Chapter 3.1 - Conservation Laws (Conservation of Mass)

Chapter 3: Conservation laws
Conservation of Mass
Process Fluid Flow

(PFF260S)
PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 1

3. Conservation Laws
3.1 System and Control volume
• System:
– closed can exchange energy with its surroundings, but cannot
exchange matter across the boundary.
– Open can exchange both matter (mass) and energy with its
surroundings.
• Control volume: the region of space identified for analysis of open systems

3.2 Conservation of Mass
• The amount of mass in a system is constant- conservation of mass.
• For a closed system: dm

0
dt
• For a control volume: dm  in  m

m  out
dt
 in : Total inlet mass flow rate, in SI units kg/s

m
 out : Total outlet mass flow rate, in SI units kg/s

m
dm
: Rate of change of mass within a control volume (CV)
dt
[accumulat ion of mass inside the control volume]

3.3 The Continuity Equation
• We know that: m  V
(V is the volume in m3).
• For a differential volume: dm  dV
• Integrating: m

cv
dV
• Therefore, accumulation of mass inside a control volume is:

dm d
 dV
dt dt cv

• The mass flow through a differential area dA on the control surface:

m   (v .n )dA   (v cos  )dA


n : The unit vector out of the area

v : The flow velocity
• Net rate of flow of mass through the surface:
 

  (v .n )dA   (v cos  )dA
cs cs
dm
• General conservation of mass:  in  m
m  out
dt
(continuity equation)
 
dV    v cos  dA
d
dt cv cv
• When the density and velocity are continuous:
dm
dt

 ( vA)in 
 ( vA)out
Normal flow at exit: θ = 0°
Normal flow at inlet: θ = 180°
• Or
dm
dt

 
m
in

 
m
out
Where, vA  m
;
v  velocity (m/s)
and, vA  Q (Volumetri c flow rate, m3 / s )

3.4 Continuity Equation - Applications
d 
• Steady state flow: Nothing changes with time   0 
 dt 
• Therefore: dm  m in  m out  0  in  m
 m  out
dt
• For steady flows involving more than one stream of a specific fluid:
𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
• If the steady flow is also incompressible (constant density), the net

volume flow rate is also zero:
 Qout 
 Qin  0

3.5 Class examples (Continuity Equation)

3.5.1 Class Exercise
Sea water flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at the

end of a fire hose as illustrated in the figure below. If the nozzle exit
velocity must be at least 20m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.

Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight section of
0.1-m inside diameter pipe. The static temperature and pressure at each
section are indicated in the figure below. If the average air velocity at
section (1) is 205 m/s, determine the average air velocity at section (2).

Initially, a tank holds 500kg of salt solution containing 10% salt. At point
(1) a stream enters at a constant flow of 10kg/h containing 20% salt. A
stream leaves at point (2) at a constant rate of 5kg/h. The tank is well
stirred. Determine the weight fraction of the salt in the tank wA after
2hrs.

A nozzle of cross-sectional area A2 is discharged to the atmosphere and is

located in the side of a large tank, in which the open surface of the liquid
in the tank is H m above the center line of the nozzle. Determine the
height of the liquid in the tank as a function of time.

Syllabus
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and its Basic Concepts

 Properties of Fluids
 Pressure and Fluid Statics
• Mass, Momentum and Energy Conservation Equations
• Flow in Pipes
• Losses in Piping System
• Piping Network and Pump Selection

References (PFF260S)
• Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., and Okiishi, T. H. 2006.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. Wiley: New York.
• White, F.M. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill: New
York.
• Geankoplis. C.J. 1993. Transport Processes and Unit Operations.
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
• Fox, R.W., McDonald, A.T. & Pritchard, P.J. 2004. Introduction to
Fluid Mechanics. 6th edition. Wiley: New York.
• Holland, F.A. 1995. Fluid Flow for Chem. Engineers. 2nd edition.
Edward Arnold: London.
• Welty, J.R., Wicks, C. E., Wilson, R. E. 2001. Fundamentals of
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th ed. John Wiley: New
York.

References (PFF260S)
• Cengel, Y.A. & Cimbala, J.M. 2013. Fluid Mechanics:

fundamentals and applications. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. & Maloney, J.O. (eds). 1998. Perry’s
chemical engineer’s handbook. 7th ed. McGraw Hill: New York.
• Anderson, J.D. 1995. Computational fluid dynamics: the basics
with applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Chapter 3: Conservation laws

Process Fluid Flow

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 1

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 2

• The amount of mass in a system is constant- conservation of mass.

• For a closed system: dm

• For a control volume: dm  in  m

 in : Total inlet mass flow rate, in SI units kg/s

 out : Total outlet mass flow rate, in SI units kg/s

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 3

• For a differential volume: dm  dV

• Therefore, accumulation of mass inside a control volume is:

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 4

• Net rate of flow of mass through the surface:

• When the density and velocity are continuous:

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 6

3.4 Continuity Equation - Applications

• If the steady flow is also incompressible (constant density), the net

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 7

3.5 Class examples (Continuity Equation)

Sea water flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at the

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 8

3.5.2 Class Exercise

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 9

3.5.3 Class Exercise

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 10

3.5.4 Class Exercise

A nozzle of cross-sectional area A2 is discharged to the atmosphere and is

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 11

 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and its Basic Concepts

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 12

• Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., and Okiishi, T. H. 2006.

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 13

• Cengel, Y.A. & Cimbala, J.M. 2013. Fluid Mechanics:

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 14

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