Quotient Identities

sin  cos 
tan   cot  
cos  sin 

Reciprocal Identities

1 1 1
csc   sec   cot  
sin  cos  tan 

Pythagorean Identities

sin 2   cos2   1 tan 2   1  sec2  1  cot 2   csc2 

Even and Odd Identities

sin      sin  csc      csc 
cos     cos  sec     sec 
tan      tan  cot      cot 

Sum and Difference Identities

cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  tan   tan 

tan     
1  tan  tan 
cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 

tan   tan 
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  tan     
1  tan  tan 
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 

Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities

sin 2  2sin  cos  1  cos 

sin     1  cos  sin 
2 2 tan    
cos 2  cos2   sin 2  2 sin  1  cos 
 1  cos 
cos 
cos 2  1  2sin 2 
2 2 2 tan 
tan  2  
 1  cos  1  tan 2 
tan 
cos 2  2cos  12
2 1  cos 
11.3 Sum and Difference Identities NOTES
 
Write your 
Is it true?
questions here! 
sin 45° 30° sin 45° sin 30° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  Ex 1: Ex 2:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Ex 3:
 Ex 4: Write the expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent of an angle.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  Ex 5: Find sin (x - y) given the following:

Ex 6: Is the equation an identity?

 
 
 
 

Now,  SUMMARY:
summarize 
your notes 
here!   
11.3 Sum and Difference Identities PRACTICE
Directions: Tell whether each statement is true or false.
1) sin 75 sin 50 cos 25 2) cos 15 cos 60 cos 45 3)
cos 25 sin 25 sin 60 sin 45 tan 180 tan 45
tan 225
1 tan 180 tan 45

Directions: Write the expression as the sine, cosine or tangent of an angle.

4) sin 42 cos 17 cos 42 sin 17 6) cos cos sin sin
5)

Directions: Use the sum or difference identity to find the exact value.
7) tan 195° 8) cos 255°

9) sin 165° 10) cos

11) sin 12) tan

Directions: Find the exact value.

13) sin ∝ 14) tan
Given: cos ∝ , 0 ∝ Given: cos x , 0° 90°
tan , 0 cos , 90° 180°

15) sin ∝ 16) cos

Given: sin ∝ , ∝ Given: cos , 2
cos , tan ,
Directions: Is the equation an identity? Explain using the sum or difference identities
17) cos cos 18) sin sin

REVIEW SKILLZ: Directions: Solve each triangle.

1)  2)

11.3 Application and Extension

1) Find the exact value. 2) Find the exact value.
cos 285° cos

Given: cos , 2
tan ,

 
 
 
 

 
3) Verify the following DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES. (Hint….sin (2x) = sin (x + x)

a) sin 2 2 sin cos b) cos 2 2 1

5) When a wave travels through a taut string (like guitar string), the displacement y of each point on the
string depends on the time t and the point’s position x. The equation of a standing wave can be obtained by
adding the displacements of two waves traveling in opposite directions. Suppose two waves can be modeled by
the following equations:

cos cos

Find

6) Mr. Sullivan has been carrying the other Algebros on his back for the last several years. He knows from
Mr. Rahn’s physics’ class that the force F (in pounds) on a person’s back when he bends over at an angle is:
. °
°

Simplify the above formula.

 
PC 11.3 Practice Solutions.notebook

Apr 28-7:17 AM

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PC 11.3 Practice Solutions.notebook

Apr 28-7:18 AM

2
PC 11.3 Practice Solutions.notebook

Apr 28-7:18 AM

3
You must complete this before retaking the MC again.  Remember it is all about LEARNING so take your time and learn 
how to do these skills. If you need help please ask! 
 
NAME:____________________ 
Corrective Assignment 11.3 
Directions: Write the expression as the sine, cosine or tangent of an angle.
1) sin 27 cos 24 cos 27 sin 24 3) cos cos sin sin
2)

Directions: Use the sum or difference identity to find the exact value.
4) cos 255° 5) sin 105°

6) sin 7) tan
Directions: Find the exact value.
8) tan ∝ 9) sin
Given: cos ∝ , 0 ∝ Given: cos x , 0° 90°
tan , 0 cos , 90° 180°

10) cos ∝ 11) sin

Given: sin ∝ , ∝ Given: cos , 2
tan , tan ,

 
 
ANSWERS TO CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT:
Make sure you check all your answers and make sure you KNOW how to do all of them. You could simply copy answers but that’s
not the point. The point is that you have to learn how to do this so please make sure that for any you don’t understand you get
help BEFORE taking the Mastery Check again.

√ √ √ √ √ √ 4 16 36
1) sin 3° 2) tan 37° 3) cos 4) 5) 6) 7) √3 2 8) 9) 10) 11)
5 65 85
 Practice with Sum and Difference Identities

Write each expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent of a single angle.

____________________ 1. cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°

____________________ 2. sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45°

____________________ 3. cos 20° cos 45° − sin 20° sin 45°

tan 90°−tan 10°

____________________ 4. 1+tan 90° tan 10°

____________________ 5. sin 25° cos 20° − cos 25° sin 20°

tan 120°+tan 45°

____________________ 6.
1−tan 120° tan 45°

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
____________________ 7. sin 4 cos 3 − cos 4 sin 3

𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
____________________ 8. cos 2 cos 3
+ sin 2 sin 3

𝜋 𝜋
tan −tan
9 4
____________________ 9. 𝜋 𝜋
1+tan tan
9 4

____________________ 10. sin 105° cos 85° − cos 105° sin 85°

____________________ 11. cos 45° cos 60° + sin 45° sin 60°

____________________ 12. cos 45° cos 60° − sin 45° sin 60°

Write each expression as a sine, cosine, or tangent of a sum or difference of special value angles.

____________________ 13. sin 105°

𝜋
____________________ 14. cos
12

7𝜋
____________________ 15. tan 12

____________________ 16. cos(−75°)

____________________ 17. sin 165°

____________________ 18. cos 195 °

____________________ 19. tan 285°

13𝜋
____________________ 20. sin 12

Determine if each equation is true or false. If the statement is false, highlight the incorrect section.

____________________ 21. cos 57° = cos(40° + 17°)

____________________ 22. sin 75° = sin 50° cos 25° − cos 50° sin 25°

tan 40°+tan 5°
____________________ 23. tan 45° = 1+tan 40° tan 5°

____________________ 24. sin 40° = sin 50° − sin 10°

____________________ 25. cos 65° = cos 35° cos 30° + sin 35° sin 30°

____________________ 26. sin 105° = sin 90° cos 15° + sin 15° cos 90°

tan 90° −tan 15°

____________________ 27. tan 75° = 1+tan 15° tan 90°

tan 80°−tan 5°
____________________ 28. tan 75° =
1+tan 70° tan 5°

____________________ 29. cos 60° = cos 20° + cos 40°

____________________ 30. sin 25° = sin 10° cos 15° + sin 10° cos 15°
 Practice with Sum and Difference Identities KEY

Write each expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent of a single angle.

cos 60°
____________________ 1. cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°

sin 75°
____________________ 2. sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45°

cos 65°
____________________ 3. cos 20° cos 45° − sin 20° sin 45°

tan 90°−tan 10°

tan 80°
____________________ 4. 1+tan 90° tan 10°

sin 5°
____________________ 5. sin 25° cos 20° − cos 25° sin 20°

tan 120°+tan 45°

tan 165°
____________________ 6.
1−tan 120° tan 45°

𝜋
sin (− ) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
12
____________________ 7. sin 4 cos 3 − cos 4 sin 3

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
cos (− )
____________________ 8. cos 2 cos + sin 2 sin
6 3 3

5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan tan −tan
36
____________________ 9. 𝜋
4 9
𝜋
1+tan tan
4 9

sin 20°
____________________ 10. sin 105° cos 85° − cos 105° sin 85°

cos(−15°)
____________________ 11. cos 45° cos 60° + sin 45° sin 60°

cos 105°
____________________ 12. cos 45° cos 60° − sin 45° sin 60°

Write each expression as a sine, cosine, or tangent of a sum or difference of special value angles.

sin(60° + 45°)
____________________ 13. sin 105°
𝜋 𝜋
cos ( − ) 𝜋
3 4
____________________ 14. cos
12
𝜋 𝜋
tan ( + ) 7𝜋
3 4
____________________ 15. tan 12

cos(45° − 120°)
____________________ 16. cos(−75°)

sin(120° + 45°)
____________________ 17. sin 165°
 cos(150° + 45°)
____________________ 18. cos 195 °

tan(240° + 45°)
____________________ 19. tan 285°
3𝜋 𝜋
sin ( + ) 13𝜋
4 3
____________________ 20. sin 12

Determine if each equation is true or false. If the statement is false, highlight the incorrect section.

T
____________________ 21. cos 57° = cos(40° + 17°)

F
____________________ 22. sin 75° = sin 50° cos 25° − cos 50° sin 25°

F tan 40°+tan 5°
____________________ 23. tan 45° = 1+tan 40° tan 5°

F
____________________ 24. sin 40° = sin 50° − sin 10° Can’t just distribute.

F
____________________ 25. cos 65° = cos 35° cos 30° + sin 35° sin 30°

T
____________________ 26. sin 105° = sin 90° cos 15° + sin 15° cos 90°

tan 90° −tan 15°

____________________
T 27. tan 75° =
1+tan 15° tan 90°

F tan 80°−tan 5°
____________________ 28. tan 75° = 1+tan 70° tan 5°

F
____________________ 29. cos 60° = cos 20° + cos 40° Can’t just distribute.

F
____________________ 30. sin 25° = sin 10° cos 15° + sin 10° cos 15°
REVIEW—SUM/DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES NAME____________________________

#1-6. Using the sum & difference identities, condense each of the following and express as a trig
function of a single angle.

1. sin 97o cos43o  cos97o sin 43o 2. cos72o cos130o  sin 72o sin130o

tan140o  tan 60  2  2
3. 4. sin cos  cos sin
1  tan140o tan 60 5 3 5 3

 
tan  tan
    3 4
5. cos cos  sin sin 6.
6 7 6 7  
1  tan tan
3 4

#7-8. Use the sum & difference identities with unit circle values to find exact answers for the
following:
7. tan(105o ) 8. sin 345o

13  3 3
#9-11. Given: csc   ,     , and tan    ,    2 , find the following:
5 2 4 2

9. sin(   ) 10. cos(    ) 11. tan(   )

3
#12-13. If sin    and  is in the third quadrant, find the following:
5

12. cos(  ) 13. tan 2
3

#14-18. Verify the following identities.

3
14. sin(  x)  sin x 15. sin(  x)   cos x
2

sin(    )
16. cos(300  x)  cos(30o  x)  3 cos x 17.  cot   cot 
sin  sin 

18. cos(   )  cos(   )  2cos  cos 

#19-21. Solve each of the following equations over the interval 0, 2  .

    1
19. sin  x    sin  x   
 6  6 2

20. tan  x     2sin  x     0

   3 
21. sin  x    cos  x  0
 2  2 

 7 
Answers: 1. sin190o 2. cos10o 3. tan 80o 4.  sin  
 15 
 13  7 2 6 16
5. cos   6. tan 7. 2  3 8. 9. 
 42  12 4 65
33 16 4  3 3 24  5
10.  11. 12. 13. 19. ,
65 63 10 7 3 3
 5  5
20. 0,  , , 21. ,
3 3 4 4
 School:Aisha bint -abi
Kuta Software bakre
Infinite Secondary
Algebra 2 Name___________________________________

Angle Sum/Difference Identities Date________________ Period____

Use the angle sum identity to find the exact value of each.

1) cos 105° 2) sin 195°

3) cos 195° 4) cos 165°

5) cos 285° 6) cos 255°

7) sin 105° 8) sin 285°

9) cos 75° 10) sin 255°

Use the angle difference identity to find the exact value of each.

11) cos 75° 12) cos −15°

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 13) tan 75° 14) cos 15°

15) tan −105° 16) sin 105°

17) tan 15° 18) sin 15°

19) tan −15° 20) sin −75°

Use the angle sum or difference identity to find the exact value of each.

21) sin −105° 22) cos 195°

7π 13π
23) cos 24) tan
12 12

π 7π
25) sin 26) cos −
12 12

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 Kuta Software - Infinite Algebra 2 Name___________________________________

Angle Sum/Difference Identities Date________________ Period____

Use the angle sum identity to find the exact value of each.

1) cos 105° 2) sin 195°

2− 6 2− 6
4 4

3) cos 195° 4) cos 165°

− 6− 2 − 6− 2
4 4

5) cos 285° 6) cos 255°

6− 2 2− 6
4 4

7) sin 105° 8) sin 285°

6+ 2 − 6− 2
4 4

9) cos 75° 10) sin 255°

6− 2 − 6− 2
4 4

Use the angle difference identity to find the exact value of each.

11) cos 75° 12) cos −15°

6− 2 6+ 2
4 4

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 13) tan 75° 14) cos 15°

2+ 3 6+ 2
4

15) tan −105° 16) sin 105°

2+ 3 6+ 2
4

17) tan 15° 18) sin 15°

2− 3 6− 2
4

19) tan −15° 20) sin −75°

3 −2 − 6− 2
4

Use the angle sum or difference identity to find the exact value of each.

21) sin −105° 22) cos 195°

− 6− 2 − 6− 2
4 4

7π 13π
23) cos 24) tan
12 12

2− 6 2− 3
4

π 7π
25) sin 26) cos −
12 12

6− 2 2− 6
4 4

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5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

Find the exact value of each trigonometric

expression. 4. cos
1. cos 75
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
Write 75 as the sum or difference of angle Write  as the sum or difference of angle 
measures with cosines that you know.
measures with cosines that you know.

2. sin (–210 )
SOLUTION:  
5. tan
Write –210 as the sum or difference of angle
measures with sines that you know.
SOLUTION:  

Write  as the sum or difference of angle 
measures with tangents that you know.

3. sin

SOLUTION:  

Write  as the sum or difference of angle 
measures with sines that you know.
 

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

4. cos
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

5. tan 6. tan

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

Write  as the sum or difference of angle  Write  as the sum or difference of angle 

measures with tangents that you know. measures with cosines that you know.

7. VOLTAGE Analysis of the voltage in a hairdryer

involves terms of the form sin (nwt – 90 ), where n
is a positive integer, w is the frequency of the
voltage, and t is time. Use an identity to simplify this
expression.
SOLUTION:  
6. tan sin (nwt – 90 )

SOLUTION:  

Write  as the sum or difference of angle  8. BROADCASTING When the sum of the

measures with cosines that you know. amplitudes of two waves is greater than that of the
component waves, the result is constructive
interference. When the component waves combine
to have a smaller amplitude, destructive
interference occurs.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

 SOLUTION:   b. The combination of the two functions is zero, and
sin (nwt – 90 ) the amplitude of the constant function is 0.  The 
amplitude of each original function is 10. Since 0 <
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities 10, their sum can be characterized as producing
destructive interference.

8. BROADCASTING When the sum of the 9. WEATHER The monthly high temperatures for
amplitudes of two waves is greater than that of the Minneapolis can be modeled by
component waves, the result is constructive  , where x
interference. When the component waves combine
to have a smaller amplitude, destructive represents the months in which January = 1,
interference occurs. February = 2, and so on. The monthly low
temperatures for Minneapolis can be modeled by
.
a. Write a new function h(x) by adding the two
functions and dividing the result by 2.
b. What does the function you wrote in part a
represent?
Consider two signals modeled by y = 10 sin (2t + SOLUTION:  
30 ) and y = 10 sin (2t + 210 . a.
a. Find the sum of the two functions.
b. What type of interference results when the signals
modeled by the two equations are combined?
SOLUTION:  
a. 10 sin (2t + 30 ) + 10 sin (2t + 210 ).
 
 
b. Since f (x) represents the high temperatures and g
(x) the low temperatures for Minneapolis for each
month x, the sum of these two functions divided by 2
represents the average of the high and low
temperatures for each month.

b. The combination of the two functions is zero, and 10. TECHNOLOGY A blind mobility aid uses the
the amplitude of the constant function is 0.  The  same idea as a bat’s sonar to enable people who are
amplitude of each original function is 10. Since 0 < visually impaired to detect objects around them. The
10, their sum can be characterized as producing sound wave emitted by the device for a certain
destructive interference. patient can be modeled by b = 30(sin 195 )t, where
t is time in seconds and b is air pressure in pascals.
9. WEATHER The monthly high temperatures for a. Rewrite the formula in terms of the difference of
Minneapolis can be modeled by two angle measures.
b. What is the pressure after 1 second?
 , where x
 
represents the months in which January = 1,
February = 2, and so on. The monthly low SOLUTION:  
temperatures for Minneapolis can be modeled by a. 
.
a. Write a new function h(x) by adding the two
functions and dividing the result by 2.  
b. What does the function you wrote in part a b.
represent?
SOLUTION:  
a.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

 
 b. Since f (x) represents the high temperatures and g
(x) the low temperatures for Minneapolis for each
month x, the sum of these two functions divided by 2
5-4 represents
Sum andtheDifference
average of theIdentities
high and low
temperatures for each month.

10. TECHNOLOGY A blind mobility aid uses the 12. cos  cos   + sin   sin 
same idea as a bat’s sonar to enable people who are
visually impaired to detect objects around them. The SOLUTION:  
sound wave emitted by the device for a certain
patient can be modeled by b = 30(sin 195 )t, where
t is time in seconds and b is air pressure in pascals.
a. Rewrite the formula in terms of the difference of
two angle measures.
b. What is the pressure after 1 second?
 
SOLUTION:  
a. 
13. sin 15 cos 75 + cos 15 sin 75
SOLUTION:  
 
b.

14. sin  cos   – cos  sin 

SOLUTION:  

The pressure after 1 second is –7.8 pascals.

Find the exact value of each expression. 15. cos 40 cos 20 – sin 40 sin 20
11.  SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  

16. 
SOLUTION:  

12. cos  cos   + sin   sin 

SOLUTION:  

Simplify each expression.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4
17. 
 SOLUTION:  

5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

Simplify each expression.

22. 
17. 
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  

18. cos  cos x + sin  sin x

23. SCIENCE An electric circuit contains a capacitor,
SOLUTION:   an inductor, and a resistor. The voltage drop across
the inductor is given by VL = IwL cos ,
where I is the peak current, w is the frequency, L is
the inductance, and t is time. Use the cosine sum
19. sin 3y cos y + cos 3y sin y identity to express VL as a function of sin wt.
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  

20. cos 2x sin x – sin 2x cos x

SOLUTION:  

Write each trigonometric expression as an

algebraic expression.
21.  24. sin (arcsin x + arccos x)
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

 
22.  If we let and , then
 and  . Sketch one right triangle
SOLUTION:   with an acute angle and another with an acute
angle . Label the sides such that and
. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express the length of each third side.
 
 

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

23. SCIENCE An electric circuit contains a capacitor,
an inductor, and a resistor. The voltage drop across
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities  

Write each trigonometric expression as an 25. 

algebraic expression.
24. sin (arcsin x + arccos x) SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  

If we let and , then

  Sketch one right triangle with an acute angle and a
If we let and , then acute angle . Label the sides such that an
 and  . Sketch one right triangle Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to express the le
with an acute angle and another with an acute side.
angle . Label the sides such that and
. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express the length of each third side.
 
 

Using these triangles, we find that

and  
Substitute these values in
simplify.
   
Using these triangles, we find that
and
  . Substitute these
values in and simplify.
   

26. 

SOLUTION:  

25. 
SOLUTION:   If we let and , then

 and  . Sketch one right triangle

with an acute angle and another with an acute
If we let and , then angle . Label the sides such that and
Sketch one right triangle with an acute angle and a
acute angle- Powered
. Label the sides such that an . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
eSolutions Manual by Cognero Page 6
Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to express the le express the length of each third side.
side.  
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities
 

26.  27. 

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

If we let and , then If we let and , then

 and  . Sketch one right triangle  and  . Sketch one right triangle
with an acute angle and another with an acute with an acute angle and another with an acute
angle . Label the sides such that and angle . Label the sides such that and

. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express the length of each third side. express the length of each third side.
   

Using these triangles, we find that

Using these triangles, we find that
, ,

, and
, and

. Substitute these values

. Substitute these
in and values in

simplify. and
  simplify.
 

27.  Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Page 7

SOLUTION:   28. 
 values in
and
5-4 simplify.
Sum and Difference Identities
29. 
 
SOLUTION:  

If we let , then . Sketch a right

triangle with an acute angle . Label the sides such
that . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem
to express the length of the third side.
 

28. 
SOLUTION:  

Using this triangle, we find that

If we let and , then . Substitute this

 and  . Sketch one right triangle
with an acute angle and another with an acute value in and simplify.
angle . Label the sides such that and
. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express the length of each third side.
 

Using these triangles, we find that

,

, and

. Substitute these
values and simplify.
 

29. 
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SOLUTION:   Page 8
 Using this triangle, we find that  and  . Sketch one right triangle

. Substitute this with an acute angle and another with an acute

5-4 Sum and Difference Identities angle . Label the sides such that and
value in and simplify.
. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express the length of each third side.
 

Using these triangles, we find that

 and 

. Substitute
these values and simplify.
 

30. 

SOLUTION:  

If we let  and   then 

31. 
 and  . Sketch one right triangle
with an acute angle and another with an acute SOLUTION:  
angle . Label the sides such that and
. Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to
express
eSolutions the- Powered
Manual length of
by each third
Cognero side. Page 9
 
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

Verify each cofunction identity using one or

31.  more difference identities.
 
SOLUTION:   32. tan = cot x

SOLUTION:  

If we let , then . Sketch a right

triangle with an acute angle . Label the sides such
that . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem
to express the length of the third side.
 
33. sec = csc x

SOLUTION:  

Using this triangle, we find that

. Substitute this

value in and simplify.

34. cot = tan x

SOLUTION:  

Verify each reduction identity.

35. cos ( – ) = – cos
SOLUTION:  

Verify each cofunction identity using one or

more difference identities.
 
36. cos (2 + ) = cos
32. tan = cot x
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
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37. 
 SOLUTION:  
On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities  and x = .

36. cos (2 + ) = cos 41. cos( + x) + cos ( + x) = 1

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

37. sin ( – ) = sin
SOLUTION:  

38. sin (90 + ) = cos 

SOLUTION:  

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =

39. cos (270 – ) = –sin
 and x = .
SOLUTION:  
42. cos  + sin   = 0

SOLUTION:  
Find the solution to each expression on the
interval [0, 2π).
40. cos  – sin  = 0

SOLUTION:  

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x

= .

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =

43. sin  + sin   = 
 and x = .
SOLUTION:  
41. cos( + x) + cos ( + x) = 1
SOLUTION:  

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x

= .
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

44. sin  + sin   = −2
 On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x
5-4 =Sum. and Difference Identities
On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x = 0.

45. tan ( + x) + tan ( + x) = 2
43. sin  + sin   = 
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x

= .

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x

44. sin  + sin   = −2
= .
SOLUTION:  
Verify each identity.
46. 

SOLUTION:  

On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x = 0.

47. cot – tan  =  
45. tan ( + x) + tan ( + x) = 2
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

48.  =
SOLUTION:  
On the interval [0, 2 ),  when x =  and x
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12
= .

Verify each identity.

5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

51. y = cos2  + cos

2
 
48.  =
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
2 2
Graph y = cos  + cos  using a 
graphing calculator.

The function appears to be equivalent to y = 1.

49. 2 sin a cos b = sin (a + b) + sin (a – b)
SOLUTION:  

GRAPHING CALCULATOR Graph each

function and make a conjecture based on the
graph. Verify your conjecture algebraically.  
50. y = [sin (x + 2 ) + sin (x – 2 )]
PROOF Consider ΔXYZ. Prove each identity.
(Hint: x + y + z = π)
SOLUTION:  

Graph y = [sin (x + 2π) + sin (x – 2π)] using a

graphing calculator.

52. cos (x + y) = –cos z
SOLUTION:  

The function appears to be equivalent to y = sin x.

53. sin z = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
SOLUTION:  

51. y = cos2  + cos

2
 
54. tan x + tan y + tan z = tan x tan y tan z
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
2 2  
Graph
eSolutions y = -cos
Manual  + cos
Powered by Cognero  using a  Page 13

graphing calculator.
 SOLUTION:  

5-4 Sum and Difference Identities  

54. tan x + tan y + tan z = tan x tan y tan z  

SOLUTION:  
 

55. CALCULUS The difference quotient is given by

  .
a. Let f (x) = sin x. Write and expand an expression
for the difference quotient.
b. Set your answer from part a equal to y . Use a
graphing calculator to graph the function for the
following values of h: 2, 1, 0.1, and 0.01.
c. What function does the graph in part b resemble
as h approaches zero?
SOLUTION:   c. cos x
a. 56. ANGLE OF INCLINATION The angle of
inclination θ  of a line is the angle formed between
the positive x-axis and the line, where 0º < < 180
.
  a. Prove that the slope m of line is given by m =
tan  .
b.
  

b. Consider lines 1 and 2 below with slopes m1

and m2, respectively. Derive a formula for the angle
 formed by the two lines.
 
 
 
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14
 b. Consider lines 1 and 2 below with slopes m1
slope of line 1 is  and of line 2 is 1. Therefore, 
and m2, respectively. Derive a formula for the angle
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities
 formed by the two lines.
m1 =  and m2 = 1.
 

c. Use the formula you found in part b to find the

angle formed by y = x and y = x.

SOLUTION:  
a. PROOF Verify each identity.

57. tan ( + )=
SOLUTION:  

 
b. From part a, we know that the slope of a line is 58. 
equivalent to the tangent of its angle of inclination.
Therefore tan θ1 = m1, tan θ2 = m2. We are given SOLUTION:  
that the angle formed by the intersection of the two
lines γ is equivalent to θ2 – θ1. Use this information to
derive a formula for γ.

c.  Let y = x be line 1 and y = x be line 2. The

59. sin ( + ) = sin cos  + cos  sin
slope of line 1 is  and of line 2 is 1. Therefore, 
SOLUTION:  

m1 =  and m2 = 1.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15

60. sin (  − ) = sin cos  − cos sin
SOLUTION:  
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

59. sin ( + ) = sin cos  + cos  sin 63. sin (x – y)

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  

If sin x = and x is in Quadrant IV, then cos x =

. If  cos y = and y is in
60. sin (  − ) = sin cos  − cos sin
Quadrant I, then sin y = or .
SOLUTION:  

61. REASONING Use the sum identity for sine to

derive an identity for sin (x + y + z) in terms of sines
and cosines.
SOLUTION:  
64. tan (x + y)
SOLUTION:  

If sin x =  and x is in Quadrant IV, then tan x =

CHALLENGE If sin x =  and cos y = , find
each of the following if x is in Quadrant IV and y  or  . If  cos y = and y is in
is in Quadrant I.
62. cos (x + y) Quadrant I, then tan y = or .
SOLUTION:  

If sin x =  and x is in Quadrant IV, then cos x =

. If  cos y = and y is in

Quadrant I, then sin y = or .

63. sin (x – y)
SOLUTION:  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16
If sin x = and x is in Quadrant IV, then cos x =
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

64. tan (x + y) 65. REASONING Consider sin 3x cos 2x = cos 3x sin

2x.
SOLUTION:   a. Find the solutions of the equation over [0, 2π)
algebraically.
If sin x =  and x is in Quadrant IV, then tan x =
b. Support your answer graphically.
 or  . If  cos y = and y is in SOLUTION:  
a.
Quadrant I, then tan y = or .
 
On the interval [0, 2π), when .
 
b. Graph Y1 =  and Y2 = .
The intersection of these two graphs on [0, 2π) is at
x = 0 and x = π.

PROOF Prove each difference quotient

identity.
66. 
SOLUTION:  

67. 
65. REASONING Consider sin 3x cos 2x = cos 3x sin SOLUTION:  
2x.
a. Find the solutions of the equation over [0, 2π)
algebraically.
b. Support your answer graphically.
SOLUTION:  
a.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 17

 
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities

Verify each identity.

67. 
SOLUTION:   70.  = sec θ
SOLUTION:  

68. Writing in Math Can a tangent sum or difference 71.  −  = cot θ

identity be used to solve any tangent reduction
SOLUTION:  
formula? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:  
No; sample answer: A tangent sum or difference
identity can be used to solve a tangent reduction
formula as long as the angle is not a multiple of
 radians, since  does not exist.

69. PHYSICS According to Snell’s law, the angle at

which light enters water α is related to the angle at Find the exact value of each expression, if it
which light travels in water β by sin = 1.33 sin . exists.
At what angle does a beam of light enter the water if 72. sin – 1 (−1)
the beam travels at an angle of 23 through the
water? SOLUTION:  
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
 with a y-coordinate of –1.

SOLUTION:  

–1
When t = , sin t = –1. Therefore, sin (–1) =
Verify each identity.
.
70.  = sec θ
SOLUTION:  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 73. tan – 1 Page 18

SOLUTION:  
 Using this triangle, we find that
–1
When t = , sin t = –1. Therefore, sin (–1) =
.
. and Difference Identities
5-4 Sum 75. MONEY Suppose you deposit a principal amount of
P dollars in a bank account that pays compound
73. tan –1 interest. If the annual interest rate is r (expressed as
a decimal) and the bank makes interest payments n
SOLUTION:   times every year, the amount of money A you would
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval have after t years is given by A(t) = .
 such that  = . a. If the principal, interest rate, and number of
  interest payments are known, what type of function
is A(t) = ? Explain your reasoning.
b. Write an equation giving the amount of money you
would have after t years if you deposit $1000 into an
account paying 4% annual interest compounded
quarterly (four times per year).
c. Find the account balance after 20 years.
SOLUTION:  
a. Since the values are assumed to be known, let p =
1000, n = 12, and r = 6%. Substitute these values
into the equation.
 
When t = , tan t = . Therefore, arctan (

)= .

74. tan
After simplifying, we determine that A(t) is
SOLUTION:   exponential. Regardless of the values that we
substitute, the coefficient and the base of the
If we let , then . Sketch a right exponent will be fixed while the exponent will be
variable.
triangle with an acute angle u. Label the sides such  
that . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem b. We are given a value of 1000 for P as well as a
rate r of 0.04. Interest is compounded quarterly, so
to express the length of the third side. we can assume 4 payments per year. Substitute
  these values into the equation.

Using this triangle, we find that  

c. To find the balance after 20 years, substitute 20
. for t.

75. MONEY Suppose you deposit a principal amount of

P dollars in a bank account that pays compound
interest. If the annual interest rate is r (expressed as
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19
a decimal) and the bank makes interest payments n The account balance will be $2216.72 after 20 years.
times every year, the amount of money A you would
List all possible rational zeros of each function.
 can use the final quotient to write a factored form of
2
g(x) as g(x) = (x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 5). Because the
2
factor (x − 5) yields no rational zeros, the rational
5-4  Sum and Difference Identities zeros of p are –3 and 2.
c. To find the balance after 20 years, substitute 20
for t.
77. d(x) = 2x4– x3 –6x2 + 5x – 1
SOLUTION:  
The leading coefficient is 6 and the constant term is
The account balance will be $2216.72 after 20 years. −1. The possible rational zeros are ± ,  ± , ± , and
List all possible rational zeros of each function. ±1.
Then determine which, if any, are zeros. By using synthetic division, it can be determined that
76. p (x) = x4 +x3 – 11x – 5x + 30  is the only rational zero.
SOLUTION:  
Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible
rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant
term 30. Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g
are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±5, ±6, ±10, ±15, and ±30.
  3
The depressed polynomial 2x – 3x + 1 yields no
By using synthetic division, it can be determined that
2 is a rational zero. rational zeros. Therefore, the rational zero of d is .

78. f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x – 6

  SOLUTION:  
By using synthetic division on the depressed Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible
polynomial, it can be determined that –3 is a rational rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant
zero. term −6. Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g
are .
Using synthetic division, it does not appear that the
polynomial has any rational zeros.
  79. SAT/ACT There are 16 green marbles, 2 red
Because (x − 2) and (x + 3) are factors of g(x), we marbles, and 6 yellow marbles in a jar. How many
can use the final quotient to write a factored form of yellow marbles need to be added to the jar in order
2 to double the probability of selecting a yellow
g(x) as g(x) = (x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 5). Because the
2 marble?
factor (x − 5) yields no rational zeros, the rational
A4
zeros of p are –3 and 2.
B6
C8
77. d(x) = 2x4– x3 –6x2 + 5x – 1 D 12
SOLUTION:   E 16
The leading coefficient is 6 and the constant term is SOLUTION:  
−1. The possible rational zeros are ± ,  ± , ± , and First find the probability of selecting a yellow.
±1. .
By using synthetic division, it can be determined that
For this probability to double, it would have to
 is the only rational zero.
be or . Let y be the number of yellow
marbles you would need to add to the jar to make the
probability equal .
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20

3
The depressed polynomial 2x – 3x + 1 yields no
 rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant
term −6. Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g
are .
5-4 Using synthetic division,
Sum and Difference it does not appear that the
Identities A total of 12 yellow marbles will need to be added to
polynomial has any rational zeros. the jar to double the probability of selecting a yellow.

79. SAT/ACT There are 16 green marbles, 2 red 80. REVIEW Refer to the figure below. Which
marbles, and 6 yellow marbles in a jar. How many equation could be used to find m G?
yellow marbles need to be added to the jar in order
to double the probability of selecting a yellow
marble?
A4
B6
C8
D 12
F sin G =
E 16
SOLUTION:   G cos G =
First find the probability of selecting a yellow.
. H cot G =

For this probability to double, it would have to

J tan G =
be or . Let y be the number of yellow
SOLUTION:  
marbles you would need to add to the jar to make the
probability equal .

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we know that GH

= 5. Any of the following trigonometric ratios could
be used to find G.
A total of 12 yellow marbles will need to be added to
the jar to double the probability of selecting a yellow.

80. REVIEW Refer to the figure below. Which

equation could be used to find m G?

F sin G =

G cos G =
Only choice H has a correct ratio given.
H cot G = 81. Find the exact value of sin .

J tan G =

SOLUTION:    
A  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 21

B
5-4 Sum and Difference Identities
Only choice H has a correct ratio given.

81. Find the exact value of sin .

 
A  

SOLUTION:  
Since θ  = 60 + 45 , use the Sine Sum Identity.

A is the correct choice.

82. REVIEW Which of the following is equivalent to

?
F tan  
G cot
H sec
J csc
SOLUTION:  

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