Lecture Notes: Compiled by Maqsood Ahmad (A.P. Maths.

) for
students of CUI, Lahore. (FA20-BSM-A, SP20-BSE-A & B).

Example 1:-
 𝑥4 + 2𝑥5 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 − 𝑥5 = 0 − − − (2)
𝑥1 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥5 = 0 − − − (3)
Say 𝒙𝟓 = 𝒔 ∈ 𝑹 be an arbitrary variable.
From equation (1) 𝒙𝟒 = −𝟐𝒔
Say 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒕 ∈ 𝑹 be an arbitrary variable.
From equation (2) 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐𝒕 + 𝒔
From equation (3) 𝒙𝟏 = −𝟐𝒕 − 𝒔
𝒙𝟏 −𝟐𝒕 − 𝒔 −𝟏 −𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒕 + 𝒔 𝟏 −𝟐
Step 2:- 𝑿 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒕 + 𝟎𝒔 = 𝒔 𝟎 + 𝒕 𝟏
𝒙𝟒 𝟎𝒕 − 𝟐𝒔 −𝟐 𝟎
[𝒙𝟓 ] [ 𝟎𝒕 + 𝒔 ] [𝟏] [𝟎]
−𝟏 −𝟐
𝟏 −𝟐
Step 3:- Basis of Null space (W) or solution space (W) is = 𝟎 , 𝟏
−𝟐 𝟎
{[ 𝟏 ] [𝟎] }
Nullity=dimension of W=2

Question 10: (Exercise 4.7):- In exercise 3 through 1, find basis for and dimension
of the solution space (Null Space) of the given homogeneous system.

1 2 −3 −2 1 3 | 0
1 2 −4 3 3 4 | 0
Solution: [𝐴|𝑂] = −2 −4 6 4 −3 2 | 0
0 0 −1 5 1 9 | 0
[1 2 −3 −2 0 7 | 0]
I got Reduced Row Echelon Form using linear algebra toolkit (Do yourself: important and it is
practice of row operations)
 1 2 0 −17 0 0 | 0
0 0 1 −5 0 0 | 0
~ 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 | 0
[0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0]
Reading from echelon form 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟎 ; 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎
𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥3 = 5𝑥4 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒔 ∈ 𝑹 ⇒ 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟓𝒔
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 17𝑥4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥1 = −2𝑥2 + 17𝑥4 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒕 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝒙𝟏 = −𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏𝟕𝒔
𝑥1 −2𝑡 + 17𝑠 −2𝑡 + 17𝑠 −2 17
𝑥2 𝑡 𝑡 + 0𝑠 1 0
𝑥3 5𝑠 0𝑡 + 5𝑠 0 5
𝑋= 𝑥 = = =𝑡 +𝑠
4 𝑠 0𝑡 + 𝑠 0 1
𝑥5 0 0𝑡 + 0𝑠 0 0
[𝑥6 ] [ 0 ] [ 0𝑡 + 0𝑠 ] [0] [0]
17 −2
0 1
5 0
Basis of Null space (W) or solution space (W) is =basis of W= ,
1 0
0 0
{[ 0 ] [ 0 ] }
Nullity of W=dimension of W=2.
Example 2:
Question:- For given matrix, Find

(a) Basis for row space that are not rows (vectors) of A
(b) Basis for row space that are rows (vectors) of A
(c) Basis for column space that are not columns (vectors) of A
(d) Basis for column space that are columns (vectors) of A
(e) Prove that 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝑨 + 𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑨 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔 for following matrix.
1 1 4 1 2 1 0 2 0 1
0 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 0 −1
𝐴= 0 0 0 1 2 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐹 0 0 0 1 2
1 −1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
[2 1 6 0 1] [0 0 0 0 0]
(a) Answer (a) Basis for row space that are not rows (vectors) of A

𝑤1 = [1 0 2 0 1]; 𝑤2 = [0 1 2 0 − 1]; 𝑤3 = [0 0 0 1 2]
(d) Basis for column space that are columns (vectors) of A
1 1 1
0 1 1
𝑣1 = 0 ; 𝑣2 = 0 ; 𝑣3 = 1
1 −1 0
[2] [1] [0]
1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 2
1 1 0 −1 1 0 1 0 −2 −1
𝑻
𝑨 = 4 2 0 0 6 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐹 0 0 1 1 −1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2 1 2 2 1] [0 0 0 0 0]
(b) Basis for row space that are rows (vectors) of A

𝑤1 = [1 1 4 1 2]; 𝑤2 = [0 1 2 1 1]; 𝑤3 = [0 0 0 1 2]
(c) Basis for column space that are not columns (vectors) of A
1 0 0
0 1 0
𝑣1 = 0 ; 𝑣2 = 0 ; 𝑣3 = 1
1 −2 1
[2] [−1] [−1]
Row rank=number of non-zero rows of A in RREF=3

Column rank= number of leading ones=3

Rank of matrix 𝐴 = Row rank= Column rank=3

Now to find nullity (dimension of null or solution space) augment 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐹 with null vector. i.e.,
 1 0 2 0 1 | 0
0 1 2 0 −1 | 0
0 0 0 1 2 | 0
0 0 0 0 0 | 0
[0 0 0 0 0 | 0]

𝑥4 + 2𝑥5 = 0; 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 − 𝑥5 = 0; 𝑥1 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥5 = 0

𝑥4 = −2𝑥5 ; 𝑥2 = −2𝑥3 + 𝑥5 ; 𝑥1 = −2𝑥3 − 𝑥5
Suppose 𝑥5 = 𝑟 then 𝑥4 = −2𝑟;
Suppose 𝑥3 = 𝑠 then 𝑥2 = −2𝑠 + 𝑟; 𝑥1 = −2𝑠 − 𝑟
𝑥1 −2𝑠 − 𝑟 −1 −2
𝑥2 −2𝑠 + 𝑟 1 −2
𝑋 = 𝑥3 = 𝑠 = 𝑟 0 + 𝑠 1
𝑥4 −2𝑟 −2 0
[𝑥5 ] [ 𝑟 ] [1] [0]
−1 −2
1 −2
Basis for null/solution space= 0 , 1
−2 0
{[ 1 ] [ 0 ]}
Nullity of 𝐴=2
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 + 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
3+2=5