UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB MANAUAL 07

Discrete-Time Signals
In the Frequency Domain

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The tasks given in the lab include,

 The frequency response of the signal.

 Plot the magnitude and phase of the system.
 Plot the real and imaginary parts of the system function by using coefficients..
 Observe the time shifting property of DTFT.

Tool used: MATLAB

Lab Description:

Frequency Response:

The frequency response is a representation of the system's response to sinusoidal inputs at varying frequencies. The
output of a linear system to a sinusoidal input is a sinusoid of the same frequency but with a different magnitude and
phase. Any linear system can be completely described by how it changes the amplitude and phase of cosine waves
passing through it. This information is called the system's frequency response.Since both the impulse response and
the frequency response contain complete information about the system, there must be a one-to-one correspondence
between the two. Given one, you can calculate the other.The relationship between the impulse response and the
frequency response is one of the foundations of signal processing:A system's frequency response is the Fourier
Transform of its impulse response Since h [ ] is the common symbol for the impulse response, H [ ] is used for the
frequency response.

Discrete Time Fourier Transform:

The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) X(ejω) of a sequence x[n] is defined

In general X(ejω) is a complex function of the real variable ω and can be written as

where Xre(ejω) and Xim(ejω) are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of X(ejω), and are real
functions of ω. X(ejω) can alternately be expressed in the form

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The quantity |X(ejω)| is called the magnitude function and the quantity θ(ω) is called the phase function

In many applications, the Fourier transform is called the Fourier spectrum and, likewise, |X(ejω)| and θ(ω)
are referred to as the magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum, respectively.

The DTFT X(ejω) is a periodic continuous function in ω with a period 2π. The DTFT satisfies a number
of useful properties that are often uitilized in a number of applications.

MATLAB COMMANDS:

For complex Z, the magnitude R and phase angle theta are given by:
R = abs (Z)
Theta = angle (Z)

Y = fft(X) returns the discrete Fourier transform of vector X, computed with a fast Fourier
transform (FFT) algorithm.
Y = fft(X)
Y = fft(X,n) returns the n-point FFT.

Y = fft(X, n)

Question No 01:

Compute the discrete Fourier transform of the following function analytically and Then plot the magnitude and
phase:

Its DTFT is given as:

MATLAB Code:

w = [0:500]*pi/500;
z = exp(-j*w);
x = 3*(1-0.9*z).^(-1);

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

a = abs(x);
b = angle(x)*180/pi;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,a);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,b);

OUTPUT:

Question #2: Evaluate the DTFT of the given coefficients.

num=[2 1]
den=[1 –0.6]

 Plot real and imaginary parts of Fourier spectrum.

 Also plot the magnitude and phase spectrum.

MATLAB CODE:

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

% Evaluation of the DTFT

clc;
% Compute the frequency samples of the DTFT
w = -4*pi:8*pi/511:4*pi;
num = [2 1];
den = [1 -0.6];
h = freqz(num, den, w);
% Plot the DTFT
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));
grid on;
title('Real part of H(e^{j\omega})')
xlabel('\omega /\pi');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));
grid on;
title('Imaginary part of H(e^{j\omega})')
xlabel('\omega /\pi');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Spectrum |H(e^{j\omega})|')
xlabel('\omega /\pi');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
grid on;
title('Phase Spectrum arg[H(e^{j\omega})]')
xlabel('\omega /\pi');
ylabel('Phase, radians');

OUTPUT

Fast Fourier Transform:

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is just a computationally fast way to calculate the DFT.

Question No 03:

Determine the Fourier transform of the following sequence. Use the FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) function.
x (n) = {4 6 2 1 7 4 8}

MATLAB Code:

n = 0:6;
x = [4 6 2 1 7 4 8];
a = fft(x);
mag = abs(a);
pha = angle(a);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(mag);
grid on
title('Magnitude Response');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(pha);
grid on
title('phase Response');

OUTPUT:

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Time-shifting property of DTFT:

If ‘x[n]’ be the sequence ,and X(ejw) be its fourier transform then,

x[n]----F-----X(ejw)

then, for the time-shifted sequences, a simple transformation of the index of summation in the
discrete-time Fourier transform yields

x[n-nd]----F-----e-jwndX(ejw)

Question#04: Observe the time-shifting property of DTFT.

 Plot and compare the magnitude spectrum of the original input with time delayed input.
 Plot and compare the phase spectrum of the original input with delayed input.

MATLAB CODE:

% Time-Shifting Properties of DTFT

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

clc;
w = -pi:2*pi/255:pi;
D = 10;
num = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
h1 = freqz(num, 1, w);
h2 = freqz([zeros(1,D) num], 1, w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
grid on;
title('Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
grid on;
title('Phase Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence')

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Frequency-shifting property of the DTFT:

Question#05: Observe the frequency shifting property of DTFT.

 Plot and compare the magnitude spectrum of the original input with frequency shifted input.
 Plot and compare the phase spectrum of the original input with frequency shifted input..

MATLAB CODE:

% Frequency-Shifting Properties of DTFT

clc;

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

w = -pi:2*pi/255:pi;
wo = 0.4*pi;
num1 = [1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17];
L = length(num1);
h1 = freqz(num1, 1, w);
n = 0:L-1;
num2 = exp(wo*i*n).*num1;
h2 = freqz(num2, 1, w);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(h1));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,angle(h1));
grid on;
title('Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h2));
grid on;
title('Phase Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence')

OUTPUT

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB TASK:

LAB EXERCISES:
1. Determine the Fourier transform of the following sequence. Use the FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) function,
x(n) = {4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4}

2. Compute the discrete Fourier transform of the following function analytically and then
Plot the magnitude and phase
x(n) = 2(0.8)n+2 u(n-2)

3. Determine H(w) and plot its magnitude and phase for the following system.

Y(n) = 2x(n) + x(n-1) – 0.25y(n-1) + 0.25y(n-2)

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana

 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

4. Given below is the frequency response of the system,

H(ejw) = 1+e-jw
1-e-jw+0.9e-j2w
a) Write a MATLAB code that manually implements the above system.
b) Compare with the spectrum obtained from freqz command
 Plot the magnitude and frequency spectrum.
 Also plot real and imaginary plots

Digital Signal Processing Lab Instructor: Engr Romana