NAME CLASS

Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued

Marialejandra Rodriguez Moron.

Unit 5 Don’t lend Keith your car. He’ll crash it. (= a

theoretical prediction)

introduction to future forms

There is no one future tense in English. Instead, there are
several verb forms that can refer to future time. Sometimes,
several forms are possible to express a similar meaning, but
not always.

will for prediction

1 The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to
show future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction – at
some time in the future this event will happen. This use is
uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision,
arrangement, willingness, etc. I’ll be 30 in a few days’ time.
It will be cold and wet tomorrow, I’m
afraid. Who do you think will win the
match?
You’ll feel better if you take this
medicine. I’ll see you later.
This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future
tense.
2 Will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a
fact or evidence. It is often found with expressions such as I
think ..., I hope ..., I’m sure ... .
I think Labour will win the next
election. I hope you’ll come and visit
me.
I’m sure you’ll pass your exams.
3 Will is common in the main clause when there is a
subordinate clause with if, when, before, etc. Note that we
don’t use will in the subordinate clause.
You’ll break the glass if you aren’t
careful. When you’re ready, we’ll start
the meeting. I won’t go until you arrive.
As soon as Peter comes, we’ll have lunch.

going to for prediction

Going to can express a prediction based on a present fact.
There is evidence now that something is sure to happen. We
can see the future from the present.
Careful! That glass is going to fall over. Too
late! Look at that blue sky! It’s going to be a
lovely day.

Notes
• Sometimes there is little or no difference between will and
going to.
We’ll run out of money if we aren’t
careful. We’re going to
• We use going to when we have physical evidence to support
our prediction.
She’s going to have a baby. (Look at her bump.)
Liverpool are going to win. (It’s 4–0, and there are only five
minutes left.)
That glass is going to fall. (It’s rolling to the edge of the
table.)
• We can use will when there is no such outside evidence.
Our prediction is based on our own personal opinion. It can
be more theoretical and abstract.
I’m sure you’ll have a good time at the wedding. (This is
my opinion.)
I reckon Liverpool will win. (Said the day before the match.)
The glass will break if it falls. (This is what happens to glasses
that fall.)
• Compare the sentences.
I bet John will be late home. The traffic is always bad at this time.
(= my opinion)
John’s going to be late home. He left a message on my voicemail.
(= a fact)
NAME CLASS

Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued

Unit 5 EXERCiSES 4 Will there be lots of people there?

1 Complete the sentences with will or won’t and

one of the verbs in the box.
believe be get give know have go like
1 Carl doesn’t think I will get the job,
but I’m determined to prove him
wrong.
2 You won’t have enough money to buy that
computer if you carry on spending like this.
3 It won’t be cold this weekend, but it will be very
wet.
4 We will go and see him in hospital
tomorrow; we can’t go today.
5 They won’t know who’s won until all the
votes have been counted.
6 You should read this. I know you will like it.
7 As soon as I hear from him, I will give you a
ring.
8 I’m afraid they won’t believe you. You’ll
have to think of another excuse.

2 Choose the correct option.

1 Everything looks perfect. It ’ll / ’s going to
be a fantastic party.
2 We ’ll / ’re going to be able to relax as soon as
we’ve finished tidying up.
3 It’s pointless asking her for help. I bet she ’ll / ’s
going to
say no.
4 If you don’t drive more carefully, you ’ll / ’re going
to hit a cyclist one of these days.
5 Marisa will / is going to visit her parents this
weekend.
6 We’ll / ’re going to spend Christmas at home this
year. We’ve decided not to go abroad after all.
7 Don’t worry. I’m sure you ’ll / ’re going to have a
lovely time once you’re there.
8 Are you having trouble? I ’ll / ’m going to help
you if you like.
9 Fabio ’ll / ’s going to be a teacher when he grows
up.
10 Oh, dear! I ’ll / ’m going to fix it for you, shall I?

3 Complete the questions with will or shall.

1 Will it work if I press this button?
2 Shall we go out tonight or do you want to
stay in?
3 Do you want some help? Shall I do it for you?
 Look out! We’re going to crash! (= a prediction based on I’m seeing my girlfriend tonight.
evidence) I’m going to ask her to marry me. *I’m asking
... What are you doing this weekend?
Decisions and intentions – will and going to What are you going to do about the broken toilet? (= What
1 Will is used to express a decision or intention made at have you decided to do?)
the moment of speaking.
I’ll phone you back in a minute.
Give me a ring some time. We’ll go out
together. ‘The phone’s ringing.’ ‘I’ll get it.’
2 Going to is used to express a future plan, decision, or
intention made before the moment of speaking.
When she grows up, she’s going to be a ballet
dancer. We’re going to get married in the spring.

Other uses of will and shall

1 Will as a prediction is an auxiliary verb that simply shows
future time. The word itself has no real meaning.
Tomorrow will be cold and windy.
2 Will is also a modal auxiliary verb, and so it can express a
variety of meanings. The meaning often depends on the
meaning of the main verb.
I’ll help you carry those bags. (=
offer) Will you marry me? (=
willingness) Will you open the
window? (= request) My car won’t
start. (= refusal)
I’ll love you forever. (= promise)
‘The phone’s ringing.’ ‘It’ll be for me.’ (= prediction about
the present)
3 Shall is found mainly in questions. It is used with I and
we. Where shall I put your tea? (I’m asking for
instructions.) What shall we do tonight? (I’m asking
for a decision.) Shall I cook supper tonight? (I’m
offering to help.)
Shall we eat out tonight? (I’m making a suggestion.)

Present Continuous for arrangements

1 The Present Continuous is used to express personal arrangements
and fixed plans, especially when the time and place have
been decided. A present tense is used because there is some
reality in the present. The event is planned or decided, and
we can see it coming. The event is usually in the near
future.
I’m having lunch with Brian
tomorrow. What time are you
meeting him?
Where are you having lunch?
What are you doing tonight?
2 The Present Continuous for future is often used with
verbs of movement and activity.
Are you coming to the cinema
tonight? I’m meeting the director
tomorrow.
We’re playing tennis this afternoon.
3 The Present Continuous is used to refer to arrangements
between people. It is not used to refer to events that people
can’t control. It’s going to rain this afternoon. *It’s raining this
afternoon.
The sun rises at 5.30 tomorrow. *The sun is rising ...
Notes
• Sometimes there is little or no difference between the
Present
Continuous and going to to refer to the
future. We’re seeing Hamlet at the theatre
tonight. We’re going to see
• When there is a difference, the Present Continuous emphasizes
an arrangement with some reality in the present; going to
expresses a person’s intentions.
 5 What will they do if the taxi doesn’t turn up? 2 Don’t worry. They (not leave) before we
Shall we offer them a lift? get there. I’m sure they (wait) for us.
6 What shall we do at the weekend? We could
have a party, couldn’t we?

4 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong.

1 Hurry up! The train is going to leave at 4.00 on the
dot.
2 Sorry, I can’t see you tomorrow. I’ll work.
3 I’ve finally made up my mind. I’m going to
ask for a rise.
4 Pam will be upset if you won’t go.
5 Rob thinks we’re meeting at 6.00 tomorrow. I’m
not sure what we arranged.
6 I’m not going to eat any more chocolate, ever!
7 Lessons start at 8.30 a.m. and finish at 3.30 p.m.
8 When Sonya will hear about it, she’s going
to be very upset.
9 I take the kids to the circus on Wednesday, so I
can’t go to the meeting.
10 Listen to the wind! It sounds like there’s going
to be a storm.

5 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 It’s Ted’s birthday on Sunday.
It’s going to be Ted’s birthday on Sunday.
2 Where shall we eat tonight? Any
suggestions? Where are we eating tonight?
Any suggestions?
3 Where are they meeting? Do you
know? Where shall they meet? Do
you know?
4 I’ll call you
later. I call
you later.
5 You shouldn’t lend it to him. He’ll lose
it. You shouldn’t lend it to him. He’s
losing it.
6 They’ll be late. You’ll see. They’re never on
time.
They’re going to be late. You’re going to
see. They’re never on time.

6 Complete the sentences and questions with the

Future Simple, Future Continuous, or Future
Perfect form of the verb in brackets.
1 I’m afraid we’re going to miss them. They (leave)
by the time we get there.
Present Simple for timetables
3 Suzanna (live) in London this time next
1 The Present Simple refers to a future event that is
seen as unalterable because it is based on a timetable year.
or calendar.
4 Do you think Bill (get) the job? I hope so!
My flight leaves at 10.00. 5 Try to be quiet when you come in. The baby
Term starts on 4 April.
What time does the film (sleep) and I don’t want her to wake up.
start? It’s my birthday 6 If you don’t make too much noise, I (able
tomorrow.
2 It is used in subordinate clauses introduced by conjunctions to get) the baby to sleep.
such as if, when, before, as soon as, unless, etc. 7 We (finish) school by the end of the
We’ll have a picnic if the weather stays
fine. When I get home, I’ll cook the month.
dinner. 8 Where (you / live) during the
I’ll leave as soon as it stops raining.
summer holidays, do you know?
Future Continuous 9 I (not read) it by the end of the
1 The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will
be in progress before and after a time in the future. holidays. It’s much too long.
Don’t phone at 8.00. We’ll be having 10 I wonder what they (do) all afternoon,
supper. This time tomorrow I’ll be flying to
New York.
while I’m slaving away at work.
2 The Future Continuous is used to refer to a future event that
will happen in the natural course of events. This use is
uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, or
willingness. As time goes by, this event will occur.
Don’t worry about our guests. They’ll be arriving any minute
now. We’ll be going right back to the football after the break.
(said on TV)

Future Perfect
The Future Perfect refers to an action that will be completed
before a definite time in the future. It is not a very common
verb form.
I’ll have done all my work by this evening.
 Unit 6 None of my friends are coming.

Expressing quantity
Quantifiers
1 The following can be used before a noun.
some/any much/many each/every more/most a little/little a
few/few both fewer/less several all/no enough

With count With uncount With singular

nouns only nouns only count nouns
only
(not) many (not) much each
biscuits a few luck a little boy
cars cheese every
very few trees very little time
fewer books experience less With plural
several answers time count nouns
only
both parents
With both count and uncount nouns
some money more/most wine enough
food some eggs more/most people enough
2 Most of the quantifiers can be used without a noun. No, all,
every, and each cannot.
Have you got any money? Not much/A
little/Enough. Are there any eggs? A few/Not
many.
Have some wine. I don’t want
any. How many people came? Very few.
Have some more tea. I’ve got
some. Did Ann or Sam go? Both.
3 Most of the quantifiers can be used with of + the/my/those,
etc. + noun. No and every cannot.
They took all of my
money. Take a few of
these tablets.
Some of the people at the party started
dancing. Were any of my friends at the
party?
Very few of my friends
smoke. Not much of the
food was left.
I’ve missed too many of my French
lessons. I couldn’t answer several of the
questions.
I’ll have a little of the strawberry cake, please.
Both of my children are
clever. I feel tired most of the
time.
I’ve had enough of your jokes.
4 For no and every, we use none and every one or all.
None of the audience was listening.
All of the hotels were booked.
In formal, written English, none is followed by a singular
form of the verb.
None of the guests has arrived yet.
But in informal English, a plural verb is possible.
None of my friends smoke.
None of the lights are
working.
Note
When we use none with a plural noun or pronoun, the verb can
be singular or plural. Grammatically, it should be singular, but
people often use the plural when they speak.
None of my friends is coming.
Unit 6 EXERCiSES 5 Has all of the cake gone, or is there a little
left for me?
Has all cake gone, or is there little left for me?
1 Choose the correct option.
1 I haven’t got much / many appointments this
week.
2 There are a few / few options, fortunately.
3 I’ve got several / little good ideas.
4 Do all / some your clothes need ironing?
5 There is no / none coffee left.
6 More / Many years later, they met again.
7 There are fewer / less opportunities than we
imagined.
8 Each / All candidate will receive written
instructions.
9 Oh, dear! There is a little / little time left.
We’d better hurry.
10 It’s the same old story every / all time.

2 Choose the correct answer.

1 Did you manage to get any sleep?
a) Yes, few. b) Yes, little. c) Yes, some.
2 Is there any tea in the pot?
a) Yes, all. b) Yes, enough. c) Yes, most.
3 How many people did you invite?
a) Not many. b) Every. c) Any.
4 Can I have a biscuit, please?
a) Sorry, I haven’t got much. b) Sorry, I’ve got a
little.
c) Sorry, I haven’t got any.
5 Have some more tea.
a) OK, just a few. b) OK, just a little. c) OK, just
little.
6 Have you got enough money?
a) Plenty. b) A few. c) Not many.

3 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 Most of the time, I feel
fine. Most time, I feel
fine.
2 Did you borrow all of glasses for the party?
Did you borrow all of their glasses for the
party?
3 Very few my things have made it in one
piece! Very few of my things have made it
in one piece!
4 Is there still much to do?
Is there still much of to do?
some, any, somebody, anything 4 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong.
1 The basic rule is that some and its compounds are used in
affirmative sentences, and any and its compounds in negatives 1 Lots of people waste money without noticing.
and questions.
I need some help.
2 It has caused a great deal trouble.
I need somebody to help me. 3 There aren’t lots of people here as I thought
Give me something for my
headache. I don’t need any there would be.
shopping. 4 How much time have we got left?
We can’t go anywhere without being recognized.
Is there any sugar left? 5 A great deal of time has been wasted.
Did anyone remember to buy milk?
2 Some and its compounds are used in requests or invitations, 6 Plenty time has passed.
or when we expect the answer ‘yes’. 7 I hope it’s not too much of trouble.
Have you got some money you could lend
me? Would you like something to eat? 8 There has been a lot of interest.
Can we go somewhere quiet to talk?
9 There hasn’t been many response.
3 Any and its compounds are used in affirmative sentences
that have a negative meaning. 10 A large quantity of food is thrown away every
He never has any money.
You made hardly any mistakes.
day.
I made the cake myself without any help.
4 Any and its compounds are used to express It doesn’t 5 Complete the sentences with few, a few, fewer,
matter which/who/where. little, a little, or less.
Take any book you like. I don’t mind.
Anyone will tell you two and two makes 1 Only of the answers were correct.
four. Sit anywhere you like.
I eat anything. I’m not fussy. 2 It’s hopeless! There is that can be done to
help them.
nobody, no one, nowhere, nothing
3 visitors came than expected.
1 These are more emphatic forms.
I saw nobody all 4 The good news is that of the people
weekend. I’ve eaten who came helped us clear up at the end.
nothing all day.
2 They can be used at the beginning of sentences. 5 people give themselves the time to
No one was saved. think clearly about their own futures.
Nobody understands me.
Nowhere is safe any 6 Paul spends time revising than any of us,
more. but still does well.
much, many, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a large number 7 The course was far too difficult. In fact, of
of, plenty of us even made it to the finish.
1 Much and many are usually used in questions and negatives.
How much does it cost? 8 You couldn’t lend me money, could you?
How many people came to the party? 9 When I was growing up, we were quite poor and
Is there much unemployment in your country?
I don’t have much money. had
Will there be many people there? money to spend on luxuries.
You don’t see many snakes in England. ‘A lot.’
2 We find much and many in affirmative sentences after so, as, Don’t worry about food. We’ve got plenty.
and
too.
He has so much money that he doesn’t know what to do with it.
She’s got nearly as many Facebook friends as I have.
You make too many mistakes. Be careful.
3 In affirmative sentences, the following forms are found.
Spoken/informal
There’ll be plenty of food/people. (uncount and count)
We’ve got lots of time/friends. (uncount and count)
I lost a lot of my furniture/things. (uncount and
count) Written/more formal
A great deal of money was lost during the strike. (uncount)
A large number of strikes are caused by bad management.
(count)
Many world leaders are quite young. (count)
Much time is wasted in trivial pursuits. (uncount)
4 These forms are found without
nouns. ‘Have you got enough socks?’
‘Lots.’ ‘How many people were there?’
10 I seem to spend time these days doing
the things I enjoy.
little/few/less/fewer
1 A little and a few express a small amount or number in a
positive way. Although there is only a little, it is probably
enough.
Can you lend me a little sugar?
A few friends are coming round tonight.
2 Little and few express a small amount in a negative way.
There is not enough.
Very few people passed the
exam. There’s very little milk
left.
3 Fewer is the comparative of few; less is the comparative of little.
Fewer people go to church these days. (= count noun)
I spend less and less time doing what I want to. (= uncount
noun) It is becoming more common to find less with a count
noun.
Many people think that this is incorrect and sounds terrible.
*Less people go to church.
*You should smoke less cigarettes.

all
1 We do not usually use all to mean everybody/everyone/everything.
Everybody had a good time.
Everything was ruined in the
fire. I said hello to everyone.
But if all is followed by a relative clause, it can mean everything.
All (that) I own is
yours. I spend all I
earn.
This structure can have a negative meaning, expressing ideas such
as nothing more or only this.
All I want is a place to sleep.
All I had was a couple of beers.
All that happened was that he pushed her a bit, and she fell over.
2 Before a noun with a determiner (for example the, my, this) both
all and all of are possible.
You eat all (of) the time.
All (of) my friends are coming tonight.
Before a noun with no determiner, we use all.
All people are born equal.
3 With personal pronouns, we use all of.
All of you passed. Well done!
I don’t need these books. You can have all of them.