Calculus and probability [313

marks]

1. Let 8x [5 marks]
f ′ (x) = . Given that f (0) = 5, find f (x).
√ 2x2+1
 This question will investigate methods for finding definite integrals of powers of
trigonometrical functions.
π
2
∫
Let In = 0 sinn x dx, n ∈ N.

2a. Find the exact values of I0 , I1 and I2 . [6 marks]

−1
⩾
 n−1 [5 marks]
2b. Use integration by parts to show that I
n = I ,
n n−2
n ⩾ 2.

⩾2
2c. Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1 mark]

2d. Hence, find the exact values of I3 and I4 . [2 marks]

π
 π
2
∫
Let Jn = 0 cosn x dx, n ∈ N.

π
2e. Use the substitution x= 2 − u to show that Jn = In . [4 marks]
2f. Hence, find the exact values of J5 and J6 [2 marks]

π
4
∫
Let Tn = 0 tann x dx, n ∈ N.

2g. Find the exact values of T0 and T1 . [3 marks]

2 2
2h. Use the fact that tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to show that [3 marks]
1
Tn = −1
n
− Tn−2 , n ⩾ 2.

2i. Explain where the condition n ⩾ 2 was used in your proof. [1 mark]

2j. Hence, find the exact values of T2 and T3 . [2 marks]

 This question investigates some applications of differential equations to modeling
population growth.
One model for population growth is to assume that the rate of change of the
population is proportional to the population, i.e. ddP = kP , where k ∈ R, t is the
t
time (in years) and P is the population

3a. Show that the general solution of this differential equation is P = Aekt , [5 marks]
where A ∈ R.
 The initial population is 1000.

Given that k = 0.003, use your answer from part (a) to find

3b. the population after 10 years [2 marks]

3c. the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [2 marks]

3d. lim [1 mark]

t→∞ P
 Consider now the situation when k is not a constant, but a function of time.

Given that k = 0.003 + 0.002t, find

3e. the solution of the differential equation, giving your answer in the form [5 marks]
P = f (t).
3f. the number of years it will take for the population to triple. [4 marks]
 Another model for population growth assumes
there is a maximum value for the population, L.
P
that k is not a constant, but is proportional to (1 − L
).

3g. Show that dP = mP (L − P ), where m ∈ R. [2 marks]

dt L
3h. Solve the differential equation dP
dt
= mP
L
(L − P ), giving your answer [10 marks]
in the form P = g (t).

= 10000 = 0.003
3i. Given that the initial population is 1000, L = 10000 and m = 0.003, [4 marks]
find the number of years it will take for the population to triple.

Let g (x) = px + q, for x,p,q ∈ R,p > 1. The point A (0,a) lies on the graph of g.
Let f (x) = g −1 (x). The point B lies on the graph of f and is the reflection of
point A in the line y = x.

4a. Write down the coordinates of B. [2 marks]

B
 The line L1 is tangent to the graph of f at B.

1
4b. Given that f ′ (a) = ln p
, find the equation of L1 in terms of x, p and q. [5 marks]

4c. The lineL2 is tangent to the graph of g at A and has equation [7 marks]
y = (ln p) x + q + 1.
(−2, − 2)
The line L2 passes through the point (−2, − 2).
1
The gradient of the normal to g at A is .
ln( 13 )

Find the equation of L1 in terms of x.

30 18 10 5
 In a class of 30 students, 18 are fluent in Spanish, 10 are fluent in French, and 5
are not fluent in either of these languages. The following Venn diagram shows the
events “fluent in Spanish” and “fluent in French”.
The values m, n, p and q represent numbers of students.

5a. Write down the value of q. [1 mark]

5b. Find the value of n. [2 marks]

5c. Write down the value of m and of p. [3 marks]

LetX and Y be normally distributed with X ∼ N (14,a2 ) and Y ∼ N (22,a2 ),

a > 0.

6a. Find b so that P (X > b) = P (Y < b). [2 marks]

P( > 20) = 0.112

6b. It is given that P (X > 20) = 0.112. [4 marks]
Find P (16 < Y < 28).

A small cuboid box has a rectangular base of length 3x cm and width x cm, where
x > 0. The height is y cm, where y > 0.

The sum of the length, width and height is 12 cm.

7a. Write down an expression for y in terms of x. [1 mark]

3
 The volume of the box is V  cm3.

7b. Find an expression for V in terms of x. [2 marks]

7c. Find dV . [2 marks]

dx
7d. Find the value of x for which V is a maximum. [4 marks]

7e. Justify your answer. [3 marks]

7f. Find the maximum volume. [2 marks]

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable, X, is given by the

following table, where N and p are constants.

8a. Find the value of p. [2 marks]

E ( ) = 10
8b. Given that E (X) = 10, find the value of N . [3 marks]

2x−4
Consider f (x) = , − 1 < x < 1.
x2−1

9a. Find f ′ (x). [2 marks]

′( )=0 = 2 − √3
9b. Show that, if f ′ (x) = 0, then x = 2 − √3. [3 marks]

For the graph of y = f (x),

9c. find the coordinates of the y-intercept. [1 mark]

9d. show that there are no x-intercepts. [2 marks]

9e. sketch the graph, showing clearly any asymptotic behaviour. [2 marks]

3 1 2 −4
9f. Show that 3 1 2x−4 [2 marks]
x+1
− x−1
= x2−1
.

= ( ) =4
9g. The area enclosed by the graph of y = f (x) and the line y = 4 can be [7 marks]
expressed as ln v. Find the value of v.

ln
10. Given that ∫ ln k e2x dx = 12, find the value of k. [6 marks]
0

11a. Write 2x − x2 in the form a(x − h)2 + k, where a, h, k ∈ R. [2 marks]

3
 3
11b. 1 [5 marks]
Hence, find the value of ∫ 1
2
dx.
2 √ 2x− x2
 The number of messages, M , that six randomly selected teenagers sent during
the month of October is shown in the following table. The table also shows the
time, T , that they spent talking on their phone during the same month.

The relationship between the variables can be modelled by the regression

equation M = aT + b.

12a. Write down the value of a and of b . [3 marks]

12b. Use your regression equation to predict the number of messages sent [3 marks]
by a teenager that spent 154 minutes talking on their phone in
October.

140 −1
 A rocket is travelling in a straight line, with an initial velocity of 140 m s−1. It
accelerates to a new velocity of 500 m s−1 in two stages.
During the first stage its acceleration, a  m s−2, after t seconds is given by
a (t) = 240 sin (2t), where 0 ⩽ t ⩽ k.

13a. Find an expression for the velocity, v m s−1, of the rocket during the first[4 marks]
stage.

375
 The first stage continues for k seconds until the velocity of the rocket reaches 375 
m s−1.

13b. Find the distance that the rocket travels during the first stage. [4 marks]

13c. During the second stage, the rocket accelerates at a constant rate. The [6 marks]
distance which the rocket travels during the second stage is the same
as the distance it travels during the first stage.
Find the total time taken for the two stages.
4
 Let f (x) = x − 8, g (x) = x4 − 3 and h (x) = f (g (x)).

14a. Find h (x). [2 marks]

C C
14b. Let C be a point on the graph of h . The tangent to the graph of h at C [5 marks]
is parallel to the graph of f .
Find the x-coordinate of C.
 The following table shows the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable X , where a ⩾ 0 and b ⩾ 0.

15a. Show that b = 0.3 − a. [1 mark]

15b. Find the difference between the greatest possible expected value and [6 marks]
the least possible expected value.

4 2 ⩽ ⩽
 Let f (x) = x4 − 54x2 + 60x, for −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 6. The following diagram shows the
graph of f .

There are x-intercepts at x = 0 and at x = p. There is a maximum at point A

where x = a , and a point of inflexion at point B where x = b .

16a. Find the value of p. [2 marks]

A
16b. Write down the coordinates of A. [2 marks]

16c. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of f at A. [2 marks]

B
16d. Find the coordinates of B. [5 marks]

B
16e. Find the rate of change of f at B. [2 marks]

R be the region enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis and the lines [3 marks]
16f. Let
x = p and x = b. The region R is rotated 360º about the x-axis. Find the volume
of the solid formed.

A B
 SpeedWay airline flies from city A to city B. The flight time is normally distributed
with a mean of 260 minutes and a standard deviation of 15 minutes.
A flight is considered late if it takes longer than 275 minutes.

17a. Calculate the probability a flight is not late. [2 marks]

The flight is considered to be on time if it takes between m and 275 minutes. The
probability that a flight is on time is 0.830.

17b. Find the value of m . [3 marks]

12 A B
 During a week, SpeedWay has 12 flights from city A to city B. The time taken for
any flight is independent of the time taken by any other flight.

17c. Calculate the probability that at least 7 of these flights are on time. [3 marks]

17d. Given that at least 7 of these flights are on time, find the probability [4 marks]
that exactly 10 flights are on time.

A B 20
17e. SpeedWay increases the number of flights from city A to city B to 20 [3 marks]

flights each week, and improves their efficiency so that more flights are on time.
The probability that at least 19 flights are on time is 0.788.
A flight is chosen at random. Calculate the probability that it is on time.
 A random variable X has probability density function
⎧
⎪ 3a , 0⩽x<2
f (x) = ⎨ a (x − 5) (1 − x)
⎩
2⩽x⩽b a,b ∈ R+ ,3 < b ⩽ 5.
⎪
,
0 , otherwise

18a. Find, in terms of a, the probability that X lies between 1 and 3. [4 marks]

=5
 Consider the case where b = 5.

18b. Sketch the graph of f . State the coordinates of the end points and any [4 marks]
local maximum or minimum points, giving your answers in terms of a .
 Find the value of

18c. a . [4 marks]

18d. E (X). [3 marks]

18e. the median of X . [4 marks]

2 3 ⩽ ⩽
 The following diagram shows part of the graph of 2x2 = sin3 y for 0 ⩽ y ⩽ π.

19a. Using implicit differentiation, find an expression for dy . [4 marks]

dx

1 5
19b. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( 1 , 5π ). [4 marks]
4 6

The shaded region R is the area bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines
y = 0 and y = π.

19c. Find the area of R. [3 marks]

2
19d. The region R is now rotated about the y-axis, through 2π radians, to [6 marks]
form a solid.
By writing sin3 y as (1 − cos2 y) sin y, show that the volume of the solid formed is
2π
3
.
20. Runners in an athletics club have season’s best times for the 100 m, [6 marks]
which can be modelled by a normal distribution with mean 11.6 seconds
and standard deviation 0.8 seconds. To qualify for a particular competition a
runner must have a season’s best time of under 11 seconds. A runner from this
club who has qualified for the competition is selected at random. Find the
probability that he has a season’s best time of under 10.7 seconds.

−1
 A body moves in a straight line such that its velocity, v ms−1 , after t seconds is
t
given by v = 2 sin ( 10 + π5 ) csc( 30t + π4 ) for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 60.
The following diagram shows the graph of v against t. Point A is a local maximum
and point B is a local minimum.

21a. Determine the coordinates of point A and the coordinates of point B. [4 marks]
21b. Hence, write down the maximum speed of the body. [1 mark]

The body first comes to rest at time t = t1 . Find

21c. the value of t1 . [2 marks]

21d. the distance travelled between t = 0 and t = t1 . [2 marks]

=
21e. the acceleration when t = t1 . [2 marks]

21f. Find the distance travelled in the first 30 seconds. [3 marks]

1 1
⩽ ⩽
 The function f is defined by f (x) = arcsin (2x), where − 12 ⩽ x ⩽ 12 .

22a. By finding a suitable number of derivatives of f , find the first two non- [8 marks]
zero terms in the Maclaurin series for f .

lim
22b. lim arcsin(2x)−2x [3 marks]
Hence or otherwise, find x→0 .
(2x)3

4 2+ 2−
 dy 4x2+y2−xy
Consider the differential equation d
x
= x2
, with y = 2 when x = 1.

23a. Use Euler’s method, with step length h = 0.1, to find an approximate [5 marks]
value of y when x = 1.4 .

d
23b. Sketch the isoclines for dy = 4. [3 marks]
dx

23c. Express m2 − 2m + 4 in the form (m − a)2 + b , where a, b ∈ Z. [1 mark]

>0
23d. Solve the differential equation, for x > 0, giving your answer in the [10 marks]
form y = f (x).
23e. Sketch the graph of y = f (x) for 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.4 . [1 mark]
23f. With reference to the curvature of your sketch in part (c)(iii), and [2 marks]
without further calculation, explain whether you conjecture f (1.4) will
be less than, equal to, or greater than your answer in part (a).

Peter, the Principal of a college, believes that there is an association between the
score in a Mathematics test, X , and the time taken to run 500 m, Y seconds, of
his students. The following paired data are collected.

It can be assumed that (X,Y ) follow a bivariate normal distribution with product
moment correlation coefficient ρ.

24a. State suitable hypotheses H 0 and H1 to test Peter’s claim, using a two- [1 mark]
tailed test.
24b. Carry out a suitable test at the 5 % significance level. With reference to [4 marks]
the p-value, state your conclusion in the context of Peter’s claim.

24c. Peter uses the regression line of y on x as y = 0.248x + 83.0 and [2 marks]
calculates that a student with a Mathematics test score of 73 will have a running
time of 101 seconds. Comment on the validity of his calculation.

P ( ) = 0.3
 The following Venn diagram shows the events A and B, where P (A) = 0.3. The
values shown are probabilities.

25a. Find the value of p. [2 marks]

25b. Find the value of q. [2 marks]

P( ′ ∪ )
 25c. Find P (A′ ∪ B). [2 marks]

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2021

International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

Printed for HERLUFSHOLM SKOLE