NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Hp A BSE Al Sn Code for Design of Masonry Structures i) fe Ba Be iP BL GB 50003 — 2001 CR Ri) ‘Chief Editorial Department; Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China Approval Department; Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China Executive Date: March 1,3002 China Architecture & Building Press Fa thc kk me Beijing 2002NOTICE ‘The code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and the English text.Notice of Promulgation for the National Standard “Code for Design of Masonry Structures” Document JB[2002]No.9 According to the requirements of Notice of Printing and Distributing for the 1998 Preparation and Revision Plan of Engineering Construction Standards, Document JB[ 1998] No. 94 the Ministry of Construction”, this Code for Design of Masonry Structures has been revised by the Ministry of Con- struction of P.R.C together with the relevant departments, after extensive consultation by relevant de= partments. Hence the new code has been approved as a national standard with a serial nuriber of GBSO003—2001 , which shall came into foree upon March 1,2002, Herein, Clauses 3.1.1,3.2.1, 3.2.2,3,.2.3,5.1.1,5.2.4,5.2.5,6,1.1,6.2.1,6.2.2,6,2.8,6.2.10,6.2.11,7.1.2,7.1.3, 7,3.2,7.3,12,7.4.1,7.4.6,8,2,8,9.2.2,9.4.3, 10.1.8, 10.4. 11, 10.4. 12, 10.4. 14, 10.4. 19,10.5.5 and 10.5.6 are mandatory clauses, which must be enforced strictly. At the same time. the former Code For Design of Masonry Structures GB) 3 ~ 88 is superseded by the new code at December 31,2002. The Ministry of Construction is in charge of management and explanation of the mandatory clauses in the code,the China Northeast Architectural Design & Research Institute is responsible for the expla- nation of specific lechnical items. Whereas the printing and issuance of this Cade falls into the respon- sibility of China Architecture & Building Press under the organization of the Research Institute of Stan- dards and Norms of the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China. Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China January 10,2002Preface This Code is published, throagh a complete revision of theCode for Design of Masonry Strurures" GBJ 3-88, by the China Northeast Architectural Design & Research Institue in conjunction with the relevant design, research and teaching institutions on the basis of the requirements in the“ Notice of Printing and Distributing for the 1998 Preparation and Revision Plan of Engineering Construction Stan- dards, Document JB[ 1998) No.4 the Ministry of Construction”, put farward by the Ministry of Con- struction of PRC, In the period of revision of this Code, the code revision grup Launched various studies an specific topics, carried out extensive investigative analysis as well as summarized scientific achievements and engineering experience relating to the structures of the new masonry materials of the recent years with the consideration of China's economic condition and engincering practice and collected comments from the conceming institutions nationwide, discussed, revised, replenished and trial-designed for several times before reviewed and finalized under the organization from the department of sinndards and norms of Ministry of Construction . ‘There are ten articles and five appendices for this revision. The main revised contents are listed below: 1. Masonry materials: the computation indexes for new masonry materials of the recent years are intmduced, e.g. autoclaved sand-lime bricks, autoclaved flyash-lime bricks, light aggregate concrete blocks and conerete small hollow blacks with grout; 2.Composite expression composed mainly af gravity load effect is replenished and the eelighle de- gree of the masonry structure is appropriately adjusted! on the basis of the “inified Standard for Reli bility Design of Building Stractures”GB S0068 5 3. Quality control level of masonry eanstruction relating to the reliable degree of masonry structure is introduced on the basis of the intemational standart, “Code for Design of Reinforced Masonry Struc- ture" ISO 9652—3 and the national standard, “Cade for Aceeptance of Construction Quality of Masorary Engineering” GB 50203; 4. Value determination of eccentric distance i adjusted for compressive members of unteinforced masongy , and computation method is added for bi-directional eccentric compression of unreinforced ma- sony unit; 5. Computation method is replenished for partial compression on rigid bearing block and analysis method is replenished for restrained bending moment of beam with its span zn and lcated at abut- ments 6. Computation method is revised for sheared member af masonry along horizontal bed joints; 7. Minimum strength grade of masonry material is improved on the basis of the principle of proper increment of the reliable degree and durability of masonry structure: 8. Structural measures for cavity walls filled with insulation is added on the hasis of the require- ment of energy saving for constructions9. Anti-cracking measures are more strengthened for buildings constructed of masonry structure. especially for cracking-prevention and antiscracking stractural measures for masomry structures can= strucied of new wall materials on the basis of the requirement of housing commereialization; 10, Design method is replenished for consecutive wall beam and framework-supported wall beams 11. Design method is replenished for composite walls constructed of brick masonry and concrete structural columns: 12. Design method is added for shear wall structure of reinforced black masoriry -Eavthquake-resistance design for masonry structural member is added according to require- ment 14. Contents related to midile-size masonry units, cavity wall and cylindrical arch ete addressed in the orjginal code are deleted, Probably, this Code will be required for partial revision, ta which the related information and clause: contents will be published in the magazine titled” Standardization of Engineering Construction” . ‘The contems in boldface in this Cade are mandatory and must be strictly implemented . Tn onder to improve the quality for this Code, those who use the Code are kindly requested to pay attention to summarizing their experience of the use of this Code, cellecting information, and mail rele- ‘vant suggestions and comments in a timely manner to the Design Institute of China North-east Construc- tion for reference in future revision. The address of the Design Institute is 65, Cuangrong Jie (Glory Street) .Shenyang City Liaoning, China, Post Code: 110003 . E-mail : yuanzf@ mail. sy.In.en Hunan University Harbin Construction University Zhejiang, University ‘Tongji University Design Institute of Ministry of Mechanical Industey Xi" an Scientific and Technological Univessity of Construction Chongqing Institute of Construction Science ‘Zhengzhou Industrial University Chongqing Construction University Beijing Municipal Design Institute of Construction Institute of Construction Science of Sichuan Province Development Center of Construction Technology of Yunnan Province Changsha Communication College Guangzhou Municipal Scientific Research Institute of Civil Construction Shenyang Construction Engineering College China Southwest Architectural Design & Research Instite Seientific Research Institute of Construction of Shaanxi Province Hefei Industrial UniversityYizhen Engineering Design Co. Lad. Shenzhen ‘Zhongsheng Construction Survey and Design Co. Lid. Changsha Ete. Chief Drafting Staffs: Yuan Zhenfang Shi Gong Shioxi Xu Pow Binghang Lin Liang Xingwen Hou Wa Mingshun Zhang Jin Weiliang Yang Liv Ming Jiang Wa Cumin Xiao Li Finbar (Chuxian Jian Wensiu Ruxin Ying, Weijun Honghin Yaming Tang Hu Lin Liu Xie Li He Zhang Qiugu Jiaxi Qinglin Wankang Jiangang, Fiano Fenglai Bo WangTable of Contents 1 General Principles 2° Terms and Symbols -- 2.1) Terms 2.2 Symbols 3) Materials 3.1 Grade of Strength of Materials “ sett tieceneene 3.2 Caleulation Index for Masonry Unit 4 Fundamental Design Stipulations 4.1 Design Principle 4.2, Stipulations for Static Caleulation of Building Structures 5 Unreinforced Masonry Units -~ 5.1 Compressive Member - 5.2 Local Compression Momber - 5.3 Axial Tensile Member ~ 5.4 Flexural Member 3.5. Shear Member 6 Requirements for Structures 6.1 Allowable Ratio of Height to Section Thickness of Wall or Column 6.2 General Structural Requirements 63 Main Measves to Prevent or Miao Wally fry Cracking 7 Ring Beam, Lintels, Wall Beams aod Candlever Beams mM Rig Bea 7.2 Limels - 7.3 Wall Beams 7.4 Cantilever Beams +++ + 48 8 Reinforced Brick Masonry Members 2 8.1 Steel Mesh Reinforced Brick Masonry Meeibers 2 8.2 Composite Brick Masonry Members + 34 9 Reinforced Block Masonry Members “61 9.1 General Rules <--> 9.2. Calculation of Normal Section Compressive Load-bearing Capac 9.3 Calculation of Inclined Section Shearcd Load-bearing Capacity 9.4 Stipulations for Stmictures Requirernents of Reinforced Concrete Masonry of Seructural (Shear) Wall 10° Barthquake-resistant Design of Maco Structural Members 10.1 General Stipulations10.2 Unreinforced Masonry Members ++" 10.3 Reinforced Brick Masonry Members “ 10.4 Shearing Walls of Reinforced Block Masonry 10.5 Wall Beams Appendix A Specifications and Dimensions of Stone Materials and the Method for Defining Strength Grades of Stone Materials. - Appendix B Calculating Formulas of Mean Strength Value for Characteristic Values of the Strength Appendix C The Static Caleulation of Rigid-elastic Analysis Scheme Appendix D The Influence Coefficients g and ¢. Explanation of Wording in This Code ~~ ‘National Standard ~ Ce fr Dn of Miony Src” G S201 Partial Revised Clauses (Mandatory Clauses) - rious Kinds of Masonry and1 General Principles 1.0.1 This Code is published specially for the purpose of implementing national technical and cco- nomic policies ia the design of masonry structures. Designers in this ficld are required to adhere wo the principles of adjusting their measures to local conditions and using local materials to select rational structural schemes and building materials and make the masonry technology be advanced with rational economy, safe and serviceable as well as full assurance of quality. 1,0.2 This Code, with the exception of those that shall be conducted as per dedicated stipulations if they art under special conditions or have special requirements, is applicable to the structural design of the following kinds of mmsonry units in the construction engineering: 1 Brick masonry units, including unreinforced or reinforced masonry units constructed of fired common bricks, fired perforated bricks, autoclaved sund-lime bricks and autoclaved flyash-lime bricks, 2 Block masonry units, including concrete, light aggregate concrete blocks, which are unrein- forced or reinforced. 3° Stone masonry, including all kinds of rubble ashlars and random rubles. 1.0.3. This Code is formulated in accordance with the principles specified in the current national standard ,"“Unified Standard for Reliability Design of Building Structures” GB 50068, with the design lems ond eymbols there being adopted as per the stipulations set forth in the current national standard “Standard for Terminology and Symbols Used in Design of Building Structure"GB/T $0083. 1.0.4 When making design accanding to the present Code, the load shall be implemented as per the rules in the current national. standard, “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" GB 50009. the quality of material and construction shall conform to the requirements in the current national noms, “Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010,“ Code for Arceptance of Construction Quality of Masonry Enginoering"GB 50203 and “Code for Acceptance of Constructional Quality of Concrete Struc tures"GB 50204, while the design of Strutue earthquake resistance shall also conform to the rules in the current national norm, “Code for Seismic Design of Buildingx”GB 50011. 1.0.5 Design of masonry structures shall be in accordance with the requirements in this Cade and shall also conform to the present mules in the relevant national standards and codes.2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 Masonry structure Masonry Structure means a structure in which the building's main load-bearing capacity comes from the wall and the column built with units and mortar, and is a general designation for structures of brick masonry structure, block masonry structure and stone masoney structure. 2.1.2 Reinforced masonry structure Reinforced Masonry Structure means a structure in which the building’ s main lasd-besring eapacity comes from reinforced masonry member and is a general designation for structures of mesh-reinfored masonry columns, of horizontally reinforced masonry walls.of hybrid masonry columns or walls constricted of brick masonry with reinforced concrete topping or of reinforced mortar topping. of composite walls of brick masonry with reinforced concrete structural columns, and of reinforced concrete masonry shear wall. 2.1.3 Reinforced concrete masonry shear wall structure Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Wall Structure means a building structure composed of the reinforced concrete masonry shear wall which ean support vertical and horizontal actions. concrete floor and ref, 2.1.4) Fired common brick Fined Common Brick means a bumt solid brick or perforated brick with hole mite not greater than the specified value and its shape and dimension being in conformance tw the specified size which is made of clay shale, gangue or fly-ash as its main raw materials, and is classified into fired clay brick, fired shale brick. fired gangue brick and fired fly-ash brick ete. 2.1.5 Fired perforated brick Fired Perforated Brick means a fired brick with hole rate not less than 25% and with more boles of sinall size, made of clay, shale, gangue or fly-ash as itt main raw materials, mainly acting to support the weight part-and is also designated az perforated brick for short. Currently, the perforated brick is classified into Model P and Medel M. 2.1.6 Autoclaved sand-lime brick Autoclaved Sand-lime Brick means a brick made of lime and sand as its main raw materials, pressed into shape from the prepared blank, autoclaved and cured, and is designated as sand-lime brick for short. 2.1.7 Autoclaved flyash-lime brick Autoclaved Flyash-lime Brick means a solid brick made of fly-ash and lime as its main raw materials mixed with an amount of gypsuen and aggregate, pressed into shape from the prepared blank, autoclaved under high pressure and cured,and és designated as fly-ash brick for short 22.1.8 Concrete small hollow black Concrete Small Hollow Block means a hollow block made of common concrete ot light aggregate concrete, sized 390mm x 190mm x 190mm, with a hollow rate between 25% and 50%. and is designated as concrete blocks or blocks for short 2.1.9 Mortar for concrete small hollow block Mortar for Concrete Small Hallow Block means a mortar for laying made of cement, sand, wates and other components such as mixture and additives with an amount of percentage ax necessary, blended in mixer for dedicated use in laying concrete blocks, and is designated ax dedicated building black mortar for short. 2.1.10, Grout for concrete small hollow block Grout for Concrete Small Hollow Block means grout made of cement, aggregate, water and other components such ax mixture and additives with an amount of percentage as necessary, blended in mixer for grouting core columns laid with concrete block masonry or other part where holes need be filled , and is designated as grout for small hollow block for short 2.1.11 Pilastered wall Pilastered Wall means a strengthened wall bady made at a regular spacing along its length by lay- ing a partial of such wall wider to form a wall with buttress, 2.1.12 Rigid transverse wall Rigid Transverse Wall means a transverse wall, of which the stiffness and the load-bearing capacity conform to the requirements specified in masonry structures, and is also designated as trans- verse stable structure. 2.1.13 Cavity wall filled with insulation Cavity Wall Filled with Insulation means a wall body formed by filling insulating material inside preserved in the wall body and by connecting the inside face and the autside one of a wall with antirust metal bracing member 2.1.14 Stuctural concrete column Structural Concrete Column means a concrete column constricted by reinforcing it based on con struction requirement and a construction sequence of hiying wall first,then placing concrete column om the specified position on the building wall of ulti-storey masonry. It is generally designated as structural concrete column and is also called as structural column for short. 2.1.18 Ring beam Ring Beam means a conerete beam member with a closing form placed along the horizontal direction of the masonry wall and reinforced as per the structure on the cornice, the top of a window and the floor of a building, on the top of a beam constructed for crane or at the clevation of the top surface ‘of a foundation , 2.1.16 Wall beam Wall Beam means a composite member composed of reinforced concrete joist and the masonry wall within the calculated height thereon, including simply supported wall beam, continuous wall bean and fumewuck-oupporting wall beam.2.1.17 Cantilever beam Cantilever Beam means a cantilever reinforced concrete beam embedded in masonry, usually means the balcony cantilever beam, awning cantilever beam or out-corridor cantilever bean. 2.1.18 Design working life Design Working Life means the duration specified by design, during which only normal. mainte- nance lo the structure or to its member can assure its use as scheduled objective and no overhauling or strengthening is needed 2.1.19 Static analysis scheme of building Static Analysis Scheme of Building means a structural static analysis cketeh determined on the ba- sis of the work performance of the space of a building. The static calculation scheme of a building in- cludes Rigid Analysis Scheme ,Rigid-elastic Analysis Scheme end Elastic Analysis Scheme: 2.1.20 Rigid analysis scheme Rigid Analysis Scheme means a scheme of conducting static calculation on the wall and column based an the floor and roof, which are used as horizontal and fixed asticulated abutment. 2.1.21 Rigid-elastic analysis scheme Rigid-elastic Analysis Scheme means a scheme of conducting static calculation on the wall and column based on floor and roof articulated with wall and column and considering the spatial working of bent and frame. 2.1.22 Elastic analysis scheme Elastic Anulysis Scheme means a scheme of conducting static calculation on the wall and column based on floar and roof articulated with wall and column and no consideration of the spatial warking of bent and frame. 2.1.23 Upper Mexible and lower rigid complex multi-storey building Upper Flexible and Lower Rigid Complex Multi-storey Building means a complex multi-storey building, of which the upper storey does not meet the requirements specified in the rigid scheme but the lower stories do in the structure calculation analysis. 2.1.24 ‘Types of roof or floor structure Types of Roof or Floor Structure means types which are idemtified for roof and floor on the basis of their structure and construction and its corresponding stiffness. According to common structure, roof and floor can be classified into three types, while the horizontal stiffness in every type of roof and floor is deemed approximatively the same. 2.1.25 Ratio of height to sectional thickness of wall or column Ratio of Height ta Sectional Thickness of Wall or Calumn means the ratio of the calculated height of masonry wall and column to its specified thickness. The specified thickness means the thickness of the wall for a wall, while for column means the length of the corresponding side of the column and for pilastered wall,means the converted thickness of the section. 2.1.26 Effective support length of beam end Pifective Support Length of Beam End means the distribution length of the compressive strss around a beam end along the directien of a heam span on the interface off a masonry meriber or a rigid mat.2.1.27 Caleulating overtuming point Calculating Overtuming Point means a revolution center taken as per stipulations when checking the computations of a cantilever beam against overtuming. 2.1.28 Expansion and contraction joint Expansion and Contraction Joint means a vertical joint that can expand and contrat each other freely by which building is split into two or a number of independent units. In general ,there ane double wall expansion and contraction joint ,deuble column expansion and contraction joint, ele. 2.1.29 Control joint Contml Joint means 2 structural joint that is placed where its stress is comparatively concentrated oor vertical mortar joints are consistent along a wall inside a position of a wall, allows the wall to deform freely and hao sufficient resisting capacity to the ouside forve. 2.1.30 Category of construction quality cantral Category af Construction Quality Contre] means eategory of construction quality control of a mason- ry unit that is classified on the basis of the integrated level of the quality assuranee system, the strength of mortar and conesete and the skill grade of the building workers in a construction site. 2.2 Symbols 2.2.1 Performance of material MU—strength grade of masonry unit M—strength grade of mortars Mb—strength grade of mortar for concrete masonry block: C—strength grade of concrete; Ch-—-strength grade of grout for concrete small hollow block ; fi—imide value or mean value of the compressive strength of masonry: units Jfi—mean value of the compressive strength of mortar; ffi design value and characteristic value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit; fg —design value of the compressive strength of grout for canerete small hollow block of single-rowed holes and laid in non-stagzered holes (designated as design value of the ‘compressive strength of grout for hollow block for short) : fo —design value of the shear strength of grout for concrete small holkne block of single- rowed holes and laid in non-staggered holes (designated as design value of the shear ‘strength of grout for hollow block for short) ; fisfuk——design value and characteristic valve of the axial tensile strength of @ masonry unit: fen-Som.k——design value and characteristic value of the axial tensile strength of the bending of a masonry unit; Fosfee—design value and characteristic value of the shear strength of a masonry unit: Sa—Wesign value of the earthquake-resistance and shear strength of @ masonry unit destructed along stepped cross-sectiondesign value of the compressive strength of mesh-reinforced brick masoery Sysf Hein value of the tensile and compressive strength of steel zeinforvements respectively: JS —design value of the axial compressive strength at the axis of concrete: E—elastic modulus of a masonry units E,—celastic modulus of concrete: C—shear modulus of # masonry 2.2.2 Action and action-effeet N—design value of axial forces N—design value of axial force on local compressive area, and supporting compression on beam end: No——design value of upper axial foroes Ny —design value of the tension of axis; M—design value of bending moment M,—design value af the moment of cantileverbeam against overturning: M,.——design value of overuming tement of cantileverbean: ¥—design value of the shearing force; F;——design value of concentrated load on top surface af joist Q1——design value of uniform distributing load on top surface of joist; Q2—design value of uniform distributing load on top surface of wall beam; ‘¢q—mean compressive stress of horizntal cross-section. 2.2.3 Geometric parameters A—area of a section; Ay——area of a bearing block; je —area of the section of @ concrete structural columns Aj —area of local compression: Ap ——area of net tection of a walls Ay——raleulation area that affects the local compressive strength A,.A'-—ares of a seotion of tensile and compressive steel veinforcements respectively: a——length of side, length and distance of the actual bearing on beam end; ‘G4; —distance from the side of a hole to the nearest bearing center of a wall bean ay—elffective supporting lengih of a beam ends 2,..0'y—distance from the canter of gravity of vertical tensile and compressive steel reinforoe- ments to the nearest side of a cross-sections b——width and length of side of cross-section b.—width of concrete structural column along the length of wall; by-—Mange width of the calculated section of pilastered wall, and the calculated width of wing wall;b-—calculated width of flange of compressive area. of T-section and inverted L-section 5, ——width of window opening and door opening within the distance between adjasent trans. verse walls, between piers or between pilasters: e.d-—distances e—eecentrieity distance of axial force; H—height of a wall of a units He—height of a storey; Hy—ealeslated height of a unit, calculated height of the section in the middie part of the span of a wall beams thickness of a walll,Jength of the shorter side of rectangle section, side length af eocen- tic direction of axial load of a rectangle section, height of a section; fy—height of joists ho —elfective height of a section converted height of a bearing beams hy—converted height of T-section; f\,—height of a wall height of the caleulated section of the wall body of a wall beams 1—spacing of a structural column; fo— calculated span of a beam; J, —net span of a beam; A i——moment of inertia of « cross-seetion i——radius of gyration of a sections spicing. area moment of a section; 2y——distanoe from the calculated overtuming point to the outer edge of a wall Ugg ——masimum horizontal displacersent; W—resisting moment of a erass-section y—distance from the center of gravity of a section to the edge of a section in the eccentric direction where the axial lond lies: =—arm of intemal force. 2.2.4 Calculation coefficients ¢—ratio, comection factor and coefficient of the area of grout for block masonry and the gross area off a masonry unit a y—coefficient of the bending moment of a jeist with consideration of the compound effect of a wall beam; B—ratio of height to sectional thickness of a members [8] —allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of a wall, column: Ay —coefficient of the shearing force of a joist with consideration of the compound effect of 4 wall beam; magnifying coefficient of local compressive strength of masonry; Y,——adjustment evelficient;¥-—partial safety coefficient of the material performance of @ structural member: Yo—coefficient of the importance of a structres Yeu-—coefficient of earthquake-resistance adjustment of load-bearing capacity; 8—hole rate and coefficient of a concrete masory blocks {coefficient of local compression of the masonry on the upper part of the joist abutment {.—~ceefficient caleulated with participation by core column into work; {coefficient caleulated with participation by steel reinforcements into work; inefficient of impact from the performance of the space of buildings e——restraint and corrective coeificient of wall body: Ty cnefficient of the axial foroe in the middle part of the span of a joist with consideration of the compound effect of a wall beams A—ratio of shear span ta effective depth af a calculated eross-section je-— corrective coefficient, influence coefficient of composite force af the shearing compres sion iy ——corective coefficient of allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of self-bearing wally fx —corrective coefficient of allowable nitio of height to sectional thickness of a wall with window opening and door openings #e—improvement coefficient of allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of wall body placed with structural columns &—relative height of the compressive area of a eross-section, and coefficient; £— threshold value of relative height of the compressive area; £)— influence coefficient of wing wall or structural colurm on shear capacity of the wall body of a wall beam; :— influence coefficient of opening on shear capacity of the wall body of « wall beam: Prout rate and reinforcement rate of concrete black masonry: s—aren rate of horizontal steel reinforcements calculated according to: the vertical section of inter-storey wall bodys #—factor, and influence coefficient for load-bearing capacity ; 4 — influence coefficient of load-bearing capacity of mesh-reinforced brick masonry mem- bers o—stability coefficient of exial compressive member: $cai—stability coefficient of compound brick masonry unit; reduction coefficients ie — influence coefficient of opening. on the bending moment of a joist.3. Materials 3.1 Grade of Strength of Materials 3.1.1 The following stiputations shall be applied to the strength grade of masonry unit and mortar: 1 Strength grade of fired common brick, fired perforated bricks, etc: MU30, MU25, MU20,MUIS and MUI0; 2 Strength grade of autoclaved sand-lime brick and autoclaved flyash-lime bricks :MU25, MU20,MUIS and MULO; 3° Strength grade of block: MU20,MU15,MU10,MU7.S and MUS; 4° Strength grade of stone materials: MU100, MUB0, MU60, MUS0, MU40, MU30 and MU20; 5 Strength grade of mortar: MULS,MUI0,MU7.5,MUS and MU2.5.. Note: The specification size and strength grade of stone muterial can be determined on the bits of the methods set forth in Appendix A of this Code. 2) When determining the strength grade of autoctaved fyush-lime bricks and concrete blocks mixed with mace than 15% fly-ash their compressive strength shall be multiplied by a coefficient of ratu- ‘ral carbonization. Where such coefficient is unavailable, 1.15 times af coefficient of aritifial car- ‘bonization can be adopted . 3) When deterniining the strength grade of mortar same type of masonry unit shall be utilized for the ‘batiom die of test block of mortar strength. 3.2 Calculation Index for Masonry Unit 3.2.1 When the control grade of construction quality is Grade B, design values of the com- pressive strength with age 28d of different kinds of masonry units calculated by their gross cross sectional area shall be,on the basis of the strength grade of masonry unit and mortar, adopted respectively as per the following rules: 1 For design values of the compressive strength for fired common. brick masonry and fired perforated bricks masonry, the data in Table 3.2.1-1 shall be applied, ‘Table 3.2.1.1 Design values of the compressive strengih for fired common brick masonry snd fired perfornted bricks masonry (MP2) Serengih grade of ‘Stremsth grade of mortar Strength of mortar bricks i Mi | MLS MS MOS 0 MUB [xa [3 3s 2 2 1.15 MU | 3.60 2.98 2.68 2.37 2.06 1.05 MUR 3.20 2e | 2.39 | 2D 1.84 0.94 ‘MULS [a9 2 207 | 1.83 1.6 oe ‘MULO = 1.89 1.@ | 1.80 14 0.672. For design values of the compressive strength for autoclaved sand-lime brick masonry and autoclaved fly-ash brick masonry, the data in Table 3.2. 1-2 shall be applied. ‘Table 3.2.1-2 Design values of the compressive strength for avlodaved sandelime brick masonry and autoclaved fly-ash brick masonry (MPs) Strength grade of Strength grade of mortar Strength of mortar bricks {sas io MTs Ms o | us, 3. 2.98 2.7 1.08 MUz0 3D ne | 0.34 MUIS Pa zal | 0.82 MUN = 1.69 Le 0.67 3. For design values of the compressive strength for a concrete block masonry member with single-rowed holes and for a light aggregate concrete masonry member, the data in Table 3.2.1-3 shall be applied. Table 3.2.1-3 Design values of the compressive strength for a concrete block masoary raember seth single-rowed holes and for a light aggreyute concrete masonry member (MPs) ‘Strength grade of mortar Strength of mortar Mpis | Mbl0- MBq.S @ 58 4.95 aa 2B 4.61 402) 3.6 1 | = 1D 2.50 : 1M = =| 4.98 a | rx | — Se Note:1 For a masonry unit constructed of hollow blocks with the holes staggered, the values given in the table shoald be multiplied by 0.8; 2. For individual coumns or a masonry unit with a thickness of dauble-rawed blocks, the values given lin the table shoald be osultiplied by 0.7; For a muconry unit with TT-section the values given in the table should be eoultiplied by 0.85; 4A light aggregate concrete block masonry member listed in the table is of concrete blocks made of Rangue, cement and coal cinder. 4 When concrete blocks with single-rowed holes are laid with non-staggered holes, the de- sign value f, of the compressive strength of a masonry unit with grout should be calculated ac- cording to the following formula: fy = f+ 0.60f, (3.2.1-1) a= ép (3.2.4.2) ‘Where /,—the design value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit with grout, which shall not be greater than two times of the design value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit without grout; the design value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit without grout,for which the values given in Table 3.2.1-3 should be used; fc—the design value of the axial compressive strength of grout for concrete small hallow block; ‘@—ratio of the area of grout for concrete small hollow block to the gross area of a masonry unit in block masonry; 5—hole rate of concrete masonry blocks; p—rate of the grout of concrete block masonry, which is the ratio of the area of ‘concrete with sectional grout to the area of sectional holes. p should not be less than 33%. ‘The strength grade of grout for concrete small hollow block masonry shall not be less than C20, and also not be less than 2 times of the strength grade of the masonry unit. Note:The strength grade Ch x x of grout for concrete small hollow block is equal to the strength index of the strength grade Cx x of the corresponding comcretc. The design value of the compressive strength of light aggregate concrete block masonry with two-rowed holes or multi-rowed holes with a hole rate not greater than 35% shall be adopted as per the values given in Table 3.2.1-5. Table 3.2.1-5 Design values of the compressive strength for a masonry unit constructed of Strength prade of Strength grade of mortar Strength of mortar blocks Mie MbT.5 MBS 0 MUO 2.76 2.48 144 MUT.S — | oan 1.88 a MUS - - Lal 0.78 Note;1 The blocks given in the table are of valeanic cinder, pumice and ceramaite light sggregate eucrete ‘hocks. 2. For the design value of the compressive strength of s masonry unit constructed of light segregate ‘concrete blocks Inid in two rows along its thickness, the values given in the table bull be multiplied by 0.8. 6 The design value of the compressive strength of a rubble masonry unit constructed of rubble ashlars with the masonry unit height within 180 ~ 350mm shall be adopted as per the values given in Table 3.2.1-6. ‘Table 3.2.1-6 Design values of the compressive strength for a masonry unit constructed of rubble ashlars (MPs) Strength grade of rubble Strength grade of mortar Strength of mortar ashlars MIS ‘MS M.S o MUO 5a 4.30 4.18 - 2B MU80 4.85 43 3.73 1.91 MU6D: 420 3.71 3.3 1.65(Continued ) Strength grade of rubble Strength grade of mortar Strength of mortar _ashlars M.S Ms | Mas _ 0 Musa 3.83 3 2.95 1.51 Mus 3.0 3.04 2.6 1.38 Mu30 2.97 208 22 1.17 Mune 2a 21s 1.87 0.95 Note; For 4 masonry unit constructed of the following different kinds of ashiars, the values given in the table shall be multiplied by factors respectively as belw; For 4 masomry unit constructed of fine-dressed ashlars, 1.5; For a masamry unit constructed of semi-fine dressed ashlars, 1.3; For a masonry unit constrocted of rustic-dressed ashlars, 1.2; For a masonry unit constructed of ashlars with side joints slotted in mortar 7 The design value for compressive strength of rubble masonry shall be adopted as per the values given in Table 3,2.1-7, ‘Table 3.2.1-7 Design values of the compressive strength for a rubble masonry unit (MPa) Strength grade of mortar | _ Strength of mortar Strength era of rubles ‘M7.5 MS M2.5 o MUO : 12 1.2 0.98 OM MUBO 13 1.0 0.87 om MUG 0.98 0.87 0.76 0.26 MUS 0.90 0.80 0.69 0.2 MU 0.80 071 0.62 ~ 0.21 | MU 0.8 0.61 0.53 0.18 I MU O56 O51 : 0. ; 0.15 7 3.2.2 For the design values of axial tensile strength flexural tensile strength and shear strength for different types of masonry units of 28d-age calculated on the basis of their gross cross-sectional areas, the values given in Table 3.2.2 should be used when the control grade of construction quality is grade B. ‘Where concrete blocks with single-rowed holes are laid in non-staggered holes, the design value f.. of the shear strength of a masonry unit with grout shall be calculated as per the fol Jowing formula; Ing Oe (3.2.2) ‘Where f,—the design value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit with grout (MPa). 12‘Strength Destructive characteristics and types of masonry Grane of the sirength of mortar] type . ; ‘Table 3.2.2 Design values of axial tensile strength flexural tensile strengsh nd shear sérength when cracking along the crosescetions of mortar joints of @ masonry unit (MPa) perforated bricks autoclaved sand-lime bricks and ‘autoclaved flyasd-lime tricks Cracking along through joints concrete mnansory Block Fired common bricks and fired perforated bricks Autoclwed sand-time bricks and aatoclaved Myash-fime | 0,12 brid Concrete blocks and light aggregate concrete blocks | 0.09 Rubble On For a masonry unit constructed of regular shaped units, where the ratio of the overlapping length to the belght of the building block ts less than 1, the design value f, of the tensile strength at axis and the design value fy, of flesural tensile strength shall be adopted by multiplying the values given ln the table with the ratio of the overlapping joint length to the unit height; For design values of the shear strength of light aggregate concrete block masonry with two-rowed holes or muli-rowed boles with a hole rate not greater dan 35% , the values givem in the table For ‘the design values of the shear strength of a masonry unit constructed of concrete blacks should be multiplied by 1.1; For a masonry unit constructed of autoclaved sandélime bricks and autockeved flyach-time bricks, the values given in the table for the design value of strength can be allowed for appropriate adjust- ment where reliable test data are avaiable; ‘For a musonry unit constructed of burnt shale bricks, burnt gangue bricks and burnt flyasb-lime ‘bricks the design values given in the table for strength can be allowed for appropriate adjustment where reliable test data are available. 133.2.3. Fora masonry unit under the following cases, the design values of the masonry strength shall be multiplied by a correction factor 1 For a masonry unit of the building with crane, a masonry unit constructed of fired common bricks under beam with its span not less than 9m,a masonry unit constructed of fired Perforated bricks, autoclaved lime sand bricks, autoclaved fyash-lime bricks under beam with its span mot less than 7.5m, and for a masonry unit constructed of concrete blocks and light ag- gregate concrete blocks, 7, is 0.9%; 2 For unreinforced masonry unit, where the cross-sectional area is less than 0.3m, 7, is its cross-sectional area plus 0.7. For reinforced masonry unit, where the cross-sectional area is Jess than 0. 2m", y, is its cross-sectional area plus 0.8. The cross-sectional area of a member shalll be calculated in m*; 3° Where a masonry unit is layed with cement mortar, 7, is 0.9 for the values given in all the tables in Clause 3.2.1, while 7, is 0.8 for the values given in Table 3.2.2 in Clause 3.2.2. For reinforced masonry unit, where a masonry unit is constructed of cement mortar, only the design values of the strength of masonry unit will be multiplied by a correction factor 7,3 4 Where the control grade of the construction quality is of Grade C, 7, is 0.89; 5 Where computation checking for members of building in construction is conducted, yais 1.1. ‘Note: Reinforced masonry is not allowed for use of Grade C. 3.2.4° For the strength and stability of newly layed masonry unit with its mortar still unharlened dur ing construction. computation checking can be conducted by setting the strength grade of mortar to 0 For 2 masonry unit layed by use of salted mortar during winter construction. where the strerygth grade of mortar is increased one Jevel higher than thal of the construction at nommal temperature, it is pemnitted not to conduct computation checking for the masonry strengih and stability. ‘Nate; Reinforced masorey is nat allowed to be constructed by use of salted mortar. 3.2.5 The clastic modulus. linear expansion coefficient contraction coefficient and friction oaefficient of masonry unit may be adopted ws per the values given in Tables 3.2.5-1~3.2.5-3 respectively, whereas the shear modulus of a masonry unit may be taken as 0.4 times of the elastic modulus of a masonry unit. 1 Elastic modulus of masonry unit may be taken as per the values given in Table 3.2.5-1, Table 3.2.5-1 Elastic modulus of masonry unit (MPa) 7 ‘Strength grace of mortar Tipes of mace unit =mio | wos | Ms [ans Fired common bricks and Gred perforated bricks masonry unit yenoy | 160 f | 1600 f [1390/71 Autoelaved sttel-lime beicks and autoclaved flyashrlime bricks masonry unit | i060, | 1060.6 | oso, | oso ¢ nerete block masonry ui [ime f [i600 F | 1500 7 | — Rustic dressed ashlar, randomcressed rubble and nubbles masanry unit 7300 | 3430 | som | 250 Fine dnewed ashlars and seine dreseed!ashlars sit zoo | 17000 | ibaa [6750 ete: The elastic modulus of & assay unit constructed f light aggregate concrete blacks may he takers from the clastic meus given in the table for a masoery unit contacted of concrete blocks 14Elastic modulus of a masonry unit with grout constructed of single-rowed concrete blocks in non- staggered holes shall be calculated as per the following, formula: E = 1700, (3.2, 5-1) Where fj—the design value of the compressive strength of a masonry unit with grout 2) The linear expansion coefficient and the contraction rate of a masonry unit may be adopted as per the values given in Table 3.2.5-2. Table 3.2.5-2 Linear expansion corfficient and contraction rate of a mascory unit Linear expansion Contract ‘Types of masonry unit conic ae we | = A masonry unit constructed of burnt clay bricks 3 70.1 A mmomry unit contrcted of autlaved sand-lime Bricks and. outucleved : op Ciyabrlin beiche ™ A mmonry unit conic af conérete blacks 0 =0.2 A masonry unit constuted of light aggregmie masonry units 10 =0.3 [A masonry ust contracted of sablare ane rabbles 8 = ‘Note:The contraction rue given in the tble i the coctractiog rate of the 284 macoery unit constricted of masonry unité which reach the standard permitted by contraction. Where reliable boca) test data for a masonry unit cormaction are available, such dats may be used 3° Friction coefficient of a masonry unit tay be adopted as per the values given in Table 3.2.5-3. ‘Table 3.2.53 Friction coefficient of a masonry unit [Candis of con wuce | Kinds of materials [ee Gliding of « masonry unit upon a masonry unit or eaneret= 0.70 0.4 (Gliditgof timber upon & masonry it 0.60 0.50 Gliding of vical upon a sorry nit 0.85 0.35 Gling of « masonry usit upon sand or cables 0.60 0.50 Ging of « mmwoacy unit upon eandy clay 0.55 0.40 hiding of masonry unit poe clay 0.50 9.30 154 Fundamental Design Stipulations 4.1 Design Principle 4.1.1 This Code adopts a design method of limit state which takes the theory of probability as its ba- sis to measure the degree of reliability of the structural member in relinbility index and adopts design ‘expressions of partial coefficients to conduct calculation . 4.1.2 All masonry structures shall be designed on the basis of Ultimate limit states and shall meet the requirements of the limit state in normal service. Note: Qn the basis of the narure of the mesnory structure, the requirement of the serviceability Limit states of the cis Soney may be generally assured by taking comespoeding structure measures in design, 4.1.3 Masonry stnictures and stuctural members must be heli ina state suitable for service with no necessity for heavy repair and reinforcement within the design working life under normal maintenance, while the design working life may be determined as per the national standard “Unified Standard for Reliability Design of Building Structures” . 4.1.4 According to the serious degree of the consequences which might result from the final failure of building structures (i.¢.endangering personnels life, causing economic lass and bringing social in- uence, ete) , the construction structure shall he, as per Table 4.1.4, classified into three classes which shall be approprinicly selected for use pursuant to actual conditions when conducting design Table 4.1.4 Safety Classes of building structure Salty Casas Consequence frum destruction Type of building Cle | Very sei pant building ‘Class 2 Serious. t Genwral building, Class 3 Less sexton ‘Sabeidany balding ‘Note: Far spéctal buildings, the Safety Clase may be determined separately us appropiate. 2 Por design of mssonry structures in easthquske regions, class of buikkngs stould be determined socanding to their importance stipulated in current nations! standard “Standard for Classification of Seismic Protection of Building Corstruction” GB 50223. 4.1.5 Where masonry structures are designed ss per limit state of load-bearing capacity, calculation shall be conducted on the basis of worst combination in the formulas below: Vol 1.2Seq + 14S yy + B yosiesSoa) = Rfeay.) (4.1.5-1) m olL35Se + 14 PuSoa) = AUF apn) (4.1.5.2) Where yq——eoefficient of structure importance for structural members of Safety Class 1 or design working life of more than 50 years, this coefficient shall not be less than 1.1, while for 16,structural members of Safety Class 2 or designed working life of 50 years, this cof cient shall not be less than 1.0, and for structural members of Safety Class 3 or design working life of 1 to $ years, this evefficient shall not be Jess than 0.95 Sta —effoot of characteristic value of permanent load; Sou-—ellact of characteristic value of a variable load which plays a control role in basic com- imation 5 Son-——ellect of characteristic value of No. ¢ variable: Inad: R (+) funtion of resistance of structural members ; ‘Yqi—partial safety evefficient of No i variable bad Yvo—ceefficient of the combined value af No. i warinble load, generally this value should be taken as 0.75 for stack rom, archives rom, storage mom or ventilator room and ele- vator equipment room, this value should be taken as 0.93 f—design value of the strength of a masonry unit, f = fi/ 7c fic——characteristic value of the strength of a masonry unit, fj = fa, — 1.6450)5 ‘Y-—panial safety coefficient for material property of a masonry structure, generally this oo efficient may be considered as Level B for construction control level and the value hall be taken as 7y=1.65 where the construction control level is Level Cy this value shall be taken as y)= 1.85 fq—mean value of the strength of a masonry unity oj—standard deviation of the strength of a masonry unit; 2; —-nominal value of geometric parameter. ‘When the chsractesistic value af the tive load of the floor is greater than 4KN/m! the coefficient 1.4 in the Foro chall be 1.35 2. The requirement far classification of the contra level of construction quality shall be in-aceordamce vith the rules stipulated in “Code for Acceptance of Construction Quality of Masonry Engineering” GB 5003 4.1.6 Where masonry structures are considered tn be a rigid body and required to check its stability of integrity such as overtuming, gliding drifting, ete the checking shall be conducted as per the follow. ing formulas Notes Yo( 1.25 + 1.48qu + 27 Squ) = 0-8Scn (4.1.6) Where Sqy—elleet of characteristic value of permanent lood which plays a favorable roles Sgy-——elfect of characteristic value of permanent load which plays an unfavorable role. 4.2 Stipulations for Static Calculation of Building Structures 4.2.1. Static calculation of buildings can be categorized into rigid schemes, rigid-elastie sehemes and elastic schemes on the basis of their spatial behaviour. When designing, the static calculation schemes an be determined as per the values given in Table 4.2.1. 7Table 4.2.1 Static Calculation Schemes of Building Structures T | Ripid-elastic | Elastic ‘Types of maf ar floor strucaure: Rigid scheme Reinforced concrete roof or Door of monolithic, assembled integral | 1 se | Maven | ro eystem, and sseembled purline free systesn | Reinforced concrete sont of assembled purline system, light steel 2 sem | Mercds | sas spot anid wood maf ot Boar with cosy cavered mol boarding | Bers > 3 | Tiled wood mot and light stec} roof s<16 | eee36 | 1538 Note: The & indicated im this table denotes the spacing af transverse walls of building, its unit of lengjh is in me- ters 2 When the type of roof and floor is different or the intervals of transverse walls are not the same, the static calculation scheme of building ean be determined ss per the stipulations specified in Clause 4.2. 3 For guble free building or building with no transverse wall at expansion joints, the atic calculation scheme shall be considered as clastic scheme 4.2.2 Transverse wall of building of rigid scheme and rigid-elastic scheme shall be in acconlance with the following, requirements 1 Where openings are reserved in a transverse wall, the horizontal sectional area of the openings shall not cxcoed 5046 of the sectional area of the transverse wall: 2) The thickness of the transverse wall should not be Jess than 180mm; 3° The length of the transverse wall of a single storey building should not be less than its height, while for a multi-storey building. should not be less than H/2 (H denotes the total height af the trans- verse wall) Notes] When the transverse wall can not mect the above-mentioned requirements siniultaneoudy, the stiffness of ‘the transverse wall dhall be conducted for curputation checking. If ies maxims displacement Vali pe, 1/4000 the traneveree wall can still bo assumed as that of building of rigid scheme oc rigid-elaatic scheme: For a part of transverse wall or other structural member auch as frumework, etc which meets the require- ment of the sive specified in Note Jit ean also be aesumed as the transverse wall of building of rid scheme oF of rgid-elastic scheme. 4.2.3 The siatic calculation for building of elastic echeme can be conducted on the basis of planar rowed trusses or framework with the roof trusses or crosebeames articulated with walls or columns but ne= glecting spatial effect . 4.2.4 The static calculation for buildiag of rigid-elastic scheme can be conducted on the basis of the hinged planar bent frame or framework with the roof trisses or crossbeams articulated walls o columns with the consideration of spatial effect. The caefficen! of the influence of spatial action of each storey of 2 building can be adopted as per the values given in Table 4.2.4 and its calculation mathod shall be in accordance with the stipulations defined in Appendix C.Table 4.2.4 Coefficent 1; of the influence of spacial action of each storey of a bulkling Type of Intervals of transverse wall s (m) ref or 7 1 T oor 16 | 0 | 24 | 28 zjsjoalele/« ele @ x 1 =| =| = | = |o.s3[0.39]0.45/0.50]0.55/0.¢0/0.64/ 0.68 |0.71|0.78)0.77 0.35] 0.45 | 0.54) 0.61 | 0.68) 0.73) 0.78 |0.82 { 9.49] 0.60|0.68) 0.75.81) — | — | — Note:The value of i is taken within 1 tom, while m is the mumber of the stocey of a building. 4.2.5 The static calculation of buildings of rigid scheme can be conducted as per the following rules: 1 For single storey buildings ,walls and columns under the action of load can be assumed as ver- tical members, of which the upper end is supported at the roof via immovable hinge and the lower end is embedded into the foundation; 2 For multi-storey buildings, walls and columns under the action of vertical load, within the height of each storey, can be appriimatively assumed as vertical members, of which both ends are hinged, while under the action of horizontal load, walls and columns can be assumed as vertical conti- ous beams 3 For the vertical Joad of the same storey, the actual influence of eccentricity on walls and ‘columns should be considered. Where beams are supported on walls, the distance from the bearing ‘compression Ny at the beam end to the internal sside af a wall should be taken as 0.4 time of the ‘effective supporting length ag at the beam end (Figure 4.2.5). The load .M, transmitted from the upper floor can be assumed acting on the center of gravity of the sectional ama of the walls and columns of upper floors 4 For multi-storey buildings with its wall bearing of the weight of a beam with a span longer than 9 meters, the bent moment at the beam end, besides calculating the load-bearing capacity of tbe wall body with the above mentioned method, should also be calculated on the basis of bath ends of a beam fixed, then multiplied by a competion factor ¥ hefore distributing the bent moment in accordance with the linear stiffness of a wall hody to the bottom cof the upper-storey wall and the top of the lower-storey wall. The correction factor 7 may be caloulated 5 per the following formula; Fig-4.2.5 Position af bearing compression tat the beam end fe 0.24! 2 (42.5) 19Where a—~aciual supporting length al the beam end; h—thickness of the bearing wall, when the thickness of the upper wall is different to that of the lower wall, the thickness of dhe lower wall shall be used; where there is pilaster, hy shall apply. 4.2.6 Where the outer walls of multi-storey building of rigid scheme meet the following require- ments, influence of wind load may not be considered in conducting static calculst 1 The horizontal cross sectional area of the opening does not exceed 2/3 of the whole crass sec~ tional area; 2° The siorey height and the total height do not exceed the stipulations stated in Table 4.2.65 3) The celf-weight of the roofing is not less than 0.8kN/n?, Where the wind load has to be considered, the bent moment caused by the wind lead may be cal- culated as per the following formula: wif 12 Where w—design value of evenly distributing wind load along the storey height (kN/m): H—helght of a storey (m). ‘Table 4.2.6 Maxinamm height of the outer wall without considering the influence of the wind load Me= (4.2.6) Value of reference wind pressure (kN?) 0.4 0.5 9.6 7 Note: For the outer walls with a thickness of 190mm of « raciti-storey building corstrurted of tock musanry, where the height of storey is not grester than 2. im, the iota height is not gresier than 191m and the reference wid pressure ia not pester than 0.7KN/m? tbe influence of the wind load may not be considered. 4.27 In calculating @ multi storey building with structure flexible at the upper storey and rigid at the lower storey, the top storey can be calculated as single-storey building and the influence coefficient for spacial action may be taken as given in Table 4.2.4 with respect to related types of roof structures. 4.2.8 The flange width byof calculation section of pilastered wall may be adopted as per the follow- ing rules: 1 For multi-storey buildings, where there are openings for doors and windows, the width af, the wall between two neighboring windows may he taken for calculation; where no openings for doors and windows are reserved, the width of the wing wall on each side may be taken as 1/3 height of a pilasters 2 For single storey buildings. the width of pilaster may be taken plus 2/3 height of the wall, but not greater than the width of the wall between two neighboring windows and the distance between two neighboring, pilasters; 3 In calculating the footing of the pilastered wall, the distance between adjacent pilasters may be taken. 204.2.9 where the comer section of a comer wall is subjected to vertical concentrated load, the caleu- Iation of the length of the cross section may be conducted from the comer point and 1/3 height of the storey is taken for each side of the wall. Where there are openings for doors and windows within the range of the abovementioned wall body. the cross section for calculation should be taken from the comer point to the edge of the opening for each side, but may not exceed 1/3 of the storey height. Where the vertical concentrated load is transmitted from the upper storeys ta the storey under consideration, the load may be calculated 2s uniform load evenly distributed to comer section. At this time, computation checking of the comer wall may be conducted as per the eccentric compressive member af angular sec- ton. 215 Unreinforced Masonry Units 3.1 Compressive Member 5.1.1 The supporting capacity of a compressive member shall be calculated on the basis of the following formula: Ns ofa (5.1.1) ‘Where design value of axial force; p— influence coefficieut of slenderness ratio Bf and the eccentric distance ¢ of axial Joad on bearing capacity of a compressive member, which may be adopted as ‘per the stipulations specified in Appendix D af this Code; Jf —design value of the compression strength of masonry, which shall be adopted 2s per clause 3.2.1 of this Code; A—sectional area, all kinds of masonry shall be calculated according to their gross sectional area; for pilastered. wall, its flange width may be taken as per clause 4.2.8 of this Code. Note; For a member with rectangular cross section where the side of the section of eccentric direction of xx- ial load is bonger than that of another direction, the side of the soction shall be calculated as eccentric compres- sion,and at the same time the computation checking of the section along the shorter side shall also be conducted 3 per compression at axis . 5.1.2 In calculating influence coefficient y or to find out the value of g given in table g. the slen- demess ratio 9 of a member shall be determined according, to the following, formula: Ho For rectangular section a=ne (5.1.21) For T-section B =n (5.1.2.2) Where correction factor for slendemess ratio of a member constructed of different masonry materials, which will be taken as per Table 3.1.25 Hy— height for ealeulation of compressive member, which is determined as per Table $.1.3 fo——length af the side of the eccentric direction of axial load of eetangular section , which is the length of shurter side of the cross section where the axis is under compression hy —converted thickness of T-section, which may be approximatively calculated as 3.5i i——~radius of gyration of a section, 3.1.3) The caleulation height Hp of the compressive member should be determined as per Table 5.1.3 on the basis of the type of building and the bearing condition of member, etc. The height Hof 22the member given in the table shall be applied as per the following rules ‘Table 5.1.2 Correction factor 7p for senderness ratio Type of Masonry Material Fired common bricks and fia perioated beicks Comcrete block : Light aggregate conerete block ‘Avtoclaved saeri-lime Deicke, sutoclaved Oyssb-lime bricks, inedevssed ashlast and sernicfine tossed ashlacs [ Rustic dressed ashlars rubble: ‘Noi: For concrete bilocks with grout, ¥'p is taken ax 1 0. 1a 1 For the bottom of a building, the height H is taken as the distance from the top. surface of a floor to the abutment of the lower end of a member. The position of the abutment may be: taken as the top surface of the foundation. Where the member is deeply set underground and has rigid ground level, this position may be counted from 00mm below the ground surface outside the building 2 For the other storeys of a building, the keight H is taken as the distance between two floors or the distance between other horizontal abutments; 3) For pilaster free gable the height H may be taken as the storey height plus 1/2 height of the gable cusp. while for pilastered gable, the height W my be taken as the height of the guble at the pilaster “Table 5.1.3 Height Mg for euleulntion of the compressive member Type of baking pesiphery Parallel 10 | Normal o | the ben | the bent — — sa2H [pase a sen | Upper past of | Elastic: scheme 25M, | 125M, 2.5K, cela with od whom ml I vanable Kigd | ON, | sobdane 20M, | 1.25H, 2.0R, en ~ T Laver pat col with rails wc Lom | 0.8 1.08 [Elastic scheme | 15H | 1.0 Ls stoeey and | Sele 810" a laste schewe | 1.210 1.00 L2H Elastic scheme 12sa | 10n L2sit Muhiple an igdelasic scheme |_1.104 | 1.0% Lut ] wes Oar Rigsd scheme 10H 1.08 Low | ‘O.2H | Obs Note: 1 The Hy is the height of upper part of the column with variable sectional ares, hile the HM; ithe bight ef the lower past of the column with variahle sectional area 2. Far a member with free end in the upper part, Hy = 21s 3 For an isolated brick enlumn. where there is ap bracing betwoen eslumes, the value given int dhe table shall bbe multiplied by 1.25 before used for Hg of the: ccluran along te diroctina moral to the brent; 4 seinterval of the tranavere: wall of buildings 5 The calculation height of w weli-bearing wall shall be determined according to the peripheral bearing and restrained condition. 235.1.4 For building with crane, where the action of crane is not considered for load combination the: calculation bicight of the upper part of the column with variable sectional area may be ken as specified in Table 5.1.3, hile the calculation height of the lower part of the column with variable sectional area. may be taken as specified below: 1 Where A/H=51/3, the height should be taken as Hp of the building without crane; 2 Where 1/3 < H,/H < 1/2, the height should be taken as Mp of the building without crane multiplied by comection factory. we L3-034h 1, is the moment of inertia of upper part of the column with variable sectional area while fy is the moment of inertia of lower part of the column with variable sectional areas 3) Where H,/H 21/2, the height should be taken as Hp of the building without crane bat the section of the upper part of the column shall be adopted when determining the value Note: This mule is also suitable for columns with variable sectional area of the building without crane, $.1.8 The eccentric distance ¢ of the axial fore is calculated as the design value of the intemal force ,and shall not exceed 0.6y. y is the distance from the center of gravity of the cross sectional area to the edge of the section along the eccentric direction where the axial force lies. 5.2 Local Compression Member 5.2.1 The bearing capacity in the cross section of a masonry unit subjected to local uniform compres~ sive foree shall be calculated as per the following formula Ny 3, y =0 shall be taken; 235Ny —design value of the axial force acting on the upper part within the local com- pressive area (NN); Np—design value of the bearing pressure at the beam end (IN); oy——design value of the evenly compressive stress of the upper part (N/mnr’); 7—integrity factor of compressive stress diagram at the surface of the beam end, commonly 1 may be taken as 0.7, whereas for lintels or wall beams, 7) may be taken as 1.0; y—effective supporting Jength at the beam end (mm), where ay >a, then ag =a shall be taken; @——actual supporting length at the beam end (mm); b—width of the cross section of a beam (mm); hh, ——height of the cross section of a bear (mm) ; {design value of the compressive strength of masonry (MPa). 5.2.5 The local compression of masonry with rigid bearing block placed nderneath the beam end shall be in accordance with the following rules: 1 The bearing capacity of the local compression of masonry underneath the rigid bearing block shall be calculated 2s per the following formulas: Not Nps ery (5.2.5-1) ooAy (5.2.5.2) Ayzaydy (5.2.5.3) Where Ny—design value of the axial force acting on the upper part inside the bearing block area Ay(N); @— influence coefficient of the combined load from Ny and N, of the bearing block, for which value @ in clause §.1.1 shall be adopted only when <3; ¥;—Tavorable influence coefficient of the area of masonry outside the bearing block, 7; shall be 0.8 +, but not be less than 1.0, 7 is the magnifying factor of Jocal compression strength of masonry, which is derived via calculation as per the formula (5.2.2) with A, substituted by A,; Ay—area of the bearing block { mum) ; 4, —projected length by the bearing block into a wall (mm); ,——width of the bearing block (mm) . 2° The detailing requirements of the rigid bearing block shall be in accordance with the following rules: 1) The height of the rigid bearing block shall not be less than 180mm, and the project- ed length by the bearing block calculating from the edge of the beam shall not be greater than the height of the bearing block f,; 26Fig.5.2.5 Local compression at the beam end with bearing block placed om pilaster 2) Where a rigid bearing block is placed inside the pilaster of the pilastered wall ‘(Fig.5.2.5),its calculation area shall be taken as the area inside the pilaster, but the area of the flange part shall not be taken info account. At the same time, the Projected length by the bearing block on the pilaster into the wing wall shall not be Jess: than 120mm ; 3) Where the bearing block is cast monolithieally with the beam end, the block can be placed within the height of a beam. 3° Where rigid bearing block is placed at the beam end, the effective supporting length a» at the beam end shall be determined according to the following formula: bf # (8.2,5-4) §;— influence coefficient of the rigid bearing block, which may be taken as Table 5.2.5. ‘The position of the acting point Nj on the bearing block can be taken at 0.4a9. ‘Table 5.2.5 Value table of coefficient J, uh 0 2 o4 86 o8 5, 5.4 5.7 6.0 | 6.9 1.8 Note: The value between two numbers given in the table can be derived by insertion method. 5.2.6 The bearing capacity of local compression of matonry undemeath the bearing beam which is Jonger than Ay placed under the beam shall be calculated as per the following forrmalas: No + Np = 2.40 By ho (5.2.6-1) No = mbyhoop/2 (5.2.6-2) 1: | Eph =2,/ 26-3 fig = 24) (5.2.6-3) Where No—design value of the axial force acting on the upper part of the bearing beam (N}s by —wideh of the hearing beam along the dirsction of the wall thickness (man) s 6y—where the load is evenly distributing along the direction of the wall thickness, 3 should be teken a5 1.0; where unevenly, 32 may be taken as 0.8; aho—converted height of the bearing bear (mm) ; F,ch,——-medulus of elasticity of the concrete and the moment of inertia cf cross section of the bearing beam respectivelys hy —~height of the bearing beam (mm) ‘modulus of elasticity of masonry s h—thickness of wall (mm). E eat beam | Oto Fig.5.2.6 Local compression of the bearing, beam ‘The effective cuppurting length ao. of the beam end on the bearing beam may be calculated as per the formula given in (5.2.5-4). 5.3 Axial Tensile Member 5.3.1 The bearing capacity of axial te member shall be calculated as per the following formula: Ne fA (5.3.1) Where N;——design value of the axial tensions fi——design value of the axial tensile strength of masonry which shall be taken as per Table 3.2.2. 5.4 Flexural Member $.4.1 The flexural capacity of a member subjected to bending shall be calculated as per the follow- ing, formulas Ms fa® 41) Where M——design value of the bending moment; fox —design value of flexural tensile strength of masonry, which shall be taken as Table 3.2.25 W——section modulus . 5.4.2. The shear capacity of « flexural member shall be calculated as per the following formulas: Vsfibs (S.4.2-1) zaI/S (5.4,2-2) Where V——design value of the shear force: f-—design value of the shear strength of masonry, which shall be taken as Table 3.2.23 28-—widh of the section ; z—am of intemal force, where the eross section is of rectangular form, s = 24/3: 1 moment of Inertia of the section; S——first moment of the area of sections h—height of the section. 5.5 Shear Member $.5.1 The shear capacity of a member subjected to shear force along the horizontal bed joints or stepped crass section shall be calculated as per the following formulas; Vis (f+ apg) (5.5, 1-1) Where ¥¢ = 1.2, aes 0.26 ~ 0.082 2 (5.5.1-2) Where Ye = 1.35, as 0.23 ~ 0,065 (5.5.1-3) Where =V——design value of the shear force of the section; A——area of horizontal section. Where there are holes, this arca shall be taken as area of net ‘emas section; f:—design value of shear strength of masonry. For conerete block masonsy with grout, this valve shall be taken as f+ @—correetion factor; Wher y¢= 1.2, for brick masonry, this factor is taken as 0.60, while for concrete block masonry,0. Where ¥¢ = 1.35, for brick masonry, this factor is taken as 0.64, while for concrete block masonry 0.66: #—inlluence factor of composite force subjected to shearing pressure."The product of a and g2 can be found from Table 3.5 So——tean compressive stress of a horizontal. section derived from the design value of the permanent Toad f—design value of the compressive strength of masonry go” f—axis compression ratio, which is not greater than 0.8. Table 5.5.1 Value op when Yq 21.2 and ¥q= 1.35 Ye anf 1 | 02 | 03 | o4 | os | 06 | a7 | 08 Brick masonry 0.15 O15 O14 om 0.13 On on 0.12 12 /— | Block masonry 0.16 0.16 O15 O15 O14 0.13 On | 0.12 4 ‘Brick masonry 0.4 O14 0.13 O13 | 0.13 0.12 1.38 ‘Block masonry O15 oO O14 ap 0.13 0.13 296 Requirements for Structures 6.1 Allowable Ratio of Height to Section Thickness of Wall or Column 6.1.1 Computation checking of the slenderness of wall or column shall be conducted as per the following formula: A B= = mnt Bl (6.1.1) Where Hf g——calculation height of a wall or a column, which shall be taken as stated in ‘Clause 5.1.3; h—wall thickness or side length of the column with rectangular section with re- spect to Hy; #1 —correction factor for allowable slenderness ratio of a self-bearing wall; 2——correction factor far allowable slenderness ratio of a wall with door or window ‘opening ; [6] —allowable slenderness ratio for walls or columns, which shall be taken as given in Table 5.1.1. Nole:1 Where the distance s between two adjacent transverse walls being jolted to the wall is less than or equal to j2,pt[ PB] Whe. 5 ec syba[ 6) At, then the height of a wall may not be limited by rules in this clause; 2 ‘The stenderness ratio for = column with variable sections may be checked according to both eras sections of the upper part and lower part respectively, and its calculation height may be adopted as er the rules stated in Clause 5.1.4. Where the slendemess ratio for the upper part of the column is to be checked, the allowable stenderness ratio for the wall or column may be obtained from the value given in Table 6,1... multiplied by 1.3. Table 6.1.1 Allowable skenderness ratio [1] of a wall or column Steagih grate of momar Wall Col M2. 2 15 5.0 m4 16 MS 6 " Notes! The sllmeable slenderness ratio of «wall or culumm constructed of randora rubies shall be tken as the ‘values given in the tabile with 20% deemased; 2 The allowable dendemess ratio of a masonry unit constnacted of hybrid bricks shall be taken as the values ‘Given in the table with 20% increased, but noc greater than 28 3 In checking the alendemess ratio of the newly Laid masonry with itt mortar still unhardened during, oon struction this ratio is taken as M4 for walls an 11 for columns. 6.1.2 Checking the slendemess ratio of pilastered walls and walls with structural columns shall be 30conducted as per the following rules: 1 In checking the slendemess of the pilastered walls as per the formula (6.1.1) the A in the formaila shall be substituted by the converted frp of the section of pilastered wall, while in determining the mdius of gytation of the section, the wing width of the wall section may be adopted as per the stipu- lations stated in Clause 4.2.8.In determining the calculation height Mo of the pilastered walls, s shall be taken as the distance hetween two adjacent transverse walls 2 Where the width of the section of structural columns is not less than the wall thickness, the slendemess of the pilastered walls may be checked as per the formula (6.1.1).At this time, the fin the formula is taken as the wall thickness. When determining the calculation hecight of the wall, « shall be taken as the distance between two adjacent transverse walls, while the allowable slendemess ratio ( 8] of the wall may be multiplied by the magnifying factor j. # =e y's (6.1.2) Where factor. For masonry constructed of fine-dressed athlars and semi-fine dressed ashlars , = 04 for masonry constructed of concrete blocks, rustic-dressed ashlars or random rubble, ¥ = 1.0; while for masonry constructed of other materials, Y= 1.53 -—width of structural column along the wall lengilys i—imerval of the structural columns Where 6./f > 0.25, 5./1 = 0.25 is taken; where 6/1 < 0,05,b./! = Qis taken. Note: Checking calculation far slendemess ratio that considers the favorable effect of the structural column is nat ap- Hicable far constuction period, 3° Where the slendemess of the wall between pilasters or the wall between structural columns is checked as per the forma (6.1.1), 5 shall be taken as the distance between two adjacent pilisters ot the distance between two adjacent structural columns, For pilastered wall or wall with structural columns designed with reinforeed concrete ring bean, where 53 1/30 (6 is the width of the ring beam) , the ring beam may be assumed as the immovable hinged support point of the wall between pilasters or wall between structural ealumns. Where it is not allowed tn inerease the width of the ring beam, the width may be inereased on the basis of the principle of equivalent stiffness outside the plane of the wall body 80 as to meet the requirements of the immovable hinged support point of the wall between pilasters or the wall between the structural columns. 6.1.3 Fora self-bearing wall with its thickness f=: 249mmn, the correction factor y+ of the allowable slendemess ratio shall be adlopted as per the following rules: Th =240mm, 4) = 1.25 2 hs 90mm, yey 21.5 3° 240mm > A > 90mm, the value yz; may be taken by interpolation . Note;1 Allowable slendemess of the wall, of which the upper pact is of free ond besides increased as per the afore~ smextioned stipulations. may’ sil be: increased ly 30% 3 2 For ell with its thickness less than Omen, where beth surfaces of «vel axe Boat costed with sand-oemment slurry of not Jess thar MIO. including the thickness of the Qoat-conted wall is pot less than 50nam, its sen- demess may be checked by assuming the wall thickness being equal io 90mm.6.1.4 For walls with door or window opening. the comection factor for allowable slendemess 12 shall be calculated! as per the following formula: by f= 1-04 (6.1.4) Where ,——tolal width of door or window opening within the range af the width 5; distance of walls between adjacent window openings or hetween pilasters Where the value of j12 calculated as per the farmula (6.1.4) is less than 0.7, then 0.7 shall be- taken. Where the height of the opening is equal to or less than 15 height of the wall. ;2; = 1.0 may be taken, 6.2 General Structural Requirements 6.2.1 The minimum strength grade of the materials used for walk or columns of a building with five storeys and more as well as walls or columns subjected to vibration or walls or columns with its storey height being more than 6 meters shall meet the following requirements: 1 For bricks, MUI0 is adopted; 2 For blocks, MU7.5 is adopted; 3 For stones ,MU30 is adopted ; 4 For mortar ,MS5 is adopted. Note: For baidings of Sefety Grade 1 or of design working life of more than S0 years, the: minimum strength ‘rade of the muateriaks used for walks or columns shall be increased at least by one level. 6.2.2 The minimum strength grade of the materials used for masonry below the ground level or below the moisture barrier and walls of humid rooms shall be in accordance with the re- quirements listed in Table 6.2.2. ‘Table 6.2.2 ‘The minimum strength grade of the materials wed for masonry below the ground level ar below the moisture barrier ‘and walls of numid rooms ‘Fired common bricks, vambeat | __attind eater | | | Smt Severe Cold area [General area Slightly humid MUIO MUIO MUT.S | MU MS Very bumid MUS ___ Muto ‘MUS | MUM | _M7.5 Water saturated Mu Mus Mu [uw [M0 Nole:1 In swelling ground area, masonry below the ground level or below the moisture barrier, perforated bricks may not be adopted. If adopted, their holes shall be fully grouted with cement mortar. ‘Where masonry constructed of concrete blocks are adopted ,their holes shall be fully grouted! with ‘grout of strength grade not fess than Ch20; 2 For buildings of Safety Grade 1 or of design working life of more than 50 years, the strength grade of the materials listed in the table shall be increased at Feast ry ane level. 6.2.3 The sectional dimension of the isolated brick columns of load-beering shall not he smaller than 240mm x 370mm. The thickness of the random rubble wall should not be Jess than 350i, while the length of the shorter side of the random rubble column should not be less than 400m. 32Note: Where vibration load exists, walls or columns should not be constructed of randsen rubible masoney. 6.2.4 Building wuss with its span longer than 6m and beam with its span longer than the following values shall be placed with concrete or reinforced concrete bearing blocks at the support. Where ring beam is set on the wall, the bearing block should be monolithically cast with the ring beam These values are as follows: 1 For masonry constructed of bricks the value is 4.81; 2 For masonry constructed of blocks and ashlars, the value is 4.2m; 3) For masonry constructed of random rubbles, the value is 3.9m 6.2.5 Where the beam span is longer or equal to the following values, its bearing position shall be « placed. with additional pilasters or other measures for strengthening shall be adopted These values are as follows: 1 For brick wall of 240mm thickness, the beam span is 6m; for brick wall of 180mm thickness, the beam span is 4, 8ms 2 For walls constructed of blocks and achlars, the beam span is 4.8m. 6.2.6 The supporting leagth of the prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs should not be less, than 100me on walls. and not less than 80mm on reinforced concrete ring beams, Where the steel reinforce- ments projected from the slab end is used for restraint and joint grouting, the supporting length thereof may be 40mm, but the joint width of the slab end shall not be less than 80mm and the grout should not be lower than C20. 6.2.7 The ends of the crane beams, rwof truss and the prefabricated beam, supported on walls, and columns, with its span greater than or equal to the following values shall be anchored with: the bearing block on wall and column by using anchoring assembly. ‘These values are 2s follows: 1 For brick masonry,.the value is 9ms 2 For masonry constructed of blocks or achlars,the value is 7.2m. 6.2.8 Fill wall and curtain wall shall be reliably connected with peripheral members by tak- ing measures respectively. 6.2.9 Filasters at gable should be laid 10 the top of the gable and the roofing members shall be reli- ably connected to the gable. 6.2.10 Masonry constructed of blocks shall be laid with overlapping Joint staggered and the overlapping length between the upper layer and the lower layer shall not be less than 90mm. Where the overlapping length cannot meet the aforementioned requirements, welded steel mesh slices of not less than 2¢4 shall be embedded inside the horizontal mortar joint {the spacing be- tween transverse steel reinforcements should not be greater than 200mun). Each end of the mesh slice shall exceed the vertical joint with a length of not less than 300mm. 6.2.1] The intersection joints between a building block wall and the later laid curtain wall shall be embedded every 400mm along the wall height inside the horizontal mortar joint with not less than 2¢4 welded steel mesh slices with a spacing of not greater than 200mm between ‘two transverse steel reinforcements (Fig.6.2.11) . 33Black all Welded reinfarced seth thces of #4 3400 LS — ae ad conan walt Fig. 6.2.11 Steel mesh shices embodied t the intemection between Mock mmasonay and later laid curtain wall 6.2.12 For building constructed of concrete blocks, the holes located at the intersection between longitudinal wall and transverse wall and also located within the range of not Less 300mm from each side of the centertine of a wall shall be fully grouted with grout of not less than Cb20 and the grouting height shall be the whole height of the wall body. 6.2.13 The following positions of the wall body constructed of concrete blocks, where ring beams or concrete bearing blocks are not placed, the holes shall be fully grouted with grout of ot less than x20, ‘These positions are as follows: 1 Masonry underneath the support surface of grating, lintel and reinforced conerete floor slabs with the masoney height not less than 200mms 2) Masonzy underneath the support surface of members such as roof trusses, beams, ete with the masonry height and length not less than 600mm respectively ; 3° Masonry undemeath the support surface of cantilever beam, which shall not be lees than 300mm from each side of the centerline of wall with the masonry height not less than 600m 6.2.14 Where grooves or holes are reserved and pipes embedded inside masonry, the following rules shall be complied with: 1 Piping shall not be embedded inside a bearing wall body with the long side of its section being less than 300mm ated inside an isolated columns 2 Buried wiring should not be arranged inside wall body oe groves reserved or cut through thereof, Where there is no way to avoid doing so, necessary countermeasures shall be taken or check 34the load-bearing capacity of the wall body according to the weakened cross section. Note: For block masonry subjected to Jess load ar without grouting, itis permitied ta place piping in the vertical Ihole of the wall kody. 6.2.15 Cavity wall filled with insulation shall meet the following rules: 1 The strength grade of the concrete blocks shall not be less than MUIO; 2° Thickness of the interlayer of a cavity wall filled with insulation should not be greater than 100mm ; 3) The maximum transverse bearing spacing of the extemal side of the cavity wall filled with in- sulation should not be greater than 9m, 6.2.16 The connection between the intemal side and the extemal side of the insulation shall meet the following rules : 1 Both the internal and extemal sides of the cavity wall filled with insulation shall be connected ‘with corrosion-treated tie hars or steel reinforcements mesh slicess 2° Where annular tie bars are adopled, the diameter of the steel reinforcements shall not be less than 4mm. Where tie bars are of Z form, the diameter of the steel reinforcements shall not be less than 6mm. The tie bars shall be arranged along vertical direction in the form of plum blossom with their maximum horizontal and vertical spacing not greater than 800mm and 600mm respectively. Where there is vibration prevention or earthquake-resistance requirements, the maximum horizontal and vertical spacing should not be greater than 800mm and 400mm respectively; 3) Where steel reinforcements mesh slices are used as restrained parts, the diameter of the trans~ verse steel reinforcements of the mesh slives shall not be less than 4mm and its spacing shall not be greater than 400mm, whereas the vertical spacing of the mesh slices should not be greater than 600m. If there is vibration prevention or earthquake-tesistance requirements, this vertical spacing should not be greater than 400mm: 4° The length placed of the restrained parts on the internal or extemal side of the cavity wall filled with insulation shall not be less than 2/3 of the thickness of such side and shall not be less than 60mm as well; SS Restrained assembly with their spacing not greater than 600mm shall be supplemented within 30mm. of the peripheral sides of door and window openings. Note: Far buildings of safety grade 1 or with « design working life of mare Guan SO years, the internal and external sides of the cavity wall filed with insulation shoukd be: connectod with restrained assembly of stainless steel. wall filled with 6.3 Main Measures to Prevent or Mitigate Walls from Cracking 6.3.1 In order to prevent or mitigate the wall bady of a building from vertical cracking resulted fro tetnperature difference and masonry dryness and shrinkage in normal servicing condition, expansion and contraction joint shall be designed inside the wall body. This joint shall be designed at the place where there is the most possibility that stress concentration and masonry cracks occur due to deforming. resull- ced from temperature and contraction, The spacing af the expansion and contraction jeint may be taken as Table 6.3.1. 35‘Table 6.3.1 Maximum spacing of the expansion and contraction joint of masonry buildings ( m) Concrete building ‘Type of roof o oar Monolithic or assembled monolith: | Roof ar Boor with insulsted or isolated layer ie reinleod conerete structure ‘Roof wi we bald layer ‘Assembled purtiniess reinforoed | _ Roof or floor with insulated or isakated Inver ronereie stature ‘Roof without insulated or isolated layer ‘owenided pin reinforced co | Roof with insilated or isolated layer cote strc Roof without insulted ised Layer w Roof of tile or Noor of ocd, light steel rool 10 Note: 1 For building constructed af fired common brick, perforated brick ane reinforced block mavonry, take the values given in the table; for building, corsiructed of masonry laid with stones, atsteclaves! lime sand bricks, auoclaved Qyasleline bricks and fired common tricks, perforated bricks and concrete blocks, take the values ftom the table and euitiply them by « factor 0.8. Where there is practical experience and fective measures ure sdopted, stipulations specified in this table may mot be abides 2 Redd ted on reinforced concrete ronfing should be used as reinforced enecrete ros 3) The expansion and contraction joint designed. as per this table generally cannot prevent simultaneeuty the ‘wall body from local cracking caused by deforming of reinforcer) concrete mof due to teraperature and de- Faring of masonry due to dyin ane shrinks: 44 The spacing of the expansion and contraction joint of 2 single storey building constructed of masoray laid vith fired commen bricks, peviorted bricks and wrinvorond blocks rasony with the storey height greaker than Son say be take os the values iv the table by oultiplying, 1.33 5 The minimum spacing of the expansion and contraction joint of the wall body of the heating free buildin, and structures consincied in areas wih greater dl erence are Irequent change of tempersiure anil severe ceald area shall be takers as the values in the table with appropriate reduetion: 6 The expansion and contraction joint af the wall body shall be superposed upon the other deforming faints of the structure, and the cfect of the expansion and coméraction of the joint must be assured in conducting eaten of upright plane 6.3.2 In order to prevent or mitigete the top wall body of a huilding from cracking, the following measures may be taken as appropriate: 1 Roofing shall be placed with insulating and isolated layers 2° The insulating and isolated layer or rigid topping and mortar-leveling layer of the roofing, shall be designed with separation joint. The spacing of the separation joint should not be greater than 6m and shall be separated with parapet wall, while the width of joint should not be less than 30mm; 3 Adopt assembled purlin reinforced concrete roof and tiled roof; 4) Place horizontal gliding layer at the contact plane between the reinforced concrete roofing slab and the ting beam of wall body. The gliding layer may be through the use of two layers of asphalt felt embedded with taloum powder or rubber slices. For long longitudinal wall, the gliding layer may only be designed at both ends within 2 ta 3 bays. while for transverse wall, the gliding layer may only be designed at both ends within [/4 respectively (I is the length of the transverse wall) s 5) Place orrsite east reinforced concrete ring beam under the top roofing slab and tie it through 36along the intemal and external walls, and appropriately set horizontal steel reinforoements inside the ‘wall hody under the sing beams at bath ends of a buildings 6 Set 3 welded steel reinforcements mesh slices (the longitudinal steel reinforcements should not be Less than 244 and the spacing of transverse steel reinforcements should not be greater than 200mm) or 26 steel reinfareements inside the mortar joint of the wall body under the end of the top cantilever, both the steel reinforcements mesh slices or the projection by the steel reinfarcements into the wall body located at both sides shall mot be less than Im calculating from the end af the cantilever (Fig. 6.3.2); Mortar Joint of the Gret layer of bricks undersesth the beam i Fig. 6.3.2. Steel reinforcements mesh slices of stee! reinforcements at the end of the top cantilever 1-264 steel reinforcements mesh slices or 286 stoel seinforcements 7 Where there are openings such as doors or windows on the wall body of the op storey, place 2 to 3 welded steel reinforcements mesh slices or 26 sitel reinforcements inside the horizontal meetar joint of lintel, and the projection by the slices or the bars into the wall located at hoth ends of the lintel shall not be less than 600mm; 8 The strength grade of the mortar for top storey wall and parapet wall shall not he less than MS; 9 The parapet wall shall be designed with sinictural column, ‘The spacing of the structural col- umn should not be greater than 4m and the structural column shall project up to the top of the parapet veall and monolithically cast with the on-site cast reinforced concrete top; 10 Extra structural columns should be appropriately set inside the wall body at the end of the top storey of a building. 6.3.3 In order to prevent or mitigate the wall body of the bottom floor of a building from eracking, the following measures may be taken as appropriate: 1 Increase the stiffness of the foundation ring beam; 2 Set 3 lines of welded steel reinforcements mesh slices or 2#6 steel reinforcements inside the ‘mortar joint of the wall body undemeath the window of the bottom storey and the projection of the slices ‘or bars into the walls located at both sides of the window shall not be Jess than 600mm; 3° Adopt reinforced concrete window slab, and embed i into the walls at both sides of the win- Hvdow for not Tess than 600mm 6.3.4 Restrained steel reinforvements should be vertically placed at the wall comer and the intersee tion between longitudinal and transverse walls every 400 ta 500mm and its mumber shall not be less than 146 for every 120mm wall thickness or steel reinforcements mesh slices should be welded, while the embedded length shall not be less than 600mm at cach side calculating from the wall comer er from the intersection. 6.3.5 For lime sand bricks, flyash-lime bricks, concrete blocks or other non-bumnt bricks, welded steel reinforcements mesh slices or 26 steel reinforcements should be plaved inside the horizontal mor- tar joints above the lintel of the doors and windows on every storey and on the first and second, horizon- tal mortar joints underneath the windows, while the welded steel reinforcements mesh slices or steel re- Infoccements shall project into the walls at both sides of the vindow for not less than 600mm. Where the length of the solid wall constructed of lime sand bricks, flyash-lime bricks, concrete blocks or other non-burnt bricks is longer than Sm, 21 3 welded steel reinforcements mesh slices or 346 horizontal steel reinforcements with consecutive length should be placed at die inid-height of wall for every storey with a vertiral spacing of 500mm. 6.3.6 In order to prevent or mitigate the openings of doors and windows located at both ends of the top storey and in the first and second bays on the bottom storey of a building constructed of concrete blocks from cracking, the following measures may be taken: 1 Set steel reinforcements of not less than 112 inside at least one opening at both sides of the door opening or window opening. This steel reinforcements shall be anchored at the ring bear of the foot or at the foundation of @ building and fully grouted with grout of not less than Cb20; 2 Set 2944 welded steel reinforcements mesh slices with their length of not less than 900mm and theie vertical spacing of 400mm inside the horizontal mortar joint of the wall bodies at both sides of the door opening or the window opening; 3) Set reinforced concrete window lintel with consecutive length at the top storey and bottom storey, and the height of this lintel should be the module of the block height: vertical member shall not be less than 4#10, while hooping shall be #6(@200 with CL20 concrete. 6.3.7 Where the building is of great stiffness, vertical control joint may be set inside the wall body under windows or at the window comers. Such vertical control joint should also be set at the abrupt change of the height and thickness of the wall body or other reliable measures shall be adopted against cracking. The detailing and the calking material of the vertical control joint shall meet the requirements of the outward transmission load and defending of the wall plane. 6.3.8 Lime sand bricks, fyash-lime bricks masonry should be laid with good sticky mortar, while concrete block masonry shall be laid with special mortar. 6.3.9 For wall body with higher requirements against cracking. special measures may be taken as appmpriate, 387 Ring Beam, Lintels, Wall Beams and Cantilever Beams 7.1 Ring Beam 7.1.1 In order to enhance the monolithic stiffness of a building and prevent the unfavourable influ- ences from the unequal settlements of the ground foundation or greater vibration load on the building. on-site cast reinforced concrete ring beam may be set inside a wall as per the stipulations stated in this clause 7.1.2 Ring beam for spacious building with single storey such as workshop, warehouse, mess hall, ete shall be set as per the following mutes: 1 For buildings constructed of brick masonry, where the elevation of cornice is 5 10 8m, a ring beam shall be set along the comice elevation; where the elevation of cornice is greater than 8m, the number of ring beam shall be increased; 2 For buildings constructed of block and ashlar masonry, where the elevation of cornice is 4 to Sm, a ring beam shall be set along the cornice elevation; where the elevation of cornice is greater than Sm, the mumber of ring beam shall be increased; For industrial buildings with single storey installed with crane or major vibration equip- ment, besides setting an on-site cast reinforced concrete ring beam along the elevation of cor- nice or window top, extra ring beam shall be set. 7.1.3. For civil buildings of multi-storey masonry used for dormitory, office, ete with 3 to 4 storeys, a ring beam shall be set along the cornice elevation; where there are more than 4 storeys, ring beams shall be set every two storeys on longitudinal and transverse walls. For an industrial building of multi-storey masonry, on-site cast reinforced concrete ring beams shall be set on every storey. For buildings of multi-storey masonry with wall beams placed, on-site cast reinforced con- crete ring beam shall be set along the joist, wall beam and the cornice elevation, while for oth- er floors, ring beams shall be set on every storey of longitudinal and transverse walls. 7.1.4 Buildings constructed on sofi foundation or cn uneven foundation. besides setting ing beam as per this clause, shall also be in accordance with the relevant stipulations specified in the current ma tional standard,“ Code for Design of Building Foundution" GB 50007 . 7.1.5 Ring beams shall be in acconlance with the following structural requirements: 1 Ring beam should be set consecutively on the same horizontal plane and looped. Where the Ting beams are interrupted by door opening or window opening, additional ring beam of the same sec- tion shall be set on the top of the opening. ‘The overlapping length of the additional ring beam with this one shall not be less than 2 times of the vertical spacing calculating fram the center to center, and also not be less than Im; 2° Ring beam at the intersection between longitudinal wall and transverse wall shall be reliably ESconnected. The ring beam of buildings of rigid-clastie scheme and elastic scheme shall be reliably con- nected with members such as roof tnésscs and girders etes 3° The width of the reinforced concrete ring beams should be the same with wall thickness Where the wall thickness 42> 240mm, its width should not be less than 24/3, while its height shall not be less than 120mm and the lengitudinal steel reinforcements shall not be less than 4910 and the ‘overlapping length of the tied tie-in shall be considered as per the steel reinforcements subjected to ten- sion, while the booping spacing shall not be greater than 300mm; 4) Where the ring beam is used simultaneously as lintel, then the steel reinforcements set in the lintel position shall be increased for number as per the calculated quantity 7.1.6 Buildings of multi-storey masonry structure with on-site cast reinforced concrete: Mloor/roof, where there are more than 3 storeys, may be, besides setting one ring beam along the cornice eleva- tion, placed with ring beam every two storeys and east together with floor and roof slabe. The embed- ded Length of the floor slabs without placing ting beam into wall shall not be less than 120mm, and lon- Bitudinal steel reinforcements of not less than 210 shall be placed along the wall length. 7.2 Lintels 7.2.1 ‘The span of a brick lintel shall nat exceed the fallowing rules: For lintel constructed of reinforced bricks, the span is 1.3m For jack arch constructed of bricks, the span is 1.2m. For buildings with great vibration load ot with potential unequal setilement of the ground founda- tion, reinforced concrete lintel shall be adopted. 7.2.2 The load of lintel shall be adopted as per the following rules: 1 Load of lintel or slab For « masonry unit constructed af bricks or small blocks, where the height of the wall under the lintel or slab hy < J, (0, is the net span of the lintel), the Inad transmitted from the lintel or slab shall be reckoned in; where the height of the wall under the lintel or slab hy 2 [,, the load transmitted from the lintel or slab may not be considered in. 2 Load af wall body 1)For masonry constracted of bricks, where the height of the wall above the lintel hy < 04/3, the load shall be adopted as per the evenly distributed self-weight of the wall body. Where the height of the wall body AeJ,, the wall load shall be adopted as per the uniformly distributed self-weight of the wall body of 1/3 beeights 2)For masonry constructed of concmte blocks, where the height of the wall above the lintel A. Jo, taken as A. = fe(for continuous wall beams and multi-span framework-supporting wall beam, Zy shall be taken as the mean value of spans); 3° For the calculation height Mo of the section in the middle past of the span of a wall beam, taken as Hy = hy + O.5dys 4 For the calculation width by of the wing wall, the width of the wall between windows or 2/3 spacing of the transverse wall shall be taken and each side should not be greater than 3.54 (Ai is the: thickness of the wall} and ly/63 5S For the calculation height H, of the framework column, taken as Hy = Mo, +0. 5iy3 Hos is the net height of the (ramewoek column, which is taken as the distance from the tap surface of founda 42tion to the sub face of the joist Fig. 7.3.3) Calculation sketch of wall beams 7.3.4 The calculation load of a wall beam shall be applied as per the following rules: 1 Load on the wall beam in the stage of service 1) Bearing wall beam a The design value @),F) of the load from the top surface of the joist shall be taken as the self weight of the joist and the dead load and Live load af the floor of the same storeys b The design value Q; of the load trom the top surface of the wall beam shall be taken as the self-weight of the wall bodies on each storey upward from the joist and the dead lea and live load of the floar and roof of each storey upward from the top surface of the wall heam, concentrated load can be approximately regarded as uniformly distributing load along the acting span. 2) Self-bearing wall beam ‘The design value Qz of the Joed frum the tp surface of the wall beam shall be taken as the self- weight of the joist and the self-weight af the wall body upward from the joist 2 Lead on the joist in the stage of constuction 1) The self-weight of the joist and the dead lead of the oor of the same storeys 2) load of the construction of the floor aif the: saine storey; 3)'The self-weight of the wall body, which can be Laken as the sclf-weight of the wall body of leme3 height; where making opening, this eelf-weight shall still be rechecked on the basis of the ae- tual distributing self-weight of the wall body below the top of the openings lagu: és the: maximum valve of the calenlated span. 7.3.8. The load-bearing capacity of the normal section and the shear load-beering capacity of inclined section af the joist in its service stage shall be calculated for the wall beam respectively. Besides, the shear load-bearing capacity of wall body and the local compressive load-bearing capacity of the upper ‘part of the abutment af a jnist shall be calculated. including the computation checking of the load-bear- ing capacity of a joist in construction stage, For self-bearing wall beam, the shear load-bearing, capaci- 43ty of the wall body and the local compressive load-bearing capacity of masonry may not be eunducted for computation. checking. 7.3.6 The bearing capscity of normal section of the joist of wall beam shall be calculated as per the following rules: 1. The section in the middie part of the span of a joist chall be calculated as reinforced concrete eccentric tensile member and its bending moment My and axis tensile force Mj,; can be calculated as per the following formulas: Muc= Mus + awa: (7.3.61) My Mu = my 7.3.62 bu = ON C ) For simply supported! wall beam, eu= du( 1.70.08) (7.3.63) in < -102 dus 45-10 (7.3.64) po20.8852.1 4 (7.3.65) a For continuous wall heam and framework-supparing, wall hear, ow = vs( 2.7 #2 0.08) (7.3.66) y= 38-87 (7.3.6.7) at Ay Ww=0.842.65" (7.3.68) Where M,——bending moment in the middle part of the span of the simply supported wall beam under the action of the load design value QF; or the maximum bending mo- ment in the middle part of the spans of the joist analyzed as per continuous wall beam or frameworks ;—bending moment in the middle part of the span of the simply supported wall beam under the action of the load design value @3 or the maximum value af the bending moment in the middle part of span of the joist analyzed as per continuous wall beam or framework ay—bending moment factor in the middle part of span of the joist with the consideration of the combined effcet of the wall beam, which can be calculated as per the formulas (7.3.63) of (7.3.6-6), but the simply supported wall beam of self-bearing shall be multiplied by 0.8: where in the formula (7.3.6-3), hy 4 hy 1 Ay at, when hoel t qy—cvelficient of the axial force in the middle part of the span of the joist with the con= sideration of the combined effect of the wall beam, which may be calculated as per the formulas given in (7,3.6-5) or (7.3.6-8), but the simply supported wall beans of self-bearing shall be multiplied by 0.8; where in the formula, ha ty;? Yur-—~influence coefficient of the opening on the bending moment of the joist, for wall beam without opening, this coefficient shall be taken as 1.0, while for wall beam with opening, calculation can be conducted ax per the formulas (7.3.6-4) or (7.3. GT); a; —distanoe from the edge of the opening te the nearcst support of the wall beam, take a; =0.35 Io; when a; >0.35 lo. 2 The section of the support of a joist shall be calculated as per the reinforced concrete flexural member, and ite bending mament My, may be caleulaied as per the following formulas; My = May + owls (7.3.6.9) a am = 0.75 ~ 7 (7.3.6-10) a when Where Mj,——bending moment of the support of a joist under the action of the load design value Q).F; analyzed as per the continuous wall bear or framewark:: My—bending moment of the suppott of a joist under the aetion of the load design value Oz, analyzed as per the continuous wall beam or framework ay-—bending moment coofficient of the support of a joist with the consideration of the combined effect, wall beam without opening shall be taken as 0.4, while wall bear with opening may be calculated as per the formula (7.3.6-10). Where there are openings on walls at both sides of the support, aj should be taken ax minor value. 7.3.7 For framework-supporting column of the multi-span framework-supporting, wall beam under the aetion of load Qs from the top surface of the wall beam, where the axial foree of the side column is un~ favorable, a correction factor 1.2 shall be multiplied 71.3.8 The shear load-bearing capacity on the inclined section of the joist of a wall beam shall be calculated as the reinforced concrete flexural member, and its shearing force Vy may be ealeulated as per the following formula: Vay = Var Bo Ry (7.3.8) ‘Where V\;——side shear force of the support of the joist or side shear force of tht support of the simply supported beam under the action af the load design valuc Qy » F, analyzed as per continuous wall beam or framework Va-—side shear force of the support of a joist or side shear force of the support af the sim- ply supported beam under the action of the Load design value Qz analyzed as per the continuous wall beam or framework 45By—shear foree coefficient of the joist with the consideration of the combined effect. Far the side support of 2 wall beam without opening, take 0.6 and for middle support , take 0.7, while for the side support of a wall beam with opening, take 0.7 and far middle support, take 0.8. For a wall beam of self-bearing, take 0.45 if no opening. or take 0.5 if with opening. 7.3.9 The shear load-bearing capacity for the wall body af a wall beam shall be calculated as per the following formula. h 1 Hse (ore +h 7.3.9) i: Where V7—maximum value of the shear force at the support of a wall beam under the artion of the load design value (3: £;— influence coefficient of a wing wall or structural column. For single storey wall beam, take 1.0, while for raulti-storey wall beam, when be Bi take 1.3 7, or set structural columns, tke 1.5; when 3< Her, value shall be taken as per linear insertion €-——influence coefficient from the opening. take 1.0 for wall beam without opening, while 0.9 for multi-storey wall beam with opening and 0.6 for single storey wal] beam with openings fy ——height of the section of the ring bean on the top surface of a wall beam, 7.3.10 The local compressive lnad-hearing capactty of the saasonry on the upper part of the support ‘of 4 joist shall be calculated as per the following formulas Q2= th (7.3.10-1) b £= 0.25 + 0,087 (7.3.10-2) Where [———lecal compression coefficient. When > 0.81, take {= 0.81. Where by/h 25 or vertically consecutive structural column constructed from the ground surface is Placed at the support of a wall beam, computation checking of the local compressive capacity ray not be conducted. 7.3.11 Computation checking of bending and shear Inad-bewring capacity of a joist in construction stage shall be conducted as per concrete flexural member, and the load acting on the joist may be adopted as per the stipulations specified in Clause 7.3.4 7.3.12 Wall beams, besides mecting the relevant stipulations for structures of the present ‘Code and the current national standard, “Code for Design of Concrete Structures” GB 50010, shall also be in accordance with the following structural requirements: 1 Material 1) The strength grade of the concrete used for joist shall not be less than C30; 2)For longitudinal steel reinforcements, Grade HRB33S, HRB400 or RRB400 shouldbe adopted; 43) The strength grade of the masonry units used for bearing wall beam shall not be less than MUIO, and the strength grade of the mortar used for wall body within the limit of calculated height shall not be less than M10, ‘Wall body 1) Building constructed of masonry in the upper part of the framework-supporting wall beams and building with simply supported wall beams or continuous wall beam placed. with bearing shall meet the requirements for buildings of rigid scheme; 2) The thickness of the wall body within the limit of the calculation height of wall beams shall not be less than 240mm for brick masonry, not be less than 19mm for a ma- sonry unit constructed of small conerete blocks 3) Concrete lintel shall be set on the top of opening of wall beam with its supporting length not less than 240mm, and no concentrated load shall be applied within the Limit of the opening; 4)Ground wing wall shall be set at the support of the bearing wall bear with the wall thickness not less than 241mm for brick masonry, and 190mm for concrete block masonry, while the width of the wing wall shall not be less than 3 times of the thick- ness of the wall body of wall beam. This wing wall shall be constructed together with the wall body of the wall beam simultaneously. Where it is not possible to set the ‘wing wall, a vertically constructed ground structural column shall be placed; 5) Where opening is placed near the range of 1/3 span of the support on the wall body of a wall beam, a vertically constructed ground structural column shall be placed at the support and be connected to the ring bea on each storey; 6) Wall body laid daily within the limit of the calculation height of the wall beam shall not exceed 1.5m, otherwise, additional temporary bracing shall be placed. Joist 1) On-site cast concrete floor shall be adopted on each bay at both sides of the joist of the building ‘with wall beam and at the adja- cent bay thereof, and the thick mess of the floor slab should not ah be less than 120mm. Where the = - L thickness of the floor slabs is Notte wan #8100, | Lt er J greater than 150mm, dual layer and bi-directional reinforced Fig. 7.3.12 lnfiling area of hooping: For mesh should be adopted. On the joist with mon-centered opening, designed floor slabs, less opening should be made. Where the opening size is greater than 800m, beam should be place at the 47edge of opening; 2)The longitudinal reinforcing steel bar with consecutive length shall be placed on the bottom of each span of the joist. ‘The middle part of the span shall not be bent or cut, and the connection of the steel reinforcements for additional length shall be made mechanically or through welding; 3) The total reinforcement rate of the longitudinal streesed steel bar of the section of the middle part of the joist span of a wall beam shall not be less than 0.6% : 4) Within the limit of a joist to the 1/4 position of the edge of the side support, the area of the longitudinal steel reinforcements inside the upper part of a joist shall not be less than 1/3 area of that inside the middle and lower parts of the span. Addition- al longitudinal sieel reinforcements inside the upper part of the middle support of a joist of the continuous wall beam or multi-span framework-supporting wall beam shall project outward for not less than Jy/4 each side calculating from the edge of the support; 5) The length that a joist of the bearing wall beam supports on the masonry wall or col- unin shall not be Jess than 380mm, and the projection by the longitudinal streesed steel bar into the support shall meet the anchoring requirement of the tensile stee1 re- inforcements; 6) Where the height of a joist /,3500mm, horizontal steel reinforcements with consee- uutive length shall be set along the height of a wall beam with their diameter not less than [2mm and spacing not greater than 200mm; 7) The diameter of the hooping of a joist that is located within the width of non-centered ‘opening of a wall beam and within the limit of one beam height Jy, respectively on both sides of a wall beam up to the side of an abutment near the opening should not be less than Sram with a spacing of not greater than 100mm (Fig. 7.3.12). 7.4. Cantilever Beams 7.4.1 The resistance to overturning of the reinforced concrete cantilever beatn inside the ma- sonry wall shall be computation-checked as per the following formula: MoM, (14) Where M;——overturning moment, which is resulted from the load design value of the ‘cantilever to the calculating overturning point; M,—design value of the moment of the resistance to overturning of the cantilever , which may be calculated as per the stipulations in Clause 7.4.3. 7.4.2. The distance from the calculating overtuming point af the cantilever to the external edge of the wall may be adopted as per the following rules: To Where i) 22.24, xg =0.3h, (7.4.21) 48and nol greater than 0.131, 2 Where 4 ¢2.2hy. y= 0.13, (7.4.2.2) and not greater than 0.13 i; Where [built-in length of the cantitever beam end into the masonry wall (mam) ; x9—~distanee from the calculating overturning point to the extemal edge of the wall (mm): ‘Ay——height of the section of cantilever beam (mm). NNoue: Where there is structural eslumis tnelemeath the canfilever beam. the distance fm dhe calculating aexturing point iw the external edge of the wall may be taken as 0.5 ap. 7.4.3 The design value of the moment of the resistance to overtuming of the cantilever beam may be calculated as per the following formula: M,=0.86,(1; = x9) (7.4.3) Where G,——load of the resistance w overturning of cantilever beam, which i the sum of the masonry in the same storey within the scope (its horizontal length is f;) of shadow of the 45° expansion angle on the upper part of the tenninal of cantilever beam and the characteristic value of the dead load of the floor (Fig. 7.4.3); [;——distance from the action point af G, to the extemal edge of the wall, ty E ES G, 0 ee Se Te aay (ed (by = Fig. 7.4.3 Laid of the resistance to overtuming of the cantilever bean (1) Where fo dy5 (8) Where ty f15 Co} Where the opening i within #4 (a) Where dhe oping is tse fy 7.4.4 Computation checking of the local compressive load-bearing capacity of the masonry under. neath the cantilever beam may be conducted as per the following formula (Fig. 7.4.4): Ny fr (7.4.4) 49Fig. 7.4.4 Local comprention of a masonry undemeath the cantilever beam (Cantilever bear that bears ona sai wall; (5) Cantilever beam that beaes ong ‘T-wall Where N;——bearing compression undemeath the cantilever, which may be taken as N) =2R, where R is the design value of the overtuming load of the cantilever beam; [integral factor of the compressive stress diagrum of the bottom surface of the cantilever beam end, which may be taken as 0.75 ¥—magnifying coefficient of the local compressive strength of masonry, which may he tak- en as 1.25 for Fig. 7.4.4a, while 1.5 for Fig. 7.4.46; A;—lecal compressive area of masonry undemeath the cantilever beam, which may be tak= en as A) = 1. 26h, where b is the width of the section of the cantilever beam, while hy is the height of the section of the cantilever beam. 7.4.5 The macimum bending design value Myyq and the maximum shear design value Vous of the cantilever may he calculated as per the following formulas: Moa = Moy (7.4.51) Vaan = Vp (7.4,5-2) Where Ke-—shear force resulted from the load design value of the cantilever beam al the section of the extemal exge of the cantilever beam wall; 7.4.6 The design value of the cantilever beam, besides meeting the relevant stipulations speci- fied in the current national standard, “Cade for Design of Concrete Structures” GB 50010, shall also be in accordance with the following requirements; 1 ‘Longitudinal streesed steel bar shall be extended into the cantilever beam end for at least 1/2 area of the steel bar and not less than 2412. ‘The length of the rest bars tn be extended into the support shall not be less than 2/)/3. 2 The ratio of the length J of the cantilever beam embedded into masonry to the length I ‘of the cantilever part should be greater than 1.2; where there is no masonry constructed on the cantilever beam, the ratio of /; to f should be greater than 2. 7.4.7 Cantilever member such as awning ete may be given computation checking for resistance to overtuming 39 per Clauses 7.4.1~ 7.4.3, whilst its load G, for resistance to avertuming may be adapted as per Fig. 7.4.7, where the distance of G, to the external edge of the wall is Jp = 1)/2, dye l,/2 508 Reinforced Brick Masonry Members 8.1 Steel Mesh Reinforced Brick Masonry Merabers 8.1.1 The compressive member of the steel mesh reinforced brick masonry units shall meet the following rules: 1 Where the eccentric distance exceeds the kem limit of the section, for column of rectangular cmsssection, i.e. 7h > 0.17 or where the eccentric distance does not excced the kem limit of the section, though, the slendemess ratio of the member > 16, the mesh-reinforced brick masonry units should not be: adopted; 2° For member of rectangular emoss-section, where the length of the side of the section along the eccentric direction of the axial force is greater than that of other direction, the section ia the direction of the length of the shorter side shall also be checked on the basis of axial compression besides con ducting. as per eccentric compressive calculation; 3) Where the lower end of the mesh- reinforced brick masonry member intersects with the unrein- forwed masonry, computation checking shall also be conducted for the local compressive load-bearing ‘capacity of the unreinforced brick masonry at the intersection, 8.1.2 The load-bearing capacity of the compressive member of the mesh-reinfored brick masonry (Fig. 8.1.2) shall be calculated as per the following formulas: fq “ NTN . Fig. 8.1.2 Steel mesh-reinforeed! masonry (0) Reinfored brick oolumn in gpd meshi (8) Consecutive been reinforced meh; (62) Redo Dik sali pid rm Ne Gohad (8.1.24) 32Co REET Ee coe a SR RR RE SE = 2e) ep fS421- 2) Bp (8.1.2-2) ps (VAP }100 (8.1.2.3) Where design value of the axial forces ga influence coeffieient from the slenderness ratio, reinforcement ratio and the eecentric distance of the axial force on the lead-bearing capacity of the compressive member of the mesh-reinforced brick masonry, which may be adopted as per the stipulations in Appendix D.0, Jo——design value of the compressive strengih of the mesh-reinforogd brick masonry: A——ares of the cross section; e—eeventric distance of the axial forces p—reinforcement ratio per unit volume, where squire grid composed of steel reinforce- ments with a soctional area A, is adopted (Fig. 8.1.2a) with its size being a and its vertical spacing being sn. 24, V.. volume of the reinforcing bar and the masonry respectively; Jy design value of the tensile strength of the steel reinforcements, where f, is greater than 320MPa, tke 320MPa as it is. Note: Where consecutive bent veinfrcing bar mesh is adopied (Fig, 8.1.26), the eliection of the see winforoe- ments used for mesh shall be perpendicular each other and be placed in staggered manner long the height of the amsonry. The spacing of the mesh in the same direction shall bbe taken for t,. 8.1.3 The structure of the mesh-reinforved brick masonry member shall be in accordance with the following cules: 1 The reinforcement ratio of the wolume inside the mesh-reinforced brick masonry shall not be less than 0.1%, and shall not be greater than 1% 5 2. Where reinforced mesh is adopted, the adopted diameter of the steel reinforceinents should be 3 to 4mm; where consecutive bent reinforced mesh is adopted, the diameter of the stee] reinforcements shall not be greater than 8mm; 3° The spacing of the steel reinforcements inside the reinforced mesh shall sot be greater than 120mm, and not be less than Mme; 4) The vertical spacing of the reinforced mesh shall not be greater than five Layers of bricks, and ‘pot be greater than 400mm; 5) The strength grade of the mortar uses! for mesh-reinforced brick masonry shall not be less than M7.5 and the reinforced mesh shall be set inside the horizontal mortar joint, of which the thickness shall assure that there is a mortar layer of at least 2mm thickness respectively on and underneath the steel reinforcements. 6 1008.2 Compesite Brick Masonry Members 1 Composite Masonry Members Composed of Brick Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Topping or Reinforced Mortar Topping 8.2.1 Where the eccentric distance af the axial force: exceeds the limited value specified in Clause 5.1.5, composite brick masonry member composed of brick masonry and reinforced concrete topping or reinfaroed mortar wpping should be adopted (Fig. 8.2.1). Restrained stec] [stir te) oy fe) Fig. 8.2.1 Section of hybrid brick masoery menters 8.2.2 T-section member with its brick walls Iaid together with the compasite masonry ( Fig. 8.2. 16) may be calculated as the composite masonry member af rectangular section (Fig. 8.2. 1¢), but the slendermess ratio @ of the member shall still be considered as T-section, of which the flange width shall be in accordance with the stipulation specified in Clause 4.2.8, 8.2.3) The load-bearing capacity of the axial compressive inember of the composite brick masonry shall be calculated as per the following formula NE Peal A + fide t fA (8.2.3) Where Pesq—stubility coefficient of the compasite brick masonry member, which may be adopted as per Table 8.2.3; A——emes-section area of brick masonry; f—design value of the axial compressive strength of concrete or topping cement mortar, of which the design value af the axial compressive strength of the mortar may be tak- en us 70% design value of the axial compressive strength af concrete of the same strength grade. Where the mortar is M15, tke 5.2MPa; where the inortar is MID, take 3.5MPa and where the mortar is M7.5, take 2.6MPa; A, ——cross-seetion area af concrete: of mottas toppings: Ty strength factor of the compressive steel reinforcements, where it is of eancrete top- ping. 1.0 may be taken: where it is of mortar topping. O.9 may be takenhere in en ee Fj design value of the compressive strength of stee! reinforcements: A [cross-section area of the steel reinforcements subjected to compression , Table 8.2.3 Stability coefficient @..., af composite brick masonry member | Hatin of teinforcemera (5) Selene aie | o 0.2 O4 06 0.8 | 21.0 & O.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 | am oo 10 0.87 0.90 0,92 0.94 0.96 | 0.98 2 | 0.82 0.85 0.88 a.91 om | os ia On 0.80, 0.88 0.86, 0.89 | 0.92 6 | 0.72, 0.75 0.78 O.81 OM 0.87 cy 0.67 OM | 0.73 0.76 on 0.81 » | 0.62 0.65 0.68 OW | 0.73 O75 2 0.58 O61 0.68 0.66 0.68 O70 4 OM O57 0.5 0.61 0.63 0.65 % oso 0.52 Ost 0. 0.58 | 00 mos 0.48 0.90 0.52 os | am Notes Ratio of Reinforcement of the vection of composite brick masonry members. = Abi 8.2.4 The load-bearing capacity of the eccentric compressive member of the composite brick masonry shall be calculated as per the following formulas: Nail’ + felt wl Alm od, (8.241) or Newel Se + feScst ef AW he = ah) (8.2.4.2) The height x of the compressive area here may be determined as per the following formilas: F Sut feSen + Rf Aen aAdsen =O (8.2.43) eysete,+(hv2-a,) (8.2.44) en=e te. (h/2- a4) (8.2.4.5) h eeEhuo 0229) (8.2.46) Where 7, —stress of steel reinforcements 4,5 A,——cross-section area of the steel reinforcements placed at @ position from the further side cof the axial force / A’—area of the compressive part of the brick masonry’ A'——area of the compressive part of the concrete or mortar topping: 5,——first moment of the azea of the compressive part of the brick masonry about the centenid of the steel reinforcements 4,3 55S..,—first moenent of the area of the compressive part of the concrete or mortar topping about the centmid of the steel reinforcements A,; Sy—first moment of the area of the compressive part of the brick masonry about the point of action of axial force Ny S..w—firt monient of the area of the compressive part of the concrele or mortar topping about the point of action of axial force Ny ex; ¢h—alistance from the centroid of the swel reinforcements A, and A’ respectively to the point of action the axial fore N (Fig. 8.2.4); of the axial foree, which is calculated as per the design value of the load. Where ¢ is less than 0.05h, take © = 0.054; supplementary eccentricity of the compesite brick masonry member under the action of the axial forces ‘effective height of the section of the composite brick masonry member, take initial eecentri hor hos h~ ay3 4,.,—distance from the centmid of the stee! reinforcements A, and A’, respectively to the nearer side of the section. i wl # mat Jf] ta) ay Fig. 8.2.4 Eecentrie compressive member of the composite: brick masiry 4a) Seal sentiecompromiony (8) Big exec compeasion 8.2.5. The stress of the steel reinforcements A, used for composite brick masonry, of which the unit is MPa with positive value being the tensile stress and the nogative value being the compressive stress, shall be calculated as per the following niles: Where it is of small eccentric compression, i.e.8 > &y 3, = 650-8008 (8.2.51) 56-fyenes, (8.2.5.2) Where it is of big eccentric compression, ic. <6, af; (8.2.5.3) f= x/ho (8.2.5-4) Where &—relative height of the compressive arca of the section of composite rick masonry unit; f—design value of the tensile strength of the steel reinforcements. Limit value £5 of the relative height of the compressive area of composite brick masoriry member shall be taken a5 01.55 for steel reinforcements of Grade HPB235, while 0.425 for steel reinforcements ‘of Grade HPB335. 8.2.6 The structure of composite brick masonry member shall he in accordance with the following stipulations: 1 The strength grade of the topping cancrete should be adopted as C20, while the strength grade of the topping cement mortar should not be lower than MIO and the strength grade of the mortar far Lay ing not lower than M.S 2° The thickness of the concrete cover of the vertical streesed steel reinforcements shall not be Jess than the stipulations specified in Table 8.2.6, while the distance of the vertical streesed steel re inforcements away fiom the surface of the brick masonry shall not be less than Smms Table #.2.6 Minimum thickness of the concrete cover (ram) ——__ Environmenn constitin (Qutdoor oe indoor bun ee ‘Normal ineloor environment ‘Typecof member —— ‘evievement Wall 15 3 Cole 3 35 Note: Where the Lopping is cemert mortar. the thickness of concrete caver for column musy be deceased hy Sena. 3° The thickness of the mortar topping may be taken as 30 to 45mm. Where the topping thick- cess is greater than 45mm, the matetial for topping should be concrete: 4 The vertical streesed steel reinforcements should be steel reinforcements of Grade HPB325. For concrete topping, steel reinforcements of Grade HRB33S may also be adopted. The ratio of re forcement for the side of the compressive steel reinforcements should not be less than 0.1% for mortar ‘topping and not less than 0.2% for concrete topping. ‘The ratio of reinforcement for tensile steel rein- forcements should not be less than Q. 19%. The diameter of the vertical streesed steel reinforcements should not be less than &mm with its net spacing not Jess than 30mm; 5 The diameter of the stirrups should not be less than dimen and Q.2 times of the diameter of the compressive steel reinforcements, and not greater than fimm, while the spacing of the stirrups shall not be greater than 20 times of the diameter of the compressive steel reinforcements and SOmm, and shall not be less than 120mm; 6 Where there ate mom than four vertical refareing steel reinforcements on the side af the evm~ pesite brick masonry member, additional stirrup or tie bar shall be placed; 877 For member such as wall body, ete with a big difference for the lang and short sides of its section, tie bars passing through wall body shall be adopted as stirrup. At the same time, harinnntal istributing steel reinforcements shall be placed. ‘The vertical spacing of the horizontal distributing stee! reinforcements and the horizontal spacing of the tie bars shall not be greater than 500mm (Fig. 8.2.6) 8 Reinforced concrete bearing blocks rust be placed on the top, bottom and corbel of composite brick masonry members. The length of the vertical streesed steel reinforcesnenis projected into the bear- ing blocks must meet the requirements of the anchorage. Vertical Stressed Steel = 0 T reinforcements Hosizon at listribus einl reamants Fig, 8.2.6 Composite wall constricted of concrete of mart tps 1 Composite Walls of Brick Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structural Columns 8.2.7 The compressive load-bearing capacity at the axis of composite walls of composed of brick ma- sonry and reinforced concrete structural columns (Fig. 8.2.7) shall be calculated as per the following. formulas: fe(he bye te Fig. 8.2.7 Section of the composite wall constructed af brick euasoery see stewed column 58N= Femi fA, + afc t fA) (8.2.74) 1 4 [23] (8.2.7.2) Where Fon —slability cvefficient of the composite brick wall, which may be adopted as per Table 8.2.35 strength factor, where 1/b, <4, take [/,=4¢ {spacing of the structural column along the wall length: },——widih of the structural column along the wall length Ay—area of the net section of brick masonry A, ——tectional area of the structural column. 8.2.8 The material and structure of the composite brick wall shall be in accordance with the following rules; 1 Strength grade of mortar shall not be less than MS, while the strength grade of the concrete for structural columns should not be less than C20; 2 The thickness of the concrete cover of the vertical force-summing steel reinforcements inside the column shall be in accordance with the stipulations in Clause 8.2.6; 3. The size of the cross-section of the structural column should not be less than 240mm x 240mm, while its thickness shall not be less than the wall thickness and the width of the section of the side column and the corner column should be appropriately increased. The vertical streesed steel reinforcements inside the column should not be less than 44'12 for the middle col- umn, and not less than 4914 for the side column and the corner column. In addition, the di- ameter of the vertical streesed steel reinforcements of the structural column should not be greater: than 16mm, while for the hooping thereof, 6 should be adopted for common position with a spacing of 200mm, and for the range within 500mm above and below the floor, #6 should be adopted with a spacing of 100mm. The vertical streesed steel reinforcements of the structural column shall be anchored inside the foundation beam and the ring beam of the floor, and shall be in accordance with the anchorage requirements of the tensile steel reinforcements; 4 Buildings constructed of composite brick wall masonry structure shall be provided with ‘structural columns at the intersection between the longitudinal wall and the transverse wall, at the wall terminal and at the edge of larger opening, and the spacing of such column should not de greater than 4m, ‘The opening on each storey shall be located at the corresponding position ‘and should be aligned vertically; 5 Buildings constructed of composite brick wall masonry structure shall be placed with ‘on-site cast reinforced concrete ring beams on the foundation topping and at the floor with com- posite wall. The height of the section of a ring beam should not be less than 240mm, while its Jongitadinal steel reinforcements should not bbe less than 4ip12 and should also project into the structural column to conform to the anchorage requirements of tensile steel reinforcements, For the hooping of a ring beam, $6 should be used with a spacing of 200mm: 596 The intersection between the brick masonry and the structural column shall be laid into a shape of horse tooth joint with 266 restrained steel reinforcements placed every 500mm along the wall height, and the projection into wall should not be less than 600mm at each side; 7 ‘The construction sequence for composite brick wall shall be wall laying first, then on- site casting concrete structural column.—— 9 Reinforced Block Masonry Members 9.1 General Rules 9.1.1 The intemal force and displacement of the structure of the shear wall constructed of the rein- forved block masonry may be calculated as per elastic scheme, Calculation of the lnac-bearing capacity of nomnal section and inclined section shall be conducted as per member of axis compression , eocentric: compression of eccentric tension respectively on the basis of the intemal force derived from the analysis on structure, And deform checking shall be conducted as per the displacement derived from the struc~ tural analysis. 9.2 Calculation of Normal Section Compressive Load-bearing Capacity 9.2.1 Load-bearing capacity of normal section of the masonry member constructed of reinforced block masonry shall be calculated as per the following basic assumptions 1. The strain of section shall be maintained at plane 2) The strain of the vertical steel reinforcements should be identical with that of the adjacent ma- sonry and grout for concrete small hollow blocks: 3 Tensile sixength without considering the masonry and grout for cancrete small hollow blocks 4 Uhimae compressive strain of the masonry and grout for concrete small hollow block shall be chosen according, to materia! and shall not be greater than 0.003; Ultimate tensile strain of the steel reinforcements shall be chosen acconting to material and shall not be greater than 0.01, 9.2.2 The load-bearing capacity of normal section of the shear wall and column of masonry of compressive reinforced blocks at its axis, if provided with hooping or horizontal distributing steel reinforcements, shall be calculated as per the following formulas: Nc @og( fyA +0.8f ,A1) (9.2.21) =«—L_ 22 = To on (9.2.22) Where iV—design value of the axial force: fy design value of the compression strength of the masonry with grout. which shall be adopted on the basis of Sub clause 4 of Clause 3.2.1; Jy-——design value of the compression strength of steel reinforcements; A—area of the gross section of a members sectional area of all the vertical steel reinforcements; Pog—stability factor of compressive member at Its axis: ——-slenderness ratio of a member. Note:1 Where there is 90 hooping or horizontal distributing steel reinforcements, calculation miry still be 61