-
nities for students.

2. Teacher’s Purposes of Applying Different Types of Ques-

tions
It could be seen in the research finding above that teacher em-
ploy display-closed questions and referential-open questions. Dif-
ferent purposes were created by the teacher when she posed some
questions. Based on the interview with the teacher, it was revealed
that there were some purposes of asking several types of questions
to students. The teacher said that she commonly used yes-no ques-
tion which is categorized as display/closed question. The purpose
of using this type of question is to check students’ understanding
about the underlying material. The other type of question that was
generally used by the teacher was wh-question which can be cat-
egorized as referential/open question. The teacher said that the
purpose of using wh-question was to ask for detail information or
answer from students.
Journal Vision, Volume 4 Number 2, October 2015 295
Danu Angga Vebriyanto

The facts above correspond with the result of the analysis of

the transcription of the teaching and learning process in the all ses-
sion. Questions that are categorized as display/closed questions
were widely used for checking students’ understanding of the ma-
terials that were being discussed in the class. In the first session and
the second session, the teacher asked students to translate some
words or phrases by using some display/closed questions. It was
done by the teacher in order to know whether students understand
the material or not. Actually, this questioning purpose was in line
with Cotton’s and Cohen et.al. framework about teacher’s question-
ing purposes.
Furthermore, based on the analysis of the transcription of the
teaching and learning process in the all session, questions that cat-
egorized as referential/open questions were widely used for looking
for certain information from the students. Besides that, referential/
open questions were also used for stimulating students’ opinion
about something.
It was found that the teacher’s questioning purposes were not
only influenced by teacher assumption about asking questions but
also the objective of the study. In the first session, the topic of the
study was expressing preference so that the goal is that students are
able to ask and give response about their preference. In the begin-
ning, the teacher asked the meaning of certain words and sentences
in order to check students understanding. After that, the teacher
asked the students to practice.
In the second session, the topic of the study was about con-
junction. The teacher was also merely asked the students to translate
certain word and sentences. It was the teacher’s way to check stu-
dents’ prior knowledge and understanding.

3. Students’ responses toward teacher’s questions in terms of

verbal language production in EFL classroom interaction
Teacher was likely to push students to speak English. It could
be seen in the research finding above that teachers’ question could
make it possible for students to practice their competence in target
language. This finding confirmed Sadker’s claim that proper ques-

296 Journal Vision, Volume 4 Number 2, October 2015

 Teacher’s Questions in EFL Classroom Interaction ...

tioning type will result in the enforcement of students to perform

their language competence as the respond to teachers’ questions. In
line with Sadker’s claim, the teacher took the benefit of question-
ing into account. The teacher believed that the more intense she
asked questions to students, the more active students spoke. Inter-
action among teacher and students would be built well. Moreover,
students’ language skills were also developed.
The research finding above shows that students’ responses
in form of words were still dominating. In the first session, it was
found that 61% of students’ responses were in form of words. The
production of 10 words was the effect of employing display/closed
question. In the other hand, students’ responses in form of sen-
tence were 3 sentences. It was the effect of employing referential/
open question.
In the second session, it was found that 76% of students’ re-
sponses were in form of words. The production of 20 words was
the effect of employing display/closed question. In the other hand,
students’ responses in form of sentence were 3 sentences. It was the
effect of employing referential/ open question.

4. Relationship among Types of Teacher’s Questions, Pur-

poses of Teacher’s Questions and Students’ Oral Responses
The research finding above has provided further description
about the relationship among types of teacher’s questions, purposes
of teacher’s questions and students’ oral responses. It has been dis-
covered that teacher’s questions which were categorized as display-
closed questions were generally used by the teacher to check stu-
dents’ understanding about the material that were being discussed.
These types of questions can stimulate students’ responses in form
of word. Furthermore, types of questions which were categorized
as referential-open questions were generally used by the teacher to
look for certain information from students as well as students’ opin-
ion about something. In association with students’ responses, these
types of questions can stimulate longer students’ responses that the
previous one.
The present study respectively support the study conducted
Journal Vision, Volume 4 Number 2, October 2015 297
Danu Angga Vebriyanto

by Brock on the effect of teacher’s questions on students’ language

production revealed that students’ responses for teacher’s referential
questions were significantly longer and syntactically more complex.
It was compared to students’ responses for teacher’s display ques-
tions which were short.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research finding and discussion, it could be drawn
the conclusion of the present study which were designed to suit
the objectives of the study. There are three objective of the pres-
ent study; (1) to classify types of questions utilized by teacher in
EFL classroom interaction.; (2) to examine purposes of questions
applied by teacher in EFL classroom interaction.;(3) to identify stu-
dents’ responses toward teacher’s questions in terms of verbal lan-
guage production in EFL classroom interaction. The conclusion of
the present study can be drawn as follows:
1. Dealing with the types of teacher’s questions, it was discovered
that the teacher utilized certain types of questions. Referential-
open questions that were used by the teacher were considerably
fewer than the display-closed questions. Referential-open ques-
tions that can elicit longer responses had the percentage 31%.
On the other hand, display-closed questions had the percentage
69%. These proportions of types of questions inhibit the stu-
dents from performing their language competence extensively.
2. On the first session and the second session, the teacher asked
students to translate some words or phrases by using some dis-
play/closed questions. It was done by the teacher in order to
know whether students understand the material or not. Ques-
tions that are categorized as referential/open questions were
widely used for looking for certain information from the stu-
dents. Besides that, referential/open questions were also used
for stimulating students’ opinion about something.
3. Dealing with the students’ responses toward teacher’s questions,
the teacher believes that the more intense she asks questions to
students, the more active the students speak. Interaction among
teacher and students would be built well. Moreover, students’

298 Journal Vision, Volume 4 Number 2, October 2015

 Teacher’s Questions in EFL Classroom Interaction ...

language skills were also developed. The research finding above

shows that students’ responses in form of words were dominat-
ing. It was found that in all season 70% of students’ responses
were in form of words. The production of words were the ef-
fect of employing display/closed question. In the other hand,
students’ responses in form of sentence were 7 sentences. It
was the effect of employing referential/ open question.

Journal Vision, Volume 4 Number 2, October 2015 299

Danu Angga Vebriyanto

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