Ex. No.

: 1
STUDY OF FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE DRAWING
Date :

AIM:
To study the fundamentals of Machine Drawing.

THEORY:
Engineering Drawing is the representation of 3D objects in the form of Orthographic
Projections or Pictorial Projections such as Isometric / Perspective Projections. It is used to
draw (i) Machine components in Mechanical, Production, Automobile, Aeronautical, Marine,
Printing, Textile Engineering; (ii) Plan of Buildings, Bridges, etc., in Civil Engineering and
Architecture; and (iii) Electrical-wiring diagrams, Printed Circuit Board drawings, Schematic
Circuit diagrams, etc., in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Computer Science
Engineering.

1. Drawing Instruments:
The list of drawing instruments required for the manual preparation of neat and
scaled pencil drawings is given below:
1. Drawing board
2. Drawing sheets
3. Mini-drafter
4. Instrument box
5. Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles)
6. Protractor (or) Procircle
7. Set Scales (Celluloid/Card-board)
8. Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades)
9. Eraser
10. Clips or Adhesive tape
11. Sharpener and Emery paper
12. French curves.
Drawing Board:
The flat surface of the board is used to hold the drawing sheet while the drawing is
being made. The drawing board is of standard size 700 mm x 500 mm, as recommended by
the Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.).

1
Drawing Sheets:

The drawing sheet should be tough and strong. Standard sizes of trimmed drawing
sheets recommended by B.I.S. are given in Table (1).

Dimensions, mm
Designation
Length Width
A0 1189 841
A1 841 594
A2 594 420
A3 420 297
A4 297 210

Table (1) Sizes of Drawing Sheets

Mini-Drafter:
The Mini-Drafter combines the functions of T-square, Set-squares, Scales, and
Protractor. The mini-drafter is used for different operations, namely, to draw horizontal,
vertical and inclined lines, parallel and perpendicular lines and also for measuring lines and
angles.

Instrument Box:
Instrument Box contains the following instruments:
1. Large Compass
2. Bow Compass
3. Dividers
Large Compass:
Large Compass is used to draw circles from 30 mm to 120 mm diameter. The diagram
of large compass is shown in Fig (1)

Fig (1) Large Compass

2
Bow Compass
Bow Compass is used for drawing small circles up to 30 mm diameter. In this, the
inclined cut of the lead is turned inside as shown in Fig (2).

Fig (2) Bow Compass

Dividers
Dividers are used for dividing the straight or curved lines into a prescribed number
of equal parts, for transferring dimensions and for setting- off distances from the scale to
the drawings. Fig (3) shows Large Divider and Fig (4) shows Bow Divider.

Fig (3) Large Divider Fig (4) Bow Divider

3
Set-Squares (45° & 30° - 60° Triangles):
Set-Squares are made of transparent celluloid. Set-squares may have French Curves
cut in them.

Protractor-Cum-Procircle:
Protractor is used to mark or measure accurately such angles as cannot be precisely
drawn or measured with the mini-drafter. Protractor-cum- Procircle is preferred for class
use.

Set-Scales:
Normally, celluloid/card-board set-scales are used. They are eight in number with
designations M1 to M8, with graduations to measure reduction in length, i.e., 2:1, 5:1, etc., It
is shown in Table (2).
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
Scale on
1:1 1:2.5 1:10 1:50 1:200 1:300 1:400 1:1000
one edge
Scale on
1:2 1:5 1:20 1:100 1:500 1:600 1:800 1:2000
other edge

Table (2) Set-Scale Sizes

Drawing Pencils:
Drawing pencils are different from ordinary pencils and are made in a series of grades,
viz., HB, H, 2H, etc.,
a. HB (Soft grade) Used for drawing Border Lines, Lettering and Arrow heads.
b. H Used for Finishing lines, Outlines, Visible lines and Hidden/ Invisible lines.
c. 2H (Hard grade) Used for Construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines,
Extension lines, Centre lines (Axes) and Section lines.
Eraser:
Pencil eraser is used to rub-off unwanted lines, arcs, etc., Quality eraser i.e., eraser-soft
should be used.

Adhesive Tape or Clips:

A thin transparent adhesive tape known as cello tape is used to fix the drawing sheet
on the drawing board.

4
Sharpener and Emery Paper:
Drawing pencils are sharpened by the pencil-sharpener. Emery paper is used to obtain
conical or chisel edge of the lead.

French Curves:
French curves are used to draw curves, which cannot be drawn with a compass. The
diagram of the French curve is shown in Fig (5).

Fig (5) French Curves

2. Layout of Drawing Sheets:

After fixing the drawing sheet on the drawing board, draw Border Lines, Bills of
Materials and Title Block. The layout of a drawing sheet is shown in Fig (6).

Fig (6) Drawing Sheet Layout

Border Lines:
Perfect rectangular working space is obtained by drawing Border Lines. A filing
margin of 20 mm width at the left-hand edge of the sheet is to be provided. At the top, bottom
and the right-hand edges, a margin of 10 mm may be provided.

5
Bills of Materials:
Each part of the machine is identified on assembly drawing by the leader line and
number, which are used in the detail drawing and in the bill of material. The height of the
number may be approximately 5 mm and encircled by 9 mm diameter. Leader lines are
drawn radially touching the respective parts. The bill of materials also shows the Number of
Parts, Material of parts, Standard norm for standard components, Scale, Method of
projection, Shop process, Name of the company, Designed by, drawn by and checked by and
any special remark.

Title Block:
` A rectangle of 150 mm x 50 mm called Title Block is drawn at the bottom of the right-
hand side of the drawing sheet to furnish: (1) Name of the Student, Roll Number, Class, (2)
Title of the drawing, (3) Sheet Number and (4) Date of submission.

3. Types of Lines:
In Engineering Drawing various types lines are used with a definite meaning for each.
The different types of lines and their applications are given in Table (3).
S.No Type of Line Applications Pencil

CONTINUOUS THICK Visible out lines, Visible Edges and

1. H
boundary lines of objects

2. THICK DASHES Hidden (Invisible) outlines, Hidden Edges H

Dimension lines, Guide lines, Hatching

3. CONTINUOUS THIN 2H
lines or Section lines
Short-break lines, Irregular boundary
4. THIN WAVY 2H
lines
THIN ZIG-ZAG
5. Long-break lines 2H

THIN CHAIN
6. Centre lines 2H

THICK THIN THICK

7. Cutting plane lines H & 2H

Table (3) Types of Lines

6
4. Conventional Representation of Common Machine Elements:
In mechanical engineering practice, some of the machine elements such as threaded
parts, gears, springs, bearings etc., are found in all most all the mechanical designs. The
delineation of these elements on the drawing will be laborious and involves more drafting
time. Thus to eliminate the laborious methods of showing these elements in their actual
shapes, and to minimize the drafting time and space, these are represented conventionally in
simplified forms. Some of the common machine elements are represented conventionally as
shown in Table (4) to Table (6).

Table (4) Conventional Representation of Common Machine Elements

Table (5) Conventional Representation of Springs

7
 Table (6) Conventional Representation of Gear Drives

5. Abbreviations:
While dimensioning and writing the details in the title block and the parts list,
abbreviations are used for some of the most commonly used terms. The abbreviations
recommended for use on engineering drawings are indicated in Tables. Abbreviations are the
same for both singular and plural usage. For abbreviations only capital letters must be used
except for those where lowercase letters have been internationally accepted. The
abbreviations are shown in Table (7).

Term Abbreviation
Alternation ALT
Approved APPD
Approximate APPROX
Assembly ASSY
Centres CRS
Centre of Gravity CG
Weight WT
Table (7) Abbreviations for use in Engineering Drawing

8
6. Symbols for Shape Indication:
Circle:
A circle is dimensioned by any one of the ways shown in Fig (7). Symbol Φ is used to
represent the diameter of a circle and symbol R is used for Radius.

Fig (7) Circle Dimensions

Arc Radius:
An arc is dimensioned by its Radius by any one of the ways shown in Fig (8). Symbol R
is used to represent the Radius of an arc. Only one arrow head termination is used and it is
located depending upon the size of the feature.

Fig (8) Arc Dimensions

Sphere:
Use the symbol SФ to represent the Spherical Diameter and SR to represent the
Spherical Radius. This representation is shown in Fig (9).

Fig (9) Sphere Dimensions

9
Square:
Symbol may be used to represent a square. Square ends may be indicated by diagonals
drawn as thin lines. This representation is shown in Fig (10).

Fig (10) Square Dimensions

7. Dimensioning:
The expression of details regarding distances between surfaces, etc., on a drawing by
the use of lines, symbols and units is known as Dimensioning.

Methods of Dimensioning:
Two different methods of indication dimensional values are recommended by B.I.S.
and they are called as METHOD – I and METHOD – II.

METHOD – I:
Dimension is placed parallel to and at the middle of the dimension line. Also, the
dimension shall be above the dimension line without touching it. The dimension values are
indicated so that they can be read wither form the bottom or from the right-hand side of the
drawing. The method of placing dimensional values at the different positions on the
dimension lines is shown in Fig (11).

Fig (11) METHOD – I Dimensioning

10
METHOD – II:
Dimensional values are indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the
drawing. Non-horizontal lines are interrupted, near the middle so that the value can be
inserted. The method of placing dimensional values at the different positions on the
dimension lines is shown in Fig (12).

Fig (12) METHOD – II Dimensioning

8. Tolerances:
The system of specifying the extent of permissible variations for the basic size is called
tolerancing. The amount of variation permitted for a basic size is called tolerance.

Methods of Indication Tolerances on Drawing:

The different methods of indication the tolerances by their symbols or numerical
values are shown in Fig (13). While indicating the numerical values in all the following
methods, the following rules should be followed.

Fig (13) Tolerances Indicating Methods

1. The upper deviation should always be written above the lower deviation
irrespective of whether is a shaft or a hole.
2. Both the deviations are expressed to the same number of decimal places.
3. When the tolerances are uniform on all the individual dimensions, instead of
indicating the tolerances on each of the dimensions, a general note assigning the
uniform tolerances should be stated, for example tolerance on dimension + 0.5 .
This simplifies the drawing and saves the drafting time and labour.
11
Indication of Tolerances on Angular Dimensions:
The rules given for the indication of tolerances on linear dimensions are equally
applicable angular dimensions except that the units of the basic angle and the faction thereof,
as well as the deviations should be indicated as shown in Fig (14). If the angular deviation is
expressed in either minutes of a degree, or seconds of a minute of a degree, the value of the
minute or second should be preceded by 00 or 000’ as applicable.

Fig (14) Indication of Tolerances on Angular Dimensions

9. Fits:
The fitting of one part into the other, either loose or tight depends on the relationship
existing between their mating surfaces which in turn depends on the dimensional differences
between the parts. The relationship exists which in turn depends on the dimensional
differences between the parts. The relationship existing between the mating surfaces of the
parts because of the differences in their dimensions is called Fit.

Classification of Fit:
The difference between the dimensions of the hole and the shaft alignment
internally to obtain a particular type of fit is known as clearance. It may be positive or
negative. When the shaft size smaller than the hole sizes it will be positive and will be
negative when the shaft size bigger than the hole size. Fits can be classified based on
clearance. There are three types of fits i) Clearance Fit ii) Interference Fit and iii) Transition
Fit.

i) Clearance Fit:

It is defined as the fit established when a positive clearance exits between the hole
and the shaft. Fig (15) shows a clearance fit. The clearance between the smallest possible
hole and the largest possible shaft is = Φ29.95 - Φ29.90 = 0.05mm.

12
 Fig (15) Clearance Fit

ii) Interference Fit

It is defined as the fit established when a negative clearance exist between the sizes of
the hole and the shaft. Fig (16) shows a interference fit. The difference between the
dimensions of the largest possible hole and the smallest possible shaft is = Φ30.25 – Φ30.30
= - 0.05mm.

Fig (16) Interference Fit

iii) Transition Fit

It is defined as the fit established when the dimensions of the hole and the shaft are
such that there exists a positive clearance or a negative clearance when the shaft is fitted into
the hole. Fig (17) Shows a transition fit.

Fig (17) Transition Fit

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Selection of Fits:
Various combinations of tolerance grade and fundamental deviations for both the
shafts and the holes may obtain a wide range of fits. But many of the possible combinations
may not be of practical use. Majority of common engineering requirements may be satisfied
on the basis of restricted selection of tolerance grades resulting in economy and ease of
standardization, yet leading to universally applicable and recommended fits.

10. Tolerances of Form and Position – Geometrical Tolerances:

The tolerances for the sizes, called linear tolerances, are specified only to ensure that
the actual manufacturing sizes are well within the acceptable limits. However, they have no
control either over the geometry of the surface or its location, i.e., for example, a shaft may
have its diameter well within the specified limits of size, but may not be truly circular.
Similarly, a square slot may not have its surfaces exactly perpendicular, or, a hole may not
have its centre correctly located. Thus it necessitates specifying the permissible deviations
not only for its sizes but also for geometrical variations in the form of the surfaces and the
variations for their locations. The geometry variations are called form variation and the
location variations are called position variation. Specifying of the permissible variations for
both form and position using symbols and letters is called geometrical tolerancing.

Form Variation:
It is defined as the variation between the actual form of a feature, such as surface, line,
etc., and the geometrical ideal form. The form of a single feature will be deemed to be
acceptable when the distance of its individual points from its superimposed surface of an
ideal geometric form is equal to or less than the value of the specified tolerance. The
orientation of the ideal surface should be so chosen that the maximum distance between it
and the actual surface concerned is the least possible value.

Position Variation:
It is defined as the variation of the actual position of the form the geometrically ideal
position with reference to another form feature called datum feature. A datum feature may
be point, or a line, or a plan, or a cylindrical surface, etc., to which the tolerances of
orientation, position and run out are referred. These position tolerances limit the deviations
of the mutual orientation and, or location of two or more features. For functional regions, one
or more features may be indicated as datum.

14
11. Indication of Maximum Material Condition:
The maximum material condition is indicated by the symbol M placed after

1. The tolerance value as shown in Fig (18 A).

2. The datum feature as shown in Fig (18 B).
3. Both as shown in Fig (18 C).

Fig (18 A)

Fig (18 B)

Fig (18 C)
12. Geometric Characteristic Symbols:
The symbols that represent the various types of geometric characteristics that must be
controlled by specifying the form and position tolerances are shown in the Table (8). These
symbols are used to indicate form and position tolerances.

13. Surface Roughness:

Nominal Surface:
The surface of an object is its exterior boundary. A surface that has been finished by
any one of the machining processes contains numerous small peaks and valleys that deviate
form theoretical geometrically perfect surface, called nominal surface.

Roughness:
The cutting edges of the cutting tools and the abrasive grains of the grinding tools
cause the roughness of the surface to consist of surface irregularities. The spacing and the
size of these valleys and peaks of the surface irregularities depend on the degree of
sharpness of cutting tools and fineness of the abrasive grain.

15
Waviness:
The waviness is the surface undulations of larger magnitudes, i.e., surface
irregularities with larger sizes and spacing than the roughness. Waviness may result form
machine or work deflections, vibrations, warping, strains or other causes.

Characteristics to be Toleranced Symbol

Straightness
Flatness
Circularity O
Form of Single
Features Cylindricity

FORM Profile of any line

TOLERANCES Profile of any surface

Parallelism
Perpendicularity ┴
Orientation of
Angularity
Related
Features
Runout

Position
Position of
POSITIONAL
Related Concentricity and Coaxiality
TOLERANCES
Features
Symmetry

Table (8) General Characteristic Symbols

System of Indication Surface Roughness Symbols on Drawing:

Fig (19) shows the different methods of indicating the surface roughness symbols on
the drawing. The surface roughness symbol may be placed with its apex touching the line
representing the surface or on the leader line terminating in an arrow on the surface, or on
the extension line of the surface. If it is not practicable to orient the surface roughness
symbol so as to be read from the bottom or right hand edge of the drawing sheet, it may be
drawn in any position provided it does not carry any indication of machining method or
machining allowances.

16
 Fig (19) System of Indication Surface Roughness

14. Symbolic Representation Of Weld:

Welded joints are symbolically represented on the drawing as shown in Fig (20) using

1. An arrow line pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made.

2. A dual reference line consisting of two parallel lines; one continuous and one dashed
3. A basic symbol to specify the type of weld
4. A supplementary symbol to characterize the shape of the external surface of the weld
5. Dimensions of the weld.

17
Fig (20) Symbolic Representation Of Welded Joints

18
Conclusion

Thus the fundamentals of Machine Drawing was studied in detail.

19
20
Ex. No. : 2
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING
Date :

Aim:
To study the code for engineering drawing

Abbrevations:
S.No Term Abbreviation S.No Term Abbreviation
1 Across corners A/C 37 Manufacture MFG
2 Across flats A/ F 38 Material MATL
3 Approved APPD 39 Maximum max
4 Approximate APPROX 40 Meter m
5 Assembly ASSY 41 Mechanical MECH
6 Auxiliary AUX 42 Millimeter mm
7 Bearing BRG 43 Minimum min
8 Centimeter Cm 44 Nominal NOM
9 Centers CRS 45 Not to scale NTC
10 Centre line CL 46 Number No.
11 Centre to centre C/L 47 Opposite OPP
12 Chamfered CHMED 48 Outside diameter OD
13 Checked CHD 49 Pitch circle PC
14 Cheese head CH HD 50 Pitch circle diameter PCD
15 Circular pitch CP 51 Quantity QTY
16 Circumference OCE 52 Radius R
17 Continued CONTD 53 Radius in a note RAD
18 Counter bore CBORE 54 Reference REF
19 Countersunk CSK 55 Required REQD
20 Cylinder CYL 56 Right hand RH
21 Diameter DIA 57 Round RD
22 Diametral pitch DP 58 Screw SCR
23 Dimension DIM 59 Serial number Sl.No.
24 Drawing DRG 60 Specification SPEC

21
22
25 Equi-spaced EQUI-SP 61 Sphere/Spherical SPHERE
26 External EXT 62 Spot face SF
27 Figure FIG. 63 Square SQ
28 General GNL 64 Standard STD
29 Ground level GL 65 Symmetrical SYM
30 Ground GND 66 Thick THK
31 Hexagonal HEX 67 Thread THD
32 Inspection INSP 68 Through THRU
33 Inside diameter ID 69 Tolerance TOL
34 Internal INT 70 Typical TYP
35 Left hand LH 71 Undercut U /C
36 Machine M/C 72 Weight WT

STANDARD CODES

Sl.NO IS-CODE DESCRIPTION

1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing
2 IS:10711-1983 Size of drawing sheets
3 IS:10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawing
4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation
5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawing
6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs
7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawing
8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features
9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of drawing prints
10 IS:11665-1986 Technical drawing – Title blocks
11 IS:11669-1986 General principles of dimension on technical drawing
12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviations for use in Technical Drawing

23
24
Conclusion:

Thus the code and symbols of practice for Engineering drawing were studied.

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26
Ex. No. : 3
STUDY OF WELDING SYMBOLS
Date :

Aim:
To study the welding symbols.

Introduction
Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together permanently by the
application of heat (fusion welds) or pressure (pressure or forge welding) or both (resistance
welding). Both ferrous (steel, cast-iron) and Non-ferrous metals (like brass copper and alloy)
can be joined by welding. The welding is cheaper, stronger, easier and faster than riveting.
The various types of welding process are
a. Gas welding
b. Arc welding
i. Metal Arc Welding (MAW)
ii. Gas metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
iii. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
iv. Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
v. Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
c. Forge Welding
d. Resistance Welding
e. Thermit Welding
f. High Energy Welding
The welded joints are broadly classified into
a. Butt joint
b. Lap joint
c. Corner or Fillet joint
d. Tee joint
e. Edge joint

27
28
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF WELD
The standard welding symbol is given below.
Arrow Line and reference Line
The position of the arrow line with respect to the weld is of no special significance. The
side of the joint on which the arrow line is drawn is called “arrow side”. The side of the joint
remote to the arrow line is called “other side”. The reference line has significance on the weld
side. If the weld symbol is placed BELOW the reference line, the welding should be done in
the “ARROW SIDE”. If the weld symbol is placed ABOVE the reference line, the welding
should be done in the “OTHER SIDE”. If the weld symbol is placed both ABOVE and BELOW
the reference line, the welding should be done in both the “ARROW AND OTHER SIDES”.

Basic Weld Symbol

The basic symbols recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for specifies the
type of weld are shown in the fig1.

Basic weld symbols.

29
30
Size of weld
The size of the weld is height of the isosceles triangle in the case of fillet welds. In
other cases, the size will be the minimum distance from the surface of the paert of the bottom
of penetration.
Finish and contour symbol
The contour symbols are
a. Flat (flush)
b. Convex
c. Concave
Finishing welds other than cleaning shall be indicated by finish symbols. Chipping – C,
Grinding – G, Machining – M

Welded and unwelded length

Length of weld means it is the length to be welded once, after that pitch equal to
unwelded length is not welded and this process is continued for the whole length of the side.
Weld all round
If the weld should be made all round the joint, a circle should be placed at the point
connecting the arrow and the reference line.
Site weld
When some of the welds (the welded structures) are required to be made on site
during erection. They should be designed by a filled in circle at the point connecting the
arrow and the reference line.

Conclusion:
Thus the welding symbols were studied.

31
32
Ex. No. : 3
STUDY OF WELDING SYMBOLS
Date :

Aim:
To study the riveted joints.

Introduction
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it. The cylindrical portion of the
rivet is called shank or body and lower portion of shank is known as tail, The rivets are used
to make permanent fastening between the plates such as in structural work, ship building,
bridges, tanks and boiler shells. The riveted joints are widely used for joining light metals.
The fastenings (i.e. joints) may be classified into the following two groups :
1. Permanent fastenings, and
2. Temporary or detachable fastenings.

The permanent fastenings are those fastenings which can not be disassembled
without destroying the connecting components. The examples of permanent fastenings in
order of strength are soldered, brazed, welded and riveted joints.
The temporary or detachable fastenings are those fastenings which can be
disassembled without destroying the connecting components. The examples of temporary
fastenings are screwed, keys, cotters, pins and splined joints.

Methods of Riveting
The function of rivets in a joint is to make a connection that has strength and tightness.
The strength is necessary to prevent failure of the joint. The tightness is necessary in order to
contribute to strength and to prevent leakage as in a boiler or in a ship hull. When two plates
are to be fastened together by a rivet as shown in Fig. 9.2 (a), the holes in the plates are
punched and reamed or drilled. Punching is the cheapest method and is used for relatively
thin plates and in structural work. Since punching injures the material around the hole,
therefore drilling is used in most pressure-vessel work.

33
 In structural and pressure vessel riveting, the diameter of the rivet hole is usually 1.5
mm larger than the nominal diameter of the rivet.

Types of Rivet Heads

According to Indian standard specifications, the rivet heads are classified into the following
three types :
1. Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 mm diameter) as shown in Fig. 9.3, according
toIS : 2155 – 1982 (Reaffirmed 1996).

34
Types of Riveted Joints
Following are the two types of riveted joints, depending upon the way in which the plates are
connected.
1. Lap joint
2. Butt joint.

35
Lap Joint
A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the two plates are then
riveted together.
Butt Joint
1. Single riveted joint, and
2. Double riveted joint.

36
Conclusion
Thus the study of riveted joints was studied in detail.

37
38
Ex. No. : 5
STUDY OF SCREW THREADS, KEYS AND FASTENERS
Date :

Aim:
To study the Screw Threads, Keys and fasteners

INTRODUCTION
A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface. A
screw made by cutting a single helical groove on the cylinder is known as single threaded
(or single-start) screw and if a second thread is cut in the space between the grooves of the
first, a double threaded (or double-start) screw is formed. Similarly, triple and quadruple
(i.e. multiple start) threads may be formed. The helical grooves may be cut either right hand
or left hand. A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i.e. a bolt and nut. The
screwed joints are widely used where the machine parts are required to be readily connected
or disconnected without damage to the machine or the fastening. This may be for the
purpose of holding or adjustment in assembly or service inspection, repair, or replacement
or it may be for the manufacturing or assembly reasons.

Important Terms Used in Screw Threads

The following terms used in screw threads, as shown in Fig. 11.1, are important from the
subject
point of view :

1. Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. The
screw is specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. It is
also known as core or root diameter.
39
3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, on a cylindrical screw thread,
the surface of which would pass through the thread at such points as to make equal the width
of the thread and the width of the spaces between the threads. It is also called an effective
diameter. In a nut and bolt assembly, it is the diameter at which the ridges on the bolt are in
complete touch with the ridges of the corresponding nut.
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next.
This is measured in an axial direction between corresponding points in the same axial plane.
Mathematically, Pitch = 1 No. of threads per unit length of screw
5. Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. It may also
be defined as the distance which a screw thread advances axially in one rotation of the nut.
Lead is equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice the pitch in double start,
thrice the pitch in triple start and so on.
6. Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
7. Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the thread.
8. Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.

Forms of Screw Threads

The following are the various forms of screw threads.
1. British standard whitworth (B.S.W.) thread. This is a British standard thread profile
and has coarse pitches. It is a symmetrical V-thread in which the angle between the flankes,
measured in an axial plane, is 55°. These threads are found on bolts and screwed fastenings
for special purposes. The various proportions of B.S.W. threads are shown in

40
 The British standard threads with fine pitches (B.S.F.) are used where great strength at
the rootis required. These threads are also used for line adjustments and where the
connected parts are subjected to increased vibrations as in aero and automobile work. The
British standard pipe (B.S.P.) threads with fine pitches are used for steel and iron pipes and
tubes carrying fluids. In external pipe threading, the threads are specified by the bore of the
pipe.
2. British association (B.A.) thread. This is a B.S.W. thread with fine pitches. The
proportions of the B.A. thread are shown in Fig. 11.3. These threads are used for instruments
and other precision works.
3. American national standard thread. The American national standard or U.S. or Seller's
thread has flat crests and roots. The flat crest can withstand more rough usage than sharp V-
threads. These threads are used for general purposes e.g. on bolts, nuts, screws and tapped
holes.
4. Unified standard thread. The three countries i.e., Great Britain, Canada and United States
came to an agreement for a common screw thread system with the included angle of 60°, in
order to facilitate the exchange of machinery. The thread has rounded crests and roots
5. Square thread. The square threads, because of their high efficiency, are widely used for
transmission of power in either direction. Such type of threads are usually found on the feed
mechanisms of machine tools, valves, spindles, screw jacks etc. The square threads are not so
strong as V-threads but they offer less frictional resistance to motion than Whitworth
threads. The pitch of the square thread is often taken twice that of a B.S.W. thread of the
same diameter.

6. Acme thread. It is a modification of square thread. It is much stronger than square thread
and can be easily produced. These threads are frequently used on screw cutting lathes, brass
valves, cocks and bench vices.

41
 When used in conjunction with a split nut, as on the lead screw of a lathe, the tapered
sides of the thread facilitate ready engagement and disengagement of the halves of the nut
when required.
7. Knuckle thread. It is also a modification of square thread. It has rounded top and bottom.
It can be cast or rolled easily and cannot economically be made on a machine. These threads
are used for rough and ready work. They are usually found on railway carriage couplings,
hydrants, necks of glass bottles and large moulded insulators used in electrical trade.
8. Buttress thread. It is used for transmission of power in one direction only. The force is
transmitted almost parallel to the axis. This thread units the advantage of both square and V-
threads. It has a low frictional resistance characteristics of the square thread and have the
same strength as that of V-thread. The spindles of bench vices are usually provided with
buttress thread.

9. Metric thread. It is an Indian standard thread and is similar to B.S.W. threads. It has an
included angle of 60° instead of 55°. The basic profile of the thread and the design profile of
the nut and bolt

42
KEYS
A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley
to connect these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always
inserted parallel to the axis of the shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are
subjected to considerable crushing and shearing stresses. A keyway is a slot or recess in a
shaft and hub of the pulley to accommodate a key.
Types of Keys
The following types of keys are important from the subject point of view :
1. Sunk keys,
2. Saddle keys,
3. Tangent keys,
4. Round keys, and
5. Splines.
The sunk keys are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the keyway of the hub
or boss of the pulley. The sunk keys are of the following types :
1. Rectangular sunk key. A rectangular sunk key is shown in Fig. 13.1. The usual
proportions of this key are :
Width of key, w = d / 4 ; and thickness of key, t = 2w / 3 = d / 6
where d = Diameter of the shaft or diameter of the hole in the hub.
The key has taper 1 in 100 on the top side only.

43
2. Square sunk key. The only difference between a rectangular sunk key and a square sunk
key is that its width and thickness are equal, i.e. w = t = d / 4
3. Parallel sunk key. The parallel sunk keys may be of rectangular or square section uniform
in width and thickness throughout. It may be noted that a parallel key is a taperless and is
used where the pulley, gear or other mating piece is required to slide along the shaft.
4. Gib-head key. It is a rectangular sunk key with a head at one end known as gib head. It is
usually provided to facilitate the removal of key. A gib head key is shown in Fig. 13.2 (a) and
its use in shown in Fig. 13.2 (b).

5. Feather key. A key attached to one member of a pair and which permits relative axial
movement is known as feather key. It is a special type of parallel key which transmits a
turning moment and also permits axial movement. It is fastened either to the shaft or hub,
the key being a sliding fit in the key way of the moving piece.

44
6. Woodruff key. The woodruff key is an easily adjustable key. It is a piece from a cylindrical
disc having segmental cross-section in front view as shown in Fig. 13.4. A woodruff key is
capable of tilting in a recess milled out in the shaft by a cutter having the same curvature as
the disc from which the key is made. This key is largely used in machine tool and automobile
construction.

The main advantages of a woodruff key are as follows :

1. It accommodates itself to any taper in the hub or boss of the mating piece.
2. It is useful on tapering shaft ends. Its extra depth in the shaft *prevents any tendency to
turn over in its keyway.
The disadvantages are :
1. The depth of the keyway weakens the shaft.
2. It cannot be used as a feather.

THREADED FASTENERS

INTRODUCTION
Threaded fasteners are temporary fasteners, which hold the parts together through
the medium of a screw thread. These are used in pairs for their action (for example, a nut and
a bolt). They have the advantage over permanent fasteners of allowing assembly of parts
when required. A wide variety of threaded fasteners are in use. Some of them are
standardized and others are made for special use.
COMMON TYPE OF THREADED FASTENERS
The five types of threaded fasteners in common use are
 Bolt
 Stud
 Cap screw
 Machine screw
 Set screw
All these with external threaded and used in combination with another having
corresponding internal threads (eg) a nut or a tapped hole.
45
BOLTS
A bolt is a metal having a head at one end and a threaded portion to a definite length
on other end. The head is formed by forging or machining. The bolt is admitted through holes
in the parts, which are to be fastened. The projected thread end of the bolt admits a
corresponding nut from the other side. Tightening the bolt by turning gives necessary
clamping grip to hold the parts together. Bolts and nuts of various shapes are used for
different purpose but the hexagonal head and square head are very common. Although, the
square shape provides better spanner grip than the hexagon, but needs one fourth of a turn
to bring it into the same position for inserting spanner again, whereas a hexagon need only
one sixth of a turn and hence provided. The sharp corners on the external flat end faces of
bolt heads and nuts are chamfered conically at 30 to ensure safety of the user. To facilitate
early insertion of the nut over the bolt, the threaded holes in the nut are counter sunk. Three
dimensions are usually sufficient for simplified representation of a bolt
 The bolt shank diameter (d)
 The bolt length (l)
 The length of a threaded portion of the shank (b)
EMPIRICAL PORTIONS OF HEXAGON AND SQUARE HEAD BOLT & NUTDETAIL
PROPORTION
Nominal diameter d=size of bolt or nut, mm
Width across flats s=1.5d+3mmWidth across corners e=2d
Thickness of bolt head k=0.8d
Thickness of nut n=0.9d
Root diameter d1=d-(2*depth of thread)
Length of the bolt l=as specified
Thread length b=2d+6mm (for l<150mm)=2d+12mm (for l>150mm)
Chamfer of bolt end Z=depth of thread*45(degree) (or) =0.1d
Chamfer angle of bolt head & nut 30 (degree)
DRAWING OF HEXAGONAL NUT AND BOLT
STEP: 1
Draw the shank of the bolt equal to the given diameter (d) and length (l).The thickness
of the bolt head equals to 0.8d and the thickness of nut equal to 0.9d are marked. Measure the
width across corners equal to 2dand complete the three faces of the bolt head and nut in
these lines.

46
 The right hand view of the bolt and nut assembly is drawn as follows with any point on
the axis as centre and radius equal to draw a thin circle. A hexagon is inscribed inside this
circle. The chamfer circle is drawn as a thick circle inside the hexagon touching all its sides.
STEP: 2
The chamfer arcs in three face view of bolt head and nut are drawn as follows. From
the point O1, drawn an arc (more than semi circle) radius equal to half of the across flats
width. It cuts the bolt axis at c2. From c2, again draw an arc equal to half of the across flat
width. This arc cuts the bolt axis at c3. These two arcs are intersecting at c4 and c5. From c3,
draw the chamfer arc in the centre face, radius equal to across flats width. This arc cuts the
edges of the other two faces. From c4 and c5, draw the other two chamfer arcs.
STEP: 3
The chamfer lines on the side faces of the three face views of the bolt head and nut are
drawn through the points p and q inclined at 30 to t h e f l a t f a c e s o f t h e b o l t . T h e e n d
o f t h e b o l t i s c h a m f e r e d 0 . 1 d * 4 5 . The threaded portion of the shank is indicated, by
drawing two thin lines at a distance equal tod1=0.9d.the root circle in the right view is
represented by a thin three-fourth of a circle of diameter 0.9d.
STEP: 4
The two face view of the bolt head and nut is as follows. The width of the bolt head in
this view is equal to the across flats width. Draw an arc radius equal to half of the across flats
width from the point O1. Two arcs with radius equal to across flats width from the corners.
These two arcs cut the first arc at two points 02 and 03.From 02 and 03 the chamfer arcs are
drawn.
Drawing of Square Head Bolt And Nut:
STEP: 1
Draw the shank of the bolt equal to the given diameter d and the length of the bolt. The
thickness of the bolt head is equal to 0.8d and the thickness of the nut is equal to 0.9d are
marked. The right hand view of the bolt and nut assembly is drawn as follows. With any point
01 on the axis as centre and diameter equal to 1.5d+3mm draw a chamfer circle with its sides
inclined at 45degree to the axis. Project the corners 1 and 2 to get to get point’s p.
STEP: 2
From the point 01 draw an arc radius equal to half of the across corners width. From
the corners, draw two arcs radius equal to half of the across corners width. These two arcs
cut the first arc at two points 02 and 03.From 02 and 03 the chamfer arcs are drawn.

47
STEP: 3
The chamfer line is drawn at 30degree to the flat face of the bolt head and nut. The
threaded portion on the shank of the bolt is indicated by drawing two thin line spaced at a
distance equal to the root diameterd1=0.9d. The root circle in the right view is represented
by a thin three-fourth of a circle with center 01 and diameter 0.9. The end of the bolt is
chamfered to 0.1d*45degree.
Special Types of Bolts:
In practice various types of bolts than the hexagon and square head bolts are used in
where the bolt head cannot be held by the spanner when the nut is turned on or off the bolt.
The rotation of the bolt prevented by as top pin or a snug or a square neck provided below
the head.
Cylindrical or Cheese Headed Bolt:
The head of this type of bolt is of cup shape and the rotation of the bolt head is
prevented by a stop pin. The stop pin may be driven into the shank with its axis
perpendicular to the axis of the bolt. The stop pin may also be driven into the head adjacent
to the shank with its axis parallel to the axis of the bolt. These types of bolt heads are used in
the big ends of the connecting rods, eccentrics, cross heads etc...
Cup Or Round Headed Bolt:
Two types of cup head bolts are available. In one type, a snug is provided which
prevents the rotation of bolt head. The other type, a square neck is provided which will fit
into the square hole provided in the bearing surface and thus prevents the rotation of the
bolt head.
Counter Sunk Head Bolt:
The counter sunk head bolts are used when the bolt head must not project and foul
with surfaces. The counter sunk bolt is provided with a stop pin of square cross section
integral with the head. The other type of counter sunk bolt is provided with the square neck
below the head. This type of bolt is also called as “coach bolt”.
I-Head Bolt:
The head of this bolt is like letter „i‟. These bolts are used in bearing housing and in
glands packing. These bolts are used in setting work on machine tool tables. The i head of the
bolt can slide, to the required position through the i slots cut on the m/c table.

48
Eye Bolt:
The head of the bolt is in the form of circular form of rectangular cross section. It is
generally used in the inspection covers, lids etc..., Which have to be opened and closed
frequently.
Lifting Eye Bolt:
The lifting eye bolt, having a circular ring of circular cross section as head. A flat
circular portion, integral with a head is also provided. This type of bolt is used for lifting a
heavy machine such as motors, pumps, turbine, electrical generators etc., This bolt is screwed
in a threaded hole provided for this purpose , on the top of the machine directly above the
centre of gravity so that while lifting the machine does not change from its usual working
position
Hook Bolt:
The hook bolt has its head comprising of a square neck and projection. The shank of
the bolt passes through a hole in one of the fastening pieces and the other piece comes under
the bolt head and is supported by it. Different types of Rivet Heads Fig

NUTS
A nut is a device having internal threads used in combination with a bolt or stud,
having external threads to fasten parts together. It is screwed on the threaded end of the bolt
or stud and the head of the bolt is drawn closer to hold and tighten the parts to be joined.
Nuts are usually made in form of hexagonal or square prism, however various other
types of nuts are also used for the specified purposes, which are suitable for a particular type
of work. These special types of nuts are described here.
3.3.1 SLOTTED NUT OR RING NUT

49
 On the cylindrical surface of the nut number of slots parallel to the axis are cut. The nut
is operated by a spanner. These are used in large screws for small pitches where adjustment
by a spanner is convenient.
SET SCREW LOCKING USING GROOVED NUT:
A hexagonal nut provided with a cylindrical grooved collar at its lower end is called
ring or grooved nut. The end of the bolt hole is counter bored to receive the cylindrical lower
grooved portion of the nut. Locking of the nut is done by a setscrew screwed through the
nearest face of the work piece. The projection dog-end of the set-screw enters the groove in
the cylindrical portion of the nut and prevents the slacking of the nut.
SCREW PIN LOCKING:
A nut may be locked by screw pin, screwed in the bearing surface adjoining the nut
touching one of the lateral faces of the nuts. This type of locking is employed when the nut is
expected without any adjustment for a longtime. In this method of locking first the nut is
screwed on and then a screw pin is screwed into a threaded hole in the bearing surface
adjoining to one lateral vertical faces of the nut.
LOCKING BY A LOCK PLATE:
This type of locking is employed in the heavy engineering work, as in the case of
connecting rod, wheel shafts etc. the plate is grooved in such a way that the grooves in the
plate receive the hexagonal corners of the nut a
t every 30˚ rotation. The plate is fixed to the bearing surface by a tap bolt screwed into it.
LOCKING BY A TAP WASHER:
A tap washer provided with a rectangular projection is called tab washer. This method
of locking of nut or bolt head is suitable when the nut or bolt head is tightened and the tab
and the projection portion of the washer itself are bent against the vertical edge of the work
piece and one of the lateral faces of the nut or bolt head.
STUD OR STUD BOLT:
Stud is a round bar threaded on both its ends. An undesirable feature of a tab bolt
fastening is the tendency to damage the threads in the holes when the bolts are frequently
removed and replaced, especially when the screwed holes are in the iron and aluminum
alloys, this disadvantage are overcome by the use of stud bolts. It has threads on both ends so
that one of the pieces, being held together, must be threaded to replace the head. The stud
bolt is screwed tightly into the threaded part by a special locknut device, until it jams.

50
 The studs become an assembly guide by means of which the other part, which is
drilled but not threaded, is easily placed in position. A nut screwed on the other end of the
stud bolt holds the two parts together. The end of the square neck, at the center, facilitates
gripping of stud while screwing or unscrewing.
SET SCREWS
Setscrews are used as semi permanent fasteners to hold a collar, sleeve, pulley or on a
shaft against rotational or translation forces. In contrast to most fastening device, the
setscrew is essentially a compression device. Forces developed by the screw point during
tightening produce a strong clamping action that resists relative motion between assembled
parts. The basic problem in setscrew selection is in finding the best combination of setscrew
form, size, and point style providing the required holding power.
CAP SCREW
Cap screws are similar to bolts in that they have a head on one threads on the other.
But they widely in the method of holding two parts together. The bolt keeps two parts
between the head and the nut, and the cap-screw is threaded in one of the parts, thus
clamping another part between the head threaded part. The cap screws are manufactured in
several styles of head. The point of all cap screw is flat surface and to a depth equal of the
threaded on it.
MACHINE SCREWS
These are similar in function and operation to cap screws, but are usually smaller in
diameter. Materials: for general engineering purpose, nuts and screws are made of mild steel
(MS). However, copper and its alloys, aluminum alloys, etc are also alloys, etc are also used
for also used for special purpose in their manufacture.

FOUNDATION BOLTS
For securing heavy machines to concrete foundations, special types of bolts known as
foundation bolt sare used. Positions of bolt holes are marked either from a temple or from a
template or from the machine itself, and holes bored out in the floor, sufficiently large
enough to allow the bolt to be suspended freely in positions while the cement concrete is
poured around to fill up the space. When the cement concretes sets the bolt will be firmly
secured in the ground.Fig. Foundation Bolts.

51
52
Conclusion
Thus the studies of Screw threads, keys and fasteners were studied.

53
54
Ex. No. : 6
ASSEMBLY OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date :

AIM:

To draw the assembled view of a Plummer Block using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Drawing board (700 mm x 500 mm) 1
2 Drawing sheet (A3 Size) 1
3 Mini-drafter 1
4 Compass 1
5 Procircle 1
6 Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles) 1
7 Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades) 1
8 Clips or Adhesive tape Few
9 Sharpener and Eraser Each one

THEORY:
Plummer block is a split of journal bearing. It is used when the speed of the rotating
shaft is too high and the load varies in direction. Moreover, it is installed where it is difficult
to introduce the shaft from the axial direction.

The body of Plummer block has a semi-circular horizontal hole in which lower part of
the brasses is placed. There are two elliptical holes in the base for bolting down the bearing
with the support. Also, there are two holes for the square headed bolts and a small hole for
fixing the snug of the lower brass. The cap has also almost semi-circular horizontal hole for
the upper brass, two holes and an oil hole for lubrication purposes. The upper brass also
provides an oil hole, which coincide with the cap oil hole. In this Plummer block, the two
halves brasses are held firmly between the body and the cap by means of square headed
bolts and nuts.

55
PART DETAILS:

56
PROCEDURE:

To get the assembled view of Plummer Block from given part details using Mini-
Drafter, we proceed as follows:

1. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship.

Learn the actual working of a Plummer Block.
2. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative
location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
3. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
4. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
5. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
6. Layout the views of the assembly drawing so that it becomes easier to understand.
7. Prepare the bill of materials.
8. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
9. Show overall dimensions.
10. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted.
11. Use proper grade of pencil to make the drawing fair. Maintain uniform thickness of
lines.
12. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Plummer block has drawn using Mini-Drafter from the
given part details.

57
58
Ex. No. : 7
ASSEMBLY OF SCRE JACK
Date :

AIM:

To draw the assembled view of a Screw Jack using Mini-Drafter from the given part
details.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Drawing board (700 mm x 500 mm) 1
2 Drawing sheet (A3 Size) 1
3 Mini-drafter 1
4 Compass 1
5 Procircle 1
6 Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles) 1
7 Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades) 1
8 Clips or Adhesive tape Few
9 Sharpener and Eraser Each one

THEORY:
A device used to raise heavy load through some distance by applying comparatively
small force is known as screw jack. Screw jack is used to lift cars, trucks, buses, etc for the
purpose of repairs and to change the damaged wheel.

It consists of a cast iron body in which a gun-metal nut is fitted. A mild steel square
threaded spindle having knurled head operates in the nut. A mild steel Tommy bar is
inserted in the hole of the spindle to give it rotation. The end of the Tommy bar is knurled to
have better grip. A steel cap is loosely fitted on the head of the spindle with the help of a
washer and set screw. When the spindle is turned once by the Tommy bar, the load is raised
vertically equal to the pitch of the thread.

59
PART DETAILS:

60
PROCEDURE:

To get the assembled view of Screw Jack from given part details using Mini-Drafter, we
proceed as follows:

1. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Screw jack
2. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative
location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
3. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
4. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
5. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
6. Layout the views of the assembly drawing so that it becomes easier to understand.
7. Prepare the bill of materials.
8. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
9. Show overall dimensions.
10. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted.
11. Use proper grade of pencil to make the drawing fair. Maintain uniform thickness of
lines.
12. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Screw Jack has drawn using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

61
62
Ex. No. : 8
ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL JOINT
Date :

AIM:

To draw the assembled view of a Universal Joint using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Drawing board (700 mm x 500 mm) 1
2 Drawing sheet (A3 Size) 1
3 Mini-drafter 1
4 Compass 1
5 Procircle 1
6 Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles) 1
7 Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades) 1
8 Clips or Adhesive tape Few
9 Sharpener and Eraser Each one
THEORY:
A device is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair
of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The
universal joint is considered to be one of the oldest of all flexible couplings. It is commonly
known for its use on automobiles and trucks.

A universal joint in its simplest form consists of two shaft yokes at right angles to each
other and a four point cross which connects the yokes. The cross rides inside the bearing cap
assemblies, which are pressed into the yoke eyes. One of the problems inherent in the design
of a u-joint is that the angular velocities of the components vary over a single rotation. The
concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since
antiquity. The anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae.

63
PART DETAILS:

64
PROCEDURE:

To get the assembled view of Universal joint from given part details using Mini-
Drafter, we proceed as follows:

1. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Universal Joint.
2. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative
location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
3. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
4. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
5. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
6. Layout the views of the assembly drawing so that it becomes easier to understand.
7. Prepare the bill of materials.
8. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
9. Show overall dimensions.
10. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted.
11. Use proper grade of pencil to make the drawing fair. Maintain uniform thickness of
lines.
12. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Screw Jack has drawn using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

65
66
Ex. No. : 9
ASSEMBLY OF NON-RETURN VALVE
Date :

AIM:

To draw the assembled view of a Non-return valve using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Drawing board (700 mm x 500 mm) 1
2 Drawing sheet (A3 Size) 1
3 Mini-drafter 1
4 Compass 1
5 Procircle 1
6 Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles) 1
7 Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades) 1
8 Clips or Adhesive tape Few
9 Sharpener and Eraser Each one

THEORY:
A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one direction. A non-return valve
is fitted to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure
conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow. A non-return valve can be fitted to ensure
that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure conditions may
otherwise cause reversed flow. A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one
direction. The flow through the non-return valve causes a relatively large pressure drop,
which has to be taken into account when designing the system.

There are different types of non-return valves, such as spring-loaded, swing type, and
clapper type valves. Non-return valves are e.g. used with mixing loops in heating and cooling
systems to ensure proper operation, and with domestic water systems to prevent backflow.

67
PART DETAILS:

68
PROCEDURE:

To get the assembled view of Non- return valves from given part details using Mini-
Drafter, we proceed as follows:

1. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Non-return valves.
2. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative
location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
3. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
4. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
5. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
6. Layout the views of the assembly drawing so that it becomes easier to understand.
7. Prepare the bill of materials.
8. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
9. Show overall dimensions.
10. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted.
11. Use proper grade of pencil to make the drawing fair. Maintain uniform thickness of
lines.
12. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Screw Jack has drawn using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

69
70
Ex. No. : 10
ASSEMBLY OF GIB & COTTER JOINT
Date :

AIM:

To draw the assembled view of a Gib & Cotter Joint using Mini-Drafter from the given
part details.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Drawing board (700 mm x 500 mm) 1
2 Drawing sheet (A3 Size) 1
3 Mini-drafter 1
4 Compass 1
5 Procircle 1
6 Set-squares (45° & 30° - 60° triangles) 1
7 Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H Grades) 1
8 Clips or Adhesive tape Few
9 Sharpener and Eraser Each one

THEORY:
Cotter joints are used to connect together two rods rigidly to transmit power in the
length-wise direction. Sometimes when it is required to increase the length of the rod or to
connect a rod directly to the machine to transmit power through the rod as in the case of a
connecting rod end of a steam engine, a joint is used. Cotter joints can be used for round or
square rods. Some of the joints are described below.

This type of joint is used for joining two square rods. One end of the rod is forged in
the shape of a fork. The other rod is pushed into the fork. Slots are provided in the fork and
the rod to accommodate the gib and cotter while assembling the parts. The gib is inserted
first so that the straight surface touches the slot of the fork and then cotter is hammered into
the rest of the slot. Care should be taken that the tapered side of the gib and cotter should be
face to face with each other.

71
PART DETAILS:

72
PROCEDURE:

To get the assembled view of Gib & Cotter joint from given part details using Mini-
Drafter, we proceed as follows:

1. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Gib & Cotter joint.
2. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative
location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
3. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
4. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
5. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
6. Layout the views of the assembly drawing so that it becomes easier to understand.
7. Prepare the bill of materials.
8. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
9. Show overall dimensions.
10. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted.
11. Use proper grade of pencil to make the drawing fair. Maintain uniform thickness of
lines.
12. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Gib & Cotter joint has drawn using Mini-Drafter from the
given part details.

73
74
Ex. No. : 11
ASSEMBLY OF PLUMMER BLOCK
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a Plummer Block using AutoCAD Software from the
given part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 AutoCAD Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
Plummer block is a split of journal bearing. It is used when the speed of the rotating
shaft is too high and the load varies in direction. Moreover, it is installed where it is difficult
to introduce the shaft from the axial direction.

The body of Plummer block has a semi-circular horizontal hole in which lower part of
the brasses is placed. There are two elliptical holes in the base for bolting down the bearing
with the support. Also, there are two holes for the square headed bolts and a small hole for
fixing the snug of the lower brass. The cap has also almost semi-circular horizontal hole for
the upper brass, two holes and an oil hole for lubrication purposes. The upper brass also
provides an oil hole, which coincide with the cap oil hole. In this Plummer block, the two
halves brasses are held firmly between the body and the cap by means of square headed
bolts and nuts.

75
PART DETAILS:

76
Assembled view of Plummer Block

All Dimensions are in mm

77
78
PROCEDURE:

1. To get the assembled view of Plummer Block from given part details using AutoCAD
Software, we proceed as follows:

2. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Plummer Block.
3. Study carefully the views of each component in Figure and decide the relative location
of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
4. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
5. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
6. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
7. Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
8. Draw the views of the assembly drawing using AutoCAD Commands like LINE, CIRCLE,
ARC … etc.,
9. Prepare the bill of materials using LINE and MTEXT Commands.
10. Using LEADER and MTEXT Commands label each component by the leader-line and
number it.
11. Show overall dimensions using DIMENSION Command.
12. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted using HATCH Command.
13. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components using
DIMENSION Command.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Plummer Block has drawn using AutoCAD Software from
the given part details.

79
80
Ex. No. : 12
ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a Screw jack using AutoCAD Software from the given
part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 AutoCAD Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A device used to raise heavy load through some distance by applying comparatively
small force is known as screw jack. Screw jack is used to lift cars, trucks, buses, etc for the
purpose of repairs and to change the damaged wheel.

It consists of a cast iron body in which a gun-metal nut is fitted. A mild steel square
threaded spindle having knurled head operates in the nut. A mild steel Tommy bar is
inserted in the hole of the spindle to give it rotation. The end of the Tommy bar is knurled to
have better grip. A steel cap is loosely fitted on the head of the spindle with the help of a
washer and set screw. When the spindle is turned once by the Tommy bar, the load is raised
vertically equal to the pitch of the thread.

81
PART DETAILS:

82
Assembled view of Screw Jack

All Dimensions are in mm

83
84
PROCEDURE:

1. To get the assembled view of Screw jack from given part details using AutoCAD
Software, we proceed as follows:

2. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a Screw jack
3. Study carefully the views of each component in Figure and decide the relative location
of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
4. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
5. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
6. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
7. Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
8. Draw the views of the assembly drawing using AutoCAD Commands like LINE, CIRCLE,
ARC … etc.,
9. Prepare the bill of materials using LINE and MTEXT Commands.
10. Using LEADER and MTEXT Commands label each component by the leader-line and
number it.
11. Show overall dimensions using DIMENSION Command.
12. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted using HATCH Command.
13. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components using
DIMENSION Command.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Screw jack has drawn using AutoCAD Software from the
given part details.

85
86
Ex. No. : 13
ASSEMBLY OF NON RETURN VALVE
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a non-return valve using AutoCAD Software from the
given part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 AutoCAD Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one direction. A non-return valve
is fitted to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure
conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow. A non-return valve can be fitted to ensure
that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure conditions may
otherwise cause reversed flow. A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one
direction. The flow through the non-return valve causes a relatively large pressure drop,
which has to be taken into account when designing the system.

There are different types of non-return valves, such as spring-loaded, swing type, and
clapper type valves. Non-return valves are e.g. used with mixing loops in heating and cooling
systems to ensure proper operation, and with domestic water systems to prevent backflow.

87
PART DETAILS:

88
Assembled view of Non-Return Valve

All Dimensions are in mm

89
90
PROCEDURE:

1. To get the assembled view of non-return valve from given part details using AutoCAD
Software, we proceed as follows:

2. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a non-return valve
3. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative location
of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
4. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
5. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
6. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
7. Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
8. Draw the views of the assembly drawing using AutoCAD Commands like LINE, CIRCLE,
ARC … etc.,
9. Prepare the bill of materials using LINE and MTEXT Commands.
10. Using LEADER and MTEXT Commands label each component by the leader-line and
number it.
11. Show overall dimensions using DIMENSION Command.
12. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted using HATCH Command.
13. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components using
DIMENSION Command.

Result
Thus the assembled view of non-return valve has drawn using AutoCAD Software from
the given part details.

91
92
Ex. No. : 14
ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a universal coupling using AutoCAD Software from the
given part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 AutoCAD Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A device is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair
of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The
universal joint is considered to be one of the oldest of all flexible couplings. It is commonly
known for its use on automobiles and trucks.

A universal joint in its simplest form consists of two shaft yokes at right angles to each
other and a four point cross which connects the yokes. The cross rides inside the bearing cap
assemblies, which are pressed into the yoke eyes. One of the problems inherent in the design
of a u-joint is that the angular velocities of the components vary over a single rotation. The
concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since
antiquity. The anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae.

93
PART DETAILS:

94
 Assembled view of Universal Coupling

All Dimensions are in mm

Part No Description Material Nos

1 Fork Cast Steel 2
2 Centre CI 1
3 Shaft Fe410W 2
4 Parallel Key Fe410W 2
5 Pin Fe410W 2
6 Collar Fe410W 2
7 Taper Pin Fe410W 2

95
96
PROCEDURE:

1. To get the assembled view of universal joint from given part details using AutoCAD
Software, we proceed as follows:

2. Study functional requirements of each component and their interrelationship. Learn

the actual working of a universal joint.
3. Study carefully the views of each component in figure and decide the relative location
of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
4. Decide the mating dimensions between two components, which are required to be
assembled.
5. Prepare free-hand sketch of the main view (generally front-elevation).
6. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
7. Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
8. Draw the views of the assembly drawing using AutoCAD Commands like LINE, CIRCLE,
ARC … etc.,
9. Prepare the bill of materials using LINE and MTEXT Commands.
10. Using LEADER and MTEXT Commands label each component by the leader-line and
number it.
11. Show overall dimensions using DIMENSION Command.
12. Draw the section-lines according to the convention adopted using HATCH Command.
13. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components using
DIMENSION Command.

Result
Thus the assembled view of universal joint has drawn using AutoCAD Software from
the given part details.

97
98
Ex. No. : 15
ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a Flange coupling using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:

Flange Coupling is a driving coupling between rotating shafts that consists of flanges
one of which is fixed at the end of each shaft, the two Flanges being bolted together with a
ring of bolts to complete the drive. A flange coupling meant to bring two tube ends together
in a flush, sealed manner. This two-piece coupling unit consists of a keyed receiving side for
the flanged end to be fastened to, so it may be married to the opposing tube end, which also
has a flanged end. Each flange has either a male or female coupler opening so that when the
two ends are brought together, they are aligned without causing resistance or drag in the
material being passed through them.

This male or female coupling method also creates a stable connection that is resistant
to shifting, keeping the flange coupling sturdily in place. Flange couplings are typically used
in pressurized piping systems where two pipe or tubing ends have to come together. The
connecting methods for flange couplings are usually very strong because of either the
pressure of the material or the sometimes hazardous nature of materials passed through
many industrial piping systems. High thread count nut and bolt connections are used to
secure the flange couplings in place. These nuts and bolts are usually made from tempered
steel or alloys to provide enduring strength and the ability to be tightened to the utmost level
to ensure the piping system doesn’t leak at any flanged junction. Most flange couplings utilize
four, six, or up to 12 bolt assemblies.

99
PART DIAGRAM:

100
Assembled View of Flange Coupling

101
102
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Flange coupling has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

103
104
Ex. No. : 16
ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a universal coupling using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A device is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair
of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The
universal joint is considered to be one of the oldest of all flexible couplings. It is commonly
known for its use on automobiles and trucks.

A universal joint in its simplest form consists of two shaft yokes at right angles to each
other and a four point cross which connects the yokes. The cross rides inside the bearing cap
assemblies, which are pressed into the yoke eyes. One of the problems inherent in the design
of a u-joint is that the angular velocities of the components vary over a single rotation. The
concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since
antiquity. The anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae.

105
PART DETAILS:

106
Assembled View of Universal Coupling

107
108
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Universal coupling has drawn using CATIA Software from
the given part details.

109
110
Ex. No. : 17
ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a Knuckle joint using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:

Knuckle joint is a type of mechanical joint used in structures, to connect two intersecting
cylindrical rods, whose axes lie on the same plane. It permits some angular movement
between the cylindrical rods (in their plane). It is specially designed to withstand tensile
loads. A typical knuckle joint has the following parts:
1. Fork end
2. Eye end
3. Knuckle pin
4. Collar
5. Taper pin
Coaxial holes are provided in the fork end, eye end and collar. The fork end and the eye
end are held together in position by means of a knuckle pin. The knuckle pin is held in its
position with the help of a collar and a taper pin. Both the fork end and the eye end are
capable of rotating in their planes about the axis of the knuckle pin. Whenever a tensile load
is applied on the cylindrical rods, the fork end and eye end adjust their positions about the
axis of the knuckle pin. The knuckle pin remains stationary. It does not rotate about its axis.

111
PART DETAILS:

112
Assembled View of Knuckle Joint

113
114
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Knuckle joint has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

115
116
Ex. No. : 18
ASSEMBLY OF SLEEVE & COTTER JOINT
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a Sleeve & Cotter joint using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
Sleeve and cotter joint is a type of joint used to typically connect two similar coaxial
cylindrical rods. It contains a sleeve and two wedge shaped tapered cotters. Appropriate
slots are cut in the sleeve and in the cylindrical rods. The cotters are assembled into these
slots. A typical sleeve and cotter joint contains the following parts:
1. A Sleeve
2. Two wedge shaped tapered cotters
Two cylindrical rods, which are to be joined, are aligned coaxially. Their similar ends
are made to touch each other and their slots are made symmetrical with respect to each
other (preferably pointing upwards). Sleeve is then placed over them. Its slots are aligned
with the slots of the cylindrical rods. Two cotters are inserted into the aligned slots. An
assembled view found below will help you understand this assembly process. In a sleeve and
cotter joint, the cut slots are always made a little bit wider than the width of the cotters in
order to promote wedging action of the cotters over the slots. This clearance is called cotter
clearance.

117
PART DETAILS:

118
Assembled View of Sleeve & Cotter Joint

119
120
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of Sleeve & Cotter joint has drawn using CATIA Software
from the given part details.

121
122
Ex. No. : 19
ASSEMBLY OF PISTON
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a piston using CATIA Software from the given part
details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas

compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving
component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine,
its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via
a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is
transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting
the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and
uncovering ports in the cylinder.

A Cylinder piece which reciprocates inside the engine cylinder by the pressure of
combustion of fuel is called piston. Pistons are usually made of aluminum alloy, cast iron or
cast steel. But the aluminum alloy pistons are commonly used due to light in weight. The
crown of the piston may be made flat, convex or concave according to the designed of
combustion chamber.

123
PART DETAILS:

Fig (1) PISTON

Fig (2) BOLT

Fig (3) HEXAGONAL NUT

124
Assembled View of Piston

125
126
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of piston has drawn using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

127
128
Ex. No. : 20
ASSEMBLY OF CONNECTING ROD
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a connecting rod using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:

A connecting rod is a rigid member which connects a piston to crank or crankshaft in

a reciprocating engine. Together with the crank, it forms a simple mechanism that converts
reciprocating motion into rotating motion. A connecting rod may also convert rotating
motion into reciprocating motion, its original use.[1] Earlier mechanisms, such as the chain,
could only impart pulling motion. Being rigid, a connecting rod may transmit either push or
pull, allowing the rod to rotate the crank through both halves of a revolution. In a few two-
stroke engines the connecting rod is only required to push. Today, the connecting rod is best
known through its use in internal combustion piston engines, such as automobile engines.
These are of a distinctly different design from earlier forms of connecting rod used in steam
engines and steam locomotives.

A connecting rod is a link, which connects the piston to the crank. It is provided with
enlargements at both the ends. These enlargements are known as connecting rod ends. One
end that is connected to the piston with the help of gudgeon pin is called the small end. The
other end that is secured to the crank is called big end. The function of the connecting rod is
to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion to the crankshaft.
Connecting rods are generally made of forged steel in various designs. The brasses in the big
end are made of cast steel and are lined with white steel.

129
PART DETAILS:

130
Assembled View of Piston

131
132
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of connecting rod has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

133
134
Ex. No. : 21
ASSEMBLY OF TAIL STOCK
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a tail stock using CATIA Software from the given part
details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
Tail stock is a part of a lathe machine used to support lengthy job during turning
operation. When works of different lengths are to be turned between centers, the tail stock
can be moved on the lathe bed to the required position and fixed there by means of a
clamping bolt of a lathe. n a tail stock, the base of the body is planed and is provided with
four feet which feet which fit into the parallel machined ways of the lathe bed. Thus, the tail
stock is constrained to move in a straight line on lathe bed. The upper cylindrical part of the
body is cast hollow and is machined to receive the barrel.

The barrel is provided with threads at one end in which the spindle works and on the
other end, a conical hole is made to carry the center. On the right hand end of the body, the
spindle bearing is fitted by means of screws, against which rests the collar of the spindle. The
hand wheel is mounted on the end of the spindle by means of a key and is retained in
position by a nut and a washer. The feather when put in its place under side of the barrel
prevents its rotation. When the hand wheel is turned, it causes the barrel to move in or out of
tailstock body. The spindle is contained by the collar on one end and hand wheel on the other
end, thus it rotates the spindle only about the axis and does not to move along the axis.

When the barrel is adjusted to the required position, it can be clamped by means of a
locking lever. The entire unit is clamped on the lathe bed with a clamping plate and a square
headed bolt and nut.

135
PART DETAILS:

136
Assembled View of Tail stock

137
138
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of tail stock has drawn using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

139
140
Ex. No. : 22
ASSEMBLY OF STUFFING BOX
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a tail stock using CATIA Software from the given part
details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A stuffing box is used where a sliding or rotating rod or shaft passes through the side
of a vessel or cylinder containing fluid under pressure. The function of a stuffing box is to
prevent the leakage of fluid and allows a free movement of the rod. In case of steam engine,
the stuffing box is used at the point where the piston rod and valve rod pass through the
cylinder cover and the steam chest box.

The stuffing box is cast integral with the cylinder or the cylinder cover. The piston rod
moves to and for through the stuffing box in which gun-metal neck bush is fitted. The annular
space around the piston rod is fitted with asbestos or any other type of packing, which is held
in place by gun-metal gland. The gland is tightened with the stuffing box by means of studs
and nuts. Thus, the packing around the piston rod is compressed in order to make it steam
tight. When the packing becomes loose after a certain period, then it can be compressed
tightly.

141
PART DETAILS:

142
Assembled View of Stuffing box

143
144
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of stuffing box has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

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Ex. No. : 23
ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a screw jack using CATIA Software from the given part
details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A device used to raise heavy load through some distance by applying comparatively
small force is known as screw jack. Screw jack is used to lift cars, trucks, buses, etc for the
purpose of repairs and to change the damaged wheel.

It consists of a cast iron body in which a gun-metal nut is fitted. A mild steel square
threaded spindle having knurled head operates in the nut. A mild steel Tommy bar is
inserted in the hole of the spindle to give it rotation. The end of the Tommy bar is knurled to
have better grip. A steel cap is loosely fitted on the head of the spindle with the help of a
washer and set screw. When the spindle is turned once by the Tommy bar, the load is raised
vertically equal to the pitch of the thread.

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PART DETAILS:

148
Assembled View of Stuffing box

149
150
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of screw jack has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.

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Ex. No. : 24
ASSEMBLY OF MACHINE VICE
Date :

AIM:
To draw the assembled view of a machine vice using CATIA Software from the given
part details.

REQUIREMENTS:

S.NO NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS QUANTITY

1 Computer System 1
2 CATIA Software 1
3 Plotter/Printer 1

THEORY:
A machine vice is a common accessory employed of holding or gripping the work
pieces firm while working. Machine vices are fixed to the worktables of planning, shaping,
drilling machines etc. Machine vice is used for holding the work piece to facilitate machining
operations such as drilling, shaping, milling etc.

In machine vice, the jaw plate is fixed to sliding jaw by means of screw. A V-cut is
made in the fixed jaw to facilitate the holding of round jobs in vertical position. Fixed jaw is
attached to the base by means of two screws, but some times it can be integrated with the
base of the vice. Guide plates are attached to the side of the sliding jaw by means of screw.
Guide plates also help to prevent the lifting of the jaw during operation.

153
PART DETAILS:

154
Assembled View of Stuffing box

155
156
PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Sketcher icon to start the Sketcher workbench.

2. Select XY, YZ, ZX plane to define the sketch plane, now the Sketcher workbench is
displayed, it contains the tools needed for sketching any profile.
3. Select the profile and draw the part which is given in the model.
4. Using Constraint command the dimensions are modified as per the given model.
5. Exit the Sketcher workbench, click Pad and give the thickness for the part.
6. Select the face to define the work plane and draw the second element.
7. Using Pocket command material is removed.
8. Select the define edges to be chamfered and the final model is created.

Result
Thus the assembled view of machine vice has drawn using CATIA Software from the
given part details.
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