Scribd
Upload
176 views26 pages

Lecture 1.0 Introduction To Industrial Stoichiometry

The document discusses concepts related to combustion, including stoichiometry, excess air, products of complete and incomplete combustion, and common combustion gas pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. It also covers the ideal gas law, partial pressures, standard temperature and pressure, dew point, net hydrogen, and combined water as they relate to combustion systems and flue gases. Measurement techniques for combustion gas analysis are briefly mentioned. Key concepts and processes in combustion like the combustion triangle and different types of combustion systems are defined.

Uploaded by

Kate Nicole Paulo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
176 views26 pages

Lecture 1.0 Introduction To Industrial Stoichiometry

The document discusses concepts related to combustion, including stoichiometry, excess air, products of complete and incomplete combustion, and common combustion gas pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. It also covers the ideal gas law, partial pressures, standard temperature and pressure, dew point, net hydrogen, and combined water as they relate to combustion systems and flue gases. Measurement techniques for combustion gas analysis are briefly mentioned. Key concepts and processes in combustion like the combustion triangle and different types of combustion systems are defined.

Uploaded by

Kate Nicole Paulo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

 The theory of proportions in which

chemical species combine with one


another as expressed in the
STOICHIOMETRIC EQUATION.

Ex. 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3


System
Material Energy Equilibria &
Balances Balances Reaction
Kinetics
Combustion Process

Ideal Gas Law

Dalton’ s Law on Partial Pressure

Standard Temperatures and Pressures (STP)

Dew Point of the Wet Flue Gas

Net Hydrogen and Combined Water


a chemical reaction in
which one of the usually accompanied by
reactants is oxygen from the evolution of light
the air and the other is a and heat
fuel

Air, 21% O2 and 79% N2

Furnace/Engine/ Combustion Products


Fuel
Boiler Flue Gas
Gas
Liquid Producer Gas
Solid Exhaust Gas
Fuel usually HCs burned to
generate thermal energy

composition can be

Air
reduced to oxygen and
nitrogen since other
components (i.e. CH4,
Ar, Ne) can be
considered negligible
Component Mol% Mol. Mass Mass%
Wt. (lb or kg)
O2 21.0 32.00 672 23.28

N2 79.0 28.02 2214 76.72

Total 100.0 2886 100.00


– the number of moles of air
required to completely burn
(stoichiometrically) the fuel
– the amount of air used above that
theoretically needed for complete combustion
Why is excess air needed for combustion???
Excess air is supplied to the combustion
process to ensure each fuel molecule is
completely surrounded by sufficient
combustion air.
Excess air can be computed using the following
formula:

% x’s air = (actual air – theoretical air) x 100


theoretical air
= (actual O2 – theoretical O2) x 100
theoretical O2
= x’s O2 x 100 = x’s air x 100
theo O2 theo air
The ratio of the actual fuel-air ratio to the
stoichiometric fuel-air ratio.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹/𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟


𝐸𝑅 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹/𝐴 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟

ER < 1.0 → Fuel-lean mixtures (with excess air)


ER > 1.0 → Fuel-rich mixtures (with incomplete
combustion)

Perry’s ChE Handbook 8th ed, pp. 24-22


btained by mixing and burning just exactly the
right proportions of fuel and oxygen so that nothing
is left over
◦ a stoichiometric ratio of oxygen is needed for the
burning of the given compound/element
C + O2 → CO2
H 2 + ½ O 2 → H 2O
SO2 + ½ O2 → SO3

◦ obtained when too much fuel is supplied that the


oxygen from the air cannot stoichiometrically burn
the fuel
◦ products of incomplete combustion are CO, SO2,
NOx, HCs and particulate matter
C + ½ O2 → CO
S + O2 → SO2
Although SO2 is still combustible, it •SO2 is more stable than
is already regarded as a product of
complete combustion. SO3

NO and NO2 are generally referred • It is assumed that the N2 from the air
to as NOx. The formation of NOx
does not participate in the combustion
is usually neglected to simplify the
calculation. process and that it will leave the
furnace as plain N2 gas.

•CO, NOx and SOx


Gaseous pollutants

•particulates
Solid Pollutants
Carbon monoxide is a TOXIC gas, but, being colorless, odorless, tasteless, and
initially non-irritating, it is very difficult for people to detect.

CO may bind with hemoglobin restricting the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of
precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that
fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can
include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
- can be classified as dusts, fumes, mists, smoke, or spray

Terminology Abbreviation Diameter


range (μm)
Ultrafine --- <0.1
Fine PM2.5 <2.5
Coarse PM10 2.5-10
determines the amount of components of combustion
gases by measuring the decrease in volume of a gas
sample as it is passed over selective liquid adsorbents
in series.
Caustic solution CO2
Pyrogallol (1,2,3 trihydroxylbenzene) O2
Cuprous chloride solution (CuCl2) CO

Conc H2SO4 H2O vapor


PbO2 SO2
It is sometimes referred to as furnace, engine, boiler
depending on its purpose
Ex. Gasoline Car Engine
n = number of
moles
T = absolute
temperature
P = absolute R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K

pressure = 1543 ft-lb/lbmol-0R,,


= 0.729ft3-atm/lbmol-0R
V = volume = 10.73 psia-ft3/lbmol-0R
Dalton stated that the summation of the partial pressures of the
individual components is equal to the total pressure .

PT = ∑Pi

In any mixture of gases, the volume percent of the component is


equal to the partial pressure of that component expressed as a
percentage of the total pressure.

% volume = % mole = 100 (partial pressure/total pressure)


STP: 00C and 760 mmHg/ 320F and 30 inHg

Sometimes it is specified that the standard conditions is set at:


15.560C and 760 mmHg
600F and 30 inHg

At Dry Standard Condition, 1 lbmol of gas will occupy 359 ft3. In


the British Gas Industry, 1 lbmol of gas will occupy 385.5 ft3.

Dry conditions means no water is present with the gas, while wet
conditions means the gas is saturated with water vapor at STP.

At Saturation: Partial pressure of water in gas


= vapor pressure at partial saturation
= vapor pressure x (%RH/100)
The vapor pressure can be computed using
ANTOINE’S EQUATION:

where: VP = vapor pressure in mmHg


T = temperature in 0C

For water: A = 7.96681, B = 1668.21, C = 228


Perry’s ChE Handbook 8th ed, pp. 13-14
Temperature at which the H2O vapor in the wet flue gas
begins to condense

At dew point, partial pressure = vapor pressure at sat’n


(Pwater = 0Pwater)
NET COMBINED
HYDROGEN WATER

- hydrogen in the fuel - hydrogen in the fuel


from which O2 from the combined with the
air must be supplied for oxygen in the fuel to
combustion form H2O

You might also like