·PE TR O G AT E A ca de m y

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Topic - 3

.D-ISCUSSION ON
PROD -UCTION PROBLEMS
AND MITIGATION

plex, GMS Road, Nea r Bal lupu r

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Proba :b le ,c ause of produ ction probil em

1. Casing Leak.

2 .. Channell ing behind the casingd~ eto bad cementin g.

3.. Perforati on in an aquifer/G as cap zone.

4. Gas/Wa terconin g in oil bearing layers., close to the OWC/GO C.,

5. Encroach ment of oil/wate r contact from edge/bo~ om"'

6. Viscous fingering or flow of water through high permeab ility
streaks from natura I water drive..
' .

7. Injection water breakthro ugh from high permeab ility streaks.

8. Induced fracture into an aquifer.

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Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun , Uttarakh and- 248001 Email ID:petrog ate4u@gm ail.com -
Contact No: 8780679 522, 9410188 470 Website: www.pet rogate.in
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1.CAS[N;G {rUBil NG LEAK

RfASONs:

1. Due to external corrosion of casing,

2. Failur:e of casing or casing joints or

threads,
3. Drilling and production damage inside
casiR8,

4. Damage c a ~ due to poorfno

cement behind casing.

2.CHANNEL FLOW iBEHlND THE CASI NG

Channels are usually caused

by poor cementing Job.

REASONS

i. During primary
cem,e nting operation
ii. Due to well stimulation
treatments

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk Dehradun, Uttarakhand- 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
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Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in

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3.MO VING O·IL-W AT:E:R .CON TACT

CAUSE:

When a reserv oir Is produc ed.. the water moves upward to

displac e the oil toward s the comple ted wellbo re.

4.WA TERE D-OU T LAYE R WITH /WIT HOU T

CRO·S SFLO W
CAUSE:

Due to high-pe rm.eabi lity streaks

premat ure produc tion of water
breakth rough into the produc ing
zone can be either withou t cross-
fl.ow

And if the inter:co nnected

permea bility of differe nt layers a;re
high th en it is very likely that
water injectio n or water
encroa chmen t is early to observ e
in the produc ing well.

Office Addres s: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballup ur
Chowk, Dehrad un, Uttarak hand - 248001 Email ID:petr ogate4u @gmai l.com
Contac t No: 878067 9522, 941018 8470 Websit e: www.p etrogat e.in
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·6.CO·NING AN-0 CUSP ING

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Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupu r
Chowk, Dehrad un, Uttarak hand - 248001 Email ID:petr ogate4u @gmai l.com
Contact No: 878067 9522, 941018 8470 Websit e: www.p etrogat e.in
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Plug C~menti:n g •·
LBAtANCEDPtUG

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BALANCE[> PLUG
The balanced plug method begins by piacing a desi,r ed quantity of cement
slurry into the workstring and displacing it near the bottom of the workstring.
In addition., .an appropriate volume of spacer or chemical wash is pumped
ahead of and behind the cement slurry to avoid any detrimental
contamination of the cement by the vvell fluid. The volumes of spacer or
wash are such that their heights in the annulus and work string/ tubing are _
the same. When the height of cem.ent inside the worlcstnng is calculated to
be equal to the height of the cement that has exited the work string and
traveled up tne annular space., displacement is stopped. Once the cement is
placed, the work string is 510\l\fly retrieved above the calculated top of the
cement, and reverse circulation is starn!d to displace any cement clinging to
the pipe. Once the plug is balanced., the pipe is slowly pulled out of the
cement to a depth above the plug, and excess cement is reversed out.
Uses-
1.To prevent the vertical movement of·w aterinto the wellbore.

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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Question 1

Calculate the height of the balanoed plug if the operation is

1
performed in a -,,-~ production casing with a 3511-0D & 3.068' 1D
workstring. The
total cement pumped from surface is pre calculated
as 110ft3.

Question2

For a balanced plug ·operation calculate the volume of spacer(in

1
bbls) required inside the workstring of dimensions 3-.2' OD &
2.95"1D .For a safer operation the volume of pre-flush circulated is
11
of 20bbl within the WQrking string a nd casing of 7 •

Calculate the height of the spacer.

2. DUMP BAILER METHOD

A dump bailer is a cylindrical container that holds a measured quantity of
cement slurry and is run into the well on wireline. A mechanically or
electrically triggered medlanism on the bottom of the device can open the
bailer, releasing its contents into the wellbore at any specified depth. This
method usually requires a mechanical packer1 which is placed at the point of
the plug bottom to minimiz,e migration of the small volumes of cement The
method is limited by the volume of rement that can be placed and by the
depth at which plac.ement can occur. However1 the dump bailer method has
the advantage of accurate placement of small quantities of cement (an
interval lengthintherange3to20 m ).
The dump-baller method Involves setting a cement basket, permanent
bridge plug or sand pack below the desired plug location. The bailer th-en
dumpsthecementabovethe basket., bridge plugorsand pack.

Uses-
In casing corrosion. splitting of casing.

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected] ·
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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3.PL UG CEM ENT IN G

plug during
The two-p lug metho d involv es runnin g atop and a bottom wiper
des the ceme nt and
placem ent of the ceme nt slurry .The bcttom plug prece
plugs
wipes the inside of the works tring, preve nting conta minat ion. The wiper
the botto m
isolate the ceme nt from well bore fluids in the work string . When
re and the
plug reache s the end of the works tring, it exits into the wellbo
ceme nt move s upthe annul us.
botto m of the
A specia l tool 1 called a plug catche r, can be run on the
where the
works tring. The goal is to place the plug catche r at the depth
plug catche r, the
ceme nt plug is desire d. As the last of the ceme nt exits the
top plug seats in the plug catche r, result ing in a pump pressu
re increa se,
which indica tes that ceme nt placem ent, is comp lete.
pulled up after
The design of the plug· catche r allows the works tring to be
desire d depth .
placin g the ceme nt In that way the CEme nt is plaC2d at the
Apply ing more pre:ss ure into the work- strtng will pump the top
plug down into
circula tion throu gh
a settin g cage inside of the plug catche 1: This then allows
thewo rkstrin g.

Ballu pur
Office Addr ess: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Comp lex, GMS Road, Near
.com
Chowk, Dehra dun, Uttara khand - 24800 1 Email ID:pe trogat e4u@ grnail
Conta ct No: 87806 79522 , 94101 88470 Webs ite: www .petro gate.i n
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Displacement of cement by wiper plugs(Mechanism}

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun,- Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in

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Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email1D:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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DESCRIPTION
bro ken down, is
Low pre ssu re, whe re the form atio n- is not
illu stra ted by the foll owi ng equ atio n:
Ps +P h< Pfr ac

Wh ere:
Ps - Sur face pres sure , psi
Ph - Hyd rost atic pre ssu re of all fluids, psi
ting pres sure ), psi.
pfra c (BHTP) - Frac ture pres sure (bot tom hole trea

Use s-
1. To fill the wro ngly cre ated perf orat ion hol·e s.
cem ent.
2. To fill the inte rcon nec ted void s with deh ydr ated

i) BR AD EN HE AD TE CH NIQ UE S

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plex , GMS Roa d, Nea r Bal lupu r

Offi ce Add ress : PETROGATE Aca dem y, Ush a Com
ID:p etro gate 4u@ gma il.co m
Chowk, Deh radu n, Utta rakh and - 248 001 Email
e: ww w.p etro gate .in
<_:ontact No: 878 067 952 2, 941 018 847 0 We bsit
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SQUEEZE CEiMENTING
of for cin g cem ent slurry, -
Squ eez e cem ent ing is def ine d as the process
cas ing /we llbo re ann ula r
und er pre ssu re, thr oug h hol es or spl its in the
space. Wh en the slu rry is forced aga ins
t a permeable formation., the
fac e as the aqueous pha se
solid particles filte r out on the formation
x). A pro per ly des ign ed
(cem ent filt rate enters the formation ,matri
1

squee.ze Job causes .·the resulting cem

ent filt er cake to fill the
cas ing.. Upon curing.,. the
opening(s) between the formation and the
cas es wh ere the slu rry is
cake forms a nearly impenetrable solid. In
sol ids mig ht cau se a filt er
pla ced into a frac ture d interval., the cem ent
frac ture .
cake on the fracture . fac e and /or bridge the

1 . LO W PRESSURE SQUEEZE
,p $ ~~,t:;;..: , )~·.

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ice Ad dre ss: PETROG ATE Aca dem y, ·Us ha Complex, GMS Roa d, Nea r Bal lup ur
Off .
Email 1D: pet rog ate4 u@ gm ail. com -
Chowk, Deh rad un, Utt ara kha nd - 248 001
We bsi te: ww w.p etro gat e.in
Con tac t No: 878 067 952 2, 941 018 847 0
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. DESCRlPTtON
Open-endedtubinc isrunto thebottomof thezoneto be cemented

t~ ~-
and then an integritytest isperfccmed keepq the annular BOP closed

ee-nt sluny Is pumped ~nc

Tubina ls pulled a. bitout am:t then pressure is appliedthru

tubing I
Pressure is applied to the cement column for dehydration until
the cement is set and achieves a:ppro:ximately 100 psi
compressive strength.

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The pressure may then be bled off while the cement a.t tains
desired compressive strength

H) :e:uLLHEA:DING

When the problem cannot be over-corned by Bradenhead met hod.

Bullheadin:g is a techniques where the ·cement slurry is forcefully ·
pumped into the formation. Bull-heading pllShes everything ahead
of the cem·ent into the formation; therefore., care must be taken to
ensure that incompatibl,e fluids are not foroed into potential
producing formations. Often, low-density, inexpensive slurries are
used, because large slurry volumes and multipl·e attempts may be
necessary to compl•e te this process ..
Uses-
1 .. To overcom,e the problem of trouble-some zone.

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand- 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in
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2.SQUEEZE TO,QL PLACEMENTTECHNIQUES

Remedial cementing tools are mechanical or hydraulic devices which

are used downhole to assist in the placement of cement during plug
back or squeeze cementing operations.. They are .generally used to
isolate areas of.the casing from treating pressures and cement.. ·

There are two types of squeeze tool :placement techniques

1. Retrievable Squeeze Packer ·

2.Drillable cement -r etainer

HIGH PRESSURE SQUEEZE

The channels behind the casing might not be directly connected to
the perforations. Small cracks or micro-annuli that may allow flow of
gas do not allow the passage of -c ernent slurry. In such. cases, these
channels must be enlarged to accept a viscous solids-carrying fluid. In
addition, many low pressur:e operations cannot be performed if it is
impossible to remove plugging fluids, or debris, from' ahead of the
cement slurry or inside tnEt p,erfo,ra~io_n:s. Placement of the cement
slurry behind the casing is accomplished by breaking down the
formation at or close to the perforations Fluids ahead of the slurry are
displaced in the fractures, allowing the slurry to fill the desired
. spaces. Further application of pressure dehydrates the slurry against
the formation walls, leaving all _channrels filled with cement cake.

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 !Email 1D:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate .in
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.Pumpi.ng Te,chnigues

1. Continuous

During a running squeeze procedure, the cement slurry is pumped

continuously until the final desired ~queeze pressure (which may be
above or below the fracture pressure:) is attained. After pumping
stops, the pressure is monitorad and, if the pressure falls due to
additional filtration at the cement/formation interface, more slurry is
pumped to maintain the final surface squeeze pressure. This
continues until the well ~aintains the squeeze pressure for several
minutes without additional injection of cement slurry.

P.u mping Techniques

2. Staged
Staging is som,e times referred to as the batch m·e thod. When the
pumping process fails to result in reaching the desired squeeze
pressure, it is usually over displaced and allowed to harden. Then
another stage/batch of oement is used to try again. The process is
repeated until the squeeze pressure is obtained, which may or may
not happen after many successive attempts

3 .. Hesitation Squeeze

-Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
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3.Hesitation Squeeze
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CHEMICAL METHODS

1. PLAIN POLYMER INJECTION- SeJectt.~ polyacrylamides have been

found to reduce permeability to water without affecting
permeability to oil. Polymer gets adsorbed on to the rock surface.,
increases waterviscosity.

2. PHYSICAL PLUGGING: Cross linking polymer with multivalent ions

ties the molecules of the polymer together forming a solid plugging
material in the formation.

3. PANCAKE BARRIER: . Grouting m;;1terials like sodium silicate., on

polymerization, controlled by pH, become impermeable solid gel
and act as a pancake barrier betwc:!en oil and water zone. This may
reduce water coning.

Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur
Chowk, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248001 Email ID:[email protected]
Contact No: 8780679522, 9410188470 Website: www.petrogate.in ·
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