Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
Al – Farabi University College
Petroleum Engineering

Determination The Dynamic Elastic Rock Properties Based

on Well Logging Data (case only)

Graduated Project to Obtain BSc. in Petroleum Engineering

Prepared by

Ali M. Hikme
Supervised by

Asst. prof. Fadhil S. Kadhim

2019 – 2020
 I dedicate my dissertation work to my family. A special feeling of gratitude to

my loving parents, whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my

ears.

I also dedicate this dissertation to my brothers, sisters and many friends who

have supported me throughout the process.

Both of you have been my best cheerleaders.

 I wish to thank my committee members who were more than generous

with their expertise and precious time.

Special thanks goes to Asst. prof. Fadhil S. Kadhim who have been the

thesis supervisor.

Finally, I would like to thank the beginning teachers, mentor-teachers and

administrators in my school division that assisted me with this project. Their

excitement and willingness to provide feedback made the completion of this

research an enjoyable experience.

 In this study, Dynamic elastic properties are derived from the measurement
of elastic wave velocities in the carbonate rock texture.

Clay volume are determined Then, Shear wave velocity was obtained by
using Greenberg-Castagna model. Dynamic elastic properties were calculated
for the selected wells.Sonic logs provide the data of compressional velocity and
shear wave velocity, which are used to calculate values of dynamic elastic
properties.

The average values of bulk modulus were ranged between (20.57) and (27.57)
GPa. For shear modulus, the values varied from (8.63) to (12.95) GPa. The
Poisson’s ratio values located between (0.297) and (0.307) The average values
of (VP/VS) ranged from (1.865) to (1.905) where the velocity was in (ft/s)
which is nearly (1.9) for limestone.

I
 Content Page No.
Abstract I
Content II
List of figures III
NOMENCLATURE IV

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 stress 2
1.3 Strain 3
1.4 Static and dynamic moduli 5
1.5 Description of Study Area 6
1.6 Objective Study 6

2.1 previous studies 8

3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 The Poisson's ratio 14
3.3 Bulk Modulus 14
3.4 Young's Modulus 15

4.1 Result and Discussion 17

5.1 Conclusion 22
5.2 Recommendations 22
Reference 23

II
 figure page
Fig 1.1 Illustration of forces and stress. 3
Fig 1.2 Static and dynamic bulk moduli as measured 5
during a hydrostatic test (left), and static and dynamic
Young’s moduli as measured during a triaxial test (right),
on dry Red Wildmoor sandstone.
Fig 1.3 shows the geographic coordinates of the study 6
area.
Fig 4.1 Dynamic elastic properties for Mishrif formation 18
(NS-3).
Fig 4.2 Dynamic elastic properties for Mishrif formation 19
(NS-9).

Symbol Definition

σ The stress
F force acting through the cross-section
A area of the cross-section
ε Strain
l Initial length
l elongation
x ,y and z Coordinates
𝒗𝒅𝒚𝒏 The dynamic Poisson’s
𝑽𝒑 P-wave

III
 𝑽𝒔 S-wave
𝑲𝒅 Bulk modulus
V Initial volume
P Pressure
ρ Bulk density
E Young's modulus
dσ Incremental stress,
dε Incremental strain.

IV
Chapter One
Introduction
 Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Introduction
Hydrocarbon production might cause changes in dynamic reservoir properties. Thus, the
consideration of the mechanical stability of a formation under different conditions of drilling or
production is a very important issue, and basic mechanical properties of the formation should be
determined. [1]
Most materials have an ability to resist and recover from deformations produced by forces. This
ability is called elasticity. It is the foundation for all aspects of rock mechanics. The Simplest type of
response is one where there is a linear relation between the external forces and the corresponding
deformations. When changes in the forces are sufficiently small, the response is (nearly) always
linear. Thus the theory of linear elasticity is fundamental for all discussions on elasticity.
The theory of elasticity rests on the two concepts stress and strain. In petroleum related rock
mechanics, much of the interest is furthermore focused on rocks with a significant porosity as well
as permeability. The elastic theory for solid materials is not able to fully describe the behavior of
such materials, and the concept of poroelasticity has therefore to be taken into account. The elastic
response of a rock material may also be time dependent, so that the deformation of the material
changes with time, even when the external conditions are constant.
1.2 stress
Consider the situation shown in Fig. 1.1. A weight is resting on the top of a pillar. Due to the weight,
a force is acting on the pillar, while the pillar reacts with an equal, but reversely directed force. The
pillar itself is supported by the ground. Hence, the force acting at the top of the pillar must be acting
through any cross-section of the pillar.
The area of the cross-section at a) is A. If the force acting through the cross-section is denoted F, then
the stress σ at the cross-section is defined as:

….…………………………… 1.1

The SI unit for stress is Pa (= Pascal = N/m2). In the petroleum industry, “oilfield” units like psi
(pounds per square inch) are still extensively used, such that one needs to be familiar with them. The
sign of the stress σ is not uniquely defined by the physics of the situation, and has therefore to be

2
 defined by convention. In rock mechanics the sign convention states that compressive stresses are
positive. The historical reason for this is that the stresses dealt with in rock mechanics are mostly
compressive. The sign convention causes no problems when consistently used, but it is important to
remember that the opposite sign convention is the preferred choice in some other sciences involving
elasticity, and that it is also occasionally used in rock mechanics.

Fig 1.1 Illustration of forces and stress.

1.3 Strain
Consider a bar with initial length L which is stretched to a length L0. (The strain measure ε, a
dimensionless ratio, is defined as the ratio of elongation with respect to the original length; the
above strain measure is defined in a global sense. The strain at each point may vary dramatically if
the bar’s elastic modulus or cross-sectional area changes.

………………………………. 1.2

The components of strain for a solid like can be organized in a matrix similar to the stress tensor

3
 The constitutive equations in mechanics are characterizing the behavior of specific materials. The
relationship between internal stress and internal strain can be expressed as a constitutive equation.
The mechanical behavior of real materials is very diverse and complex and it would be impossible to
formulate equations which are capable of determining the stress in a body under all circumstances .
The aim is to establish equations which describe the most important features of the behavior of the
material in a given situation. Such equations could be regarded as defining ideal materials. One ideal
model is based on the assumption of a linear relation between stress and strain which will lead to a
linear constitutive equation. The common effect of different strain histories will be equal to the sum
of the effects of the individual strain histories. For a locally reacting material the internal stress at a
certain fixed position can be related entirely to the strain history of that local material. Materials
following the same constitutive equations are building one rheological class. Depending on the
material properties and stress/strain relation the rheological classes can be elasticity, plasticity, or
viscosity. In our case study we will discuss only the case of elasticity. Elastic behavior is
characterized by the following two conditions: (1) the stress in a material is a unique function of
strain, and (2) the material has the property of complete recovery to a “natural” shape upon removal
of applied forces. The behavior of a material can be elastic or not elastic (inelastic). Elastic behavior
means that applied stress leads to a strain, which is reversible when the stress is removed. Linear
elasticity implies that the relationship between stress and strain is linear, which is correct only in the
case of small strains, or small stress increments. Most rock mechanics applications are based on linear
elasticity, although it is well established that most sedimentary rocks exhibit non-linear behavior,
plasticity, and even time dependent deformation (creep). However, the linear elasticity is simple, and
the parameters required can be estimated from log data and standard laboratory tests. The rocks in
the upper lithosphere can be considered elastic for loads with a duration that is short when compared
with the age of the Earth. This gives us the ability to consider elasticity as the most important
rheological class in geo-mechanical modeling . In three-dimensional case the link between stress and
strain is given with the stiffness matrix which has 81 components. Due to the symmetry of the stress
tensor, strain tensor, and stiffness tensor, only 21 elastic coefficients are independent. The stiffness
and compliance matrices of a solid, isotropic and linearly elastic material have only 2 independent
variables (i.e. elastic constants). [2]

4
 1.4 Static and dynamic moduli
In reality, this is not quite so simple. There is a wide range of experimental evidence showing
that the elastic moduli obtained from stress and strain measurements in a rock mechanical test (“static
moduli”) differ significantly from those obtained from acoustic velocities and density (“dynamic
moduli”). Normally, the dynamic moduli are larger than the corresponding static ones. The difference
is largest for weak rocks, and is reduced with increasing confinement. In the relatively well cemented
Berea sandstone, the difference at a stress level corresponding to depth in the kilometer range is 20–
30%. In a weak sandstone, however, the difference can be an order of magnitude or more, depending
on the stress state. Fig. 3.1 shows as an example how the static and dynamic moduli changes with the
stress state in a relatively weak rock. These measurements were performed on a dry sample.
The pore fluid is a potential cause for the difference between static and dynamic moduli in rocks.
In a velocity measurement the deformation of the rock is undrained, which implies that the pore fluid
contributes to the velocity. Thus the moduli derived from velocity measurements on a saturated rock
are likely to be higher than the corresponding static moduli measured in a drained test. This effect
does however not explain the large differences between static and dynamic moduli observed in soft
dry rocks, and we have to look for other causes. [3]

Fig 1.2 Static and dynamic bulk moduli as measured during a hydrostatic test (left), and static and dynamic
Young’s moduli as measured during a triaxial test (right), on dry Red Wildmoor sandstone.

5
 1.5 Description of Study Area

Nasiriyah oil field lies in Thi-Qar province at southern part of Iraq close to Nasiriyah city east
of the Euphrates river about (38) km northwest of the Nasiriyah center Figure-1. Gravity survey
carried out between (1940-1950) by Basra oil company (BPC) for most southern areas of Iraq
included studied area. In addition, magnetic survey carried out between (1973-1974) by the French
Company C.G.G. The results of interpretations of both surveys have been encouraging for
implementation of a detailed survey of the area where showed that there are structural enclose that
have the same direction of the folds of hydrocarbon potential in other areas of the southern Iraq. First
exploratory seismic reflection survey for Nasiriyah oil field was carried out between (1973- 1976)
which is covered (1218) Km2 , and according to the results of the survey NS-1 well had been drilled
in 1978. Between (1980 – 1981) deep seismic survey has been done. NS-2, and NS-3 wells had been
drilled between (1984- 1985) results to the interpretation. In (1986) reinterpretation had been done
resulted to the differences in the depths of the interested formations between drilling data and seismic
data. Between (1986-1988) NS-4, and NS-5 had been drilled and started a new detailed deep survey
which covered (447) km2 . Between (1994-1996) reinterpretation had been done by Italian
Companies (Repsol, Agip, and Eni). Also, re-planning design for the field still under contraction by
Japanese Company (JC), American Company (GXT) and Iraqi Oil Exploration Company (INOEC).
[4, 5]

Fig 1.3 shows the geographic coordinates of the study area.

1.6 Objective Study
The aim of this study is determination the dynamic elastic rock properties based on well logging data.

6
 Chapter Two
Literature Review
 Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1 Previous Studies

In 1963, V.S. Tuman and R.F. Alm presented a simple technique is used to obtain the variation
of P -wave and S-wave velocity with the effective stresses. This has been accomplished by studying
the character of the seismogram. With the aid of some strain gages cemented on the rock sample, the
static moduli for the rock is measured. By transmitting a pulse through the rock which is under static
test, both dynamic and static moduli are measured simultaneously. The dynamic Young's modulus
and the dynamic shear modulus are both considerably larger than the corresponding static Young's
modulus and shear modulus. However, the static Poisson's ratio seems to be larger compared to the
dynamic Poisson's ratio. The variation of shear velocity with the effective stress follows the same
trends the longitudinal velocity. [6]

In 1969, L.H. Simons described an experimental technique for measuring the elastic properties
of shales under earth-like stresses and to present preliminary results. Equipment described consists
of a pressure vessel which contains the sample and allows application of simulated overburden
pressure; axial stress is imposed with a hydraulically-powered piston. Stress and strain measurements
are made with resistance strain gauges. Deformation is measured by a strain gauge attached directly
to the sample. Signals from the strain gauges are displayed as a function of time on a two-channel
oscilloscope. From photographs of these traces, elastic moduli are computed. The equipment contains
a gas-powered free piston and quick-operating solenoid valve to allow loading rates from 60,000
psi/sec to 1,200,000 psi/sec. Results obtained from a few samples generally show an increase in
elastic modulus with increasing confining pressure and increasing rates of loading.[7]

In 1994, D.P. Yale and W.H. Jamieson was carried out a comparison of static and dynamic
mechanical properties on 85 core samples from two wells in the Chase and Council Grove carbonate
sequences of the Hugoton and Panama fields, Kansas. The purpose of the study was to characterize
the mechanical properties of the different facies and calibrate the dynamic mechanical properties so
acoustic well logs from other wells can be utilized more effectively in determlning areal and
lithologic variation in mechanical properties of the field. Results of the tests show that Young's
modulus correlates strongly with lithofacies and porosity and that the carbonate sequences can be

8
 separated into six "mechanical facies", defined by their modulus-porosity trends and their lithology.
Poisson's ratio is less sensitive to lithology but correlates with porosity. The dynamic Young's moduli
are 15% to 40% higher than the static values. Dynamic and static Poisson's ratios correlate well with
each other for liquid saturated samples. Dynamic to static transforms based on lithofacies were
developed from these data to correct the acoustic log derived mechanical properties to static values
appropriate for reservoir deformations. The corrected mechanical properties along with the trends
observed between mechanical properties, lithofacies, and porosity allow for the design of more
effective hydraulic fracture treatments by utilizing accurate values for the reservoir's mechanical
properties and their variability. [8]

In 2001, R. Sharma , M. Prasad , M. Batzle and S. Vega presented analysis on sensitivity of

heterogeneity in carbonate fabric to time-lapse flow and elastic properties variation. We found that
at full (end point) saturation, the most heterogeneous sample imbibed 20% less brine than the least
heterogeneous sample. In addition, at full saturation, the least heterogeneous sample showed 45%
more increase in normalized bulk modulus and 10% more decrease in normalized shear modulus than
the most heterogeneous sample. Finally, comparing measurements and Gassmann predictions, it
seems that these carbonates mainly exhibit patchy saturation. [9]

In 2010, Lev Vernik and Mark Kachanov modeled dry frame moduli to such factors as rock
composition, porosity, microstructure, and stress state. They had modeled these relations for the most
ubiquitous petrophysical group of sands(tones) – arenites – in two distinctly different levels of
consolidation: at φ <φ con (consolidated sandstones) the rock can be modeled as a continuous solid
containing pores and microcracks whereas at φ >φ con it is transitioning to the granular material. In
the consolidated regime, we have developed a micromechanics-based model that expresses the
effective elastic constants in terms of porosity, pore shape factors, and microcrack density. We then
extended this model beyond φ con by empirical relations to create the sand diagenesis
model covering the entire porosity range from zero to critical porosity φ c. This model was
supplemented with the poorly consolidated sand model, which was derived from the Mori-Tanaka''s
scheme by allowing pore shape factors to assume large values, consistently with very soft, cuspoidal
pore shapes typical of sands undergoing mechanical compaction with elements of initial pressure
solution. This model complements the global sand diagenesis model by accounting for local, grain

9
 sorting-induced porosity variation in a sand interval occurring in a narrow effective stress window.
[10]

In 2012, Morteza Karamia et. al. found empirical equations that allow the determination of static
elastic modulus (E s) and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) using the values of dynamic elastic
modulus (E d) and waves velocity. Hence, the mechanical and dynamic properties of rock masses for
Sabzkouh water conveyance tunnel and Rudbar HEPP project site were determined in the laboratory.
Afterwards the elastic modulus has been correlated with P-wave velocity, S- wave velocity and
dynamic modulus with various correlation coefficients. [11]

In 2014, W. Sukplum et. al. established the relationship between the static and the dynamic
behaviors of Phu Kradung Formation Sandstone at different applied axial stress levels. Monotonic
compressive strength and deformation modulus under confining pressures 0, 6, 12, 20, 30 MPa were
determined. For the unconfined compression, electrical gauges were used to measure the axial and
lateral deformations, but mechanical gauge and oil volume change were used instead in confined
compression measurements. The ultrasonic waves were step measured on the rock at hydrostatic
stress fields and at applied compression stress level at 50 and 75 percentages of their strength under
that confining stress series. Oriented core specimens, with cross lamination perpendicular (00) and
parallel (900) to the direction axial load application, were prepared to enable the anisotropic
observation. The ratio of ultrasonic wave velocities at each state stress level is determined. The
mathematic empirical between ultrasonic wave velocities and the rock strength, and their dynamic
and static elastic modulus are established. This enable the use of ultrasonic measurement on
prediction their rock strength and deformation characteristic. Results indicate that the ultrasonic wave
velocities, the static elastic modulus (Es) and dynamic elastic modulus(Ed) tend to increase with
increasing the applied stresses. A mathematic correlation of elastic modulus to confining stresses of
each stress level is also attempted. The effects of cross lamination to these results are also discussed.
Though the wave velocities give good correlation to deformation modulus, only dry condition is
concerned. Therefore, further research should be investigated on saturation condition. [12]

In 2016, Bitao Lai presented two sets of cores from the Eagle Ford shale were investigated: one
set cut parallel to bedding and the other perpendicular to bedding. Textures of the samples from each

10
 set were characterized by use of computed-tomography (CT) scanning. Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) was used to measure the water content, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze the
mineralogy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to characterize the microstucture.
Acoustic-velocity measurements were then made on each set at various confining pressures with the
ultrasonic pulse-transmission technique. The results show that confining pressure, water content, and
laminations have significant impact on both compressional-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave)
velocity. Both velocities increase as confining pressure increases. Velocities measured from cores
cut parallel to bedding are, on average, 20% higher than those cut perpendicular to bedding.
Increasing water content decreases both velocities. The impact of water content on shear velocity
was found to be significant compared with the response with compressional velocity. As a result, the
water content was found to lower both Young’s modulus and shear modulus, which is opposite to the
reported results in conventional reservoir lithology. In addition, both P- and S-wave velocities show
a linear decrease as TOC increases, and they both decrease with increasing of clay content. The
mechanisms that lead to water-content alteration of rock-mechanical properties might be a combined
result of the clay/water interaction, the chemical reaction, and the capillary pressure changes.[13]

In 2017 Son Dang et. al. obtained dynamic constants by using ultrasonic techniques and static
constants from the stress-strain response of the rock; both techniques can be used at elevated
pressures and temperatures. These methods typically involve the use of cylindrical plugs; however,
the existence of natural fractures or fissility of shale formations precludes the extraction of cores. The
challenge is to improve reservoir characterization by measuring elastic properties using irregular, but
ubiquitous smaller rock samples. They propose measuring two elastic parameters, i.e., Young’s
modulus and bulk modulus through nanoindentation and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP)
experiments, respectively. With these two constants and the assumption of isotropy, all other
isotropic elastic constants can be derived. The idea is to infer Young’s modulus (Enano) using
nanoindentation and estimate bulk modulus (KMICP) using MICP data; neither measurement
requires core plugs and can be carried out on irregularly shaped rock fragments. They assumed the
fragments are representative of the formation of interest; confirmation comes from establishing
statistics. They measured Woodford, Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Wolfcamp, Bakken, Utica and Green
River shale core samples. These values are compared to values obtained in ultrasonic-pulse
transmission experiments. [14]

11
 In 2019 Lorenzo Zuccarino et. al. examined shear modulus degradation and damping for offshore
sands. The work is based on an extensive database of dynamic soil properties for undisturbed and
reconstituted granular samples from offshore sites worldwide. The data set consists of direct
measurements obtained from advanced laboratory tests (resonant columns). Data considered in this
paper includes a wide range of granular marine sediments. The effects of soil properties such as
confining pressure and fines content on the dynamic parameters are described and guidance on
interpretation and applicability is provided. A new calibrated model is proposed to evaluate
normalized shear modulus reduction and damping ratio curves as a function of shear strain of marine
sands. The proposed relationship can be used for a wide range of granular soil conditions for direct
use in routine offshore dynamic engineering analyses and, in particular, in non-linear site response
analysis.[15]

12
 Chapter Three
Theoretical Background
 Chapter Three: Theoretical Background

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we introduce theoretical background and methodology that used to determine
the dynamic elastic properties.

The elastic rock properties evaluation can be used as a reference for mud weight control to
avoid hydraulic fracturing and loss of mud circulation. Moreover, it should be used for selection of
rock bit type and characteristics. Basic dynamic elastic mechanical properties of rocks must be
calculated or estimated for all studies in the oil and gas reservoirs. Elastic rocks have the ability to
deform elastically, i.e. the deformation is not permanent, and the rock will go back to its original state
after the applied force is removed. Bulk modulus (K B), Young's modulus (E), and Poisson’s Ratio
(P.R) are examples of formation dynamic elastic properties. [16]

3.2 The Poisson's ratio

The Poisson's ratio is an important rock mechanical parameter which is related to many
geotechnical problems. In petroleum rock mechanics it is for instance important for prediction of
compaction and sand production problems. This parameter can be found from rock mechanical tests
on cores. If no core material is available, an estimate based on Pwave (Vp) and S-wave (Vs) velocities
from the acoustic log is often used for the Poisson's ratio [17].

The dynamic Poisson’s Ratio is calculated from Vp and Vs. [16]

……………………………………………… 3.1

3.3 Bulk Modulus

When an isotropic material is exposed to hydrostatic pressures, shear stress will be zero and the
normal stress will be the same. In response to the hydrostatic load, the material will change its
volume. Its resistance to do so is quantified as the bulk modulus K, also known as the modulus of

14
 compression. Technically, K is defined as the ratio of hydrostatic pressure to the relative volume
change (which is related to the direct strains).[18]

……….……………………………………….. 3.2

where, V is the initial volume, DV is change in the volume and Dp is change in the pressure

Bulk modulus relationship in terms of elastic wave velocities or transit times and bulk density

(ρ) is shown as follows [19] :

….……………………………………… 3.3

3.4 Young's Modulus

Young’s modulus is obtained from uniaxial compression test where the axial stress is
increased through the test and the confining pressure is constant. Young’s modulus, E, is the
slope of the stress strain curve

……………………………………………….. 3.4

where dσ is incremental stress, and dε is incremental strain.

Young’s modulus from acoustic measurements depends on the density, ρ, of the rock and
the P-wave and S-wave velocity, vp and vs. The acoustic Young’s modulus is calculated with the
equation. [20]

…………………………………………… 3.5

15
 Chapter Four
Result and Discussion
 Chapter Four: Result and Discussion

4.1 Result and Discussion

The first step in calculating the dynamic elastic properties is identifying which type
of lithology is present in Mishrif formation. Second, the clay volume must be calculated to
be used as input in calculating dynamic elastic properties. Then, Shear wave velocity was
obtained by using Greenberg-Castagna model, which depends on the type of formation and
clay volume calculations. Bulk modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio were computed
with depth for Mishrif formation of the studied wells. Dynamic elastic properties were
calculated for the selected wells. The average values of bulk modulus were ranged between
(20.57) and (27.57) GPa. For shear modulus, the values varied from (8.63) to (12.95) GPa.
The Poisson’s ratio values located between (0.297) and (0.307) and these results were in
agreement with Fjaer et al [21] and Gercek [22]. The average values of (VP/VS) ranged
from (1.865) to (1.905) where the velocity was in (ft/s) which is nearly (1.9) for limestone.
These values agree with Pickett [23], Fadhil [16] and Zinszner and Pellerin [24] results for
(VP/VS) values for limestone. Sample of elastic properties results were plotted in Fig (4.1)
and Fig (5.2) for the wells NS-3 and NS-9 respectively.

Laboratory measurements were conducted on core samples taken from NS-3 and
NS-18 to measure compressional and shear waves velocity and to compare it with the
results recorded by the sonic log at the same depth. The non-destructive ultrasonic test was
used to measure transit time for compressional and shear waves. James instrument V-meter
mark IV device used for these measurements and it has an advanced microprocessor and
equipped with the S-wave response (shear wave transducers). The results showed good
agreement between laboratory measurements and log records with maximum absolute
percentage error (APE) 20% and the minimum (APE) was 1%. The results obtained from
the model were close to the data from drilling reports.

17
 Fig 4.1 Dynamic elastic properties for Mishrif formation (NS-3).

18
 Fig 4.2 Dynamic elastic properties for Mishrif formation (NS-9).

Standard deviation gives an idea about how the data are spread out around the mean (average).
Low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the mean. Higher standard
deviation was obtained from NS-21 with a value of (9) for bulk modulus. In the other hand, the
minimum value of standard deviation was obtained from NS-15 which was (4.7). The deviation
around the mean was smaller for the shear modulus. Largest deviation around the mean was (4.1)
from NS-3. NS-15 gave low standard deviation around (2.5). In case of Poisson’s ratio, the highest
value of standard deviation was (0.019) gained from NS-16. While the lowest value of standard
deviation obtained from NS-21 was (0.009).

Average values of dynamic elastic properties were plotted with average values of rate of
penetration. For the first group of wells (NS-1, NS-3, NS-4, NS-5, and NS-18). The ROP was

19
 supported as average value for each interval. Linear regression was used to generate the ROP for
each meter. The correlation coefficient was (0.91). As the values of the bulk modulus and shear
modulus increase, the rate of penetration starts to decrease. This is due to the increase in rock
resistance to pressure applied with increasing the bulk modulus value. In addition, the rock resistance
to shear forces will be high when the shear modulus values are high. This mean that the rocks will be
harder to penetrate.

20
 Chapter Five
Conclusion and
Recommendations
 Chapter five: Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion
In this study, we determined the dynamic elastic properties for mishrif formation in
Nasiriyah oil field. The result compared with previous studies and we find it lies the range
for limestone reservoirs. The average values of dynamic elastic properties for the wells
ranged between (20.57) and (27.57) GPa for the bulk modulus and from (8.63) to (12.95)
GPa for the shear modulus. Also was between (0.297) and (0.307) for the Poisson’s ratio.
For the Poisson’s ratio, the values were close and the distribution was not major.
Highest value of standard deviation was (0.019) obtained from NS-16. No clear trend was
obtained between dynamic elastic properties and ROP in Mishrif formation. This is due to
the carbonate reservoir, which is characterized by high heterogeneity. And also there are
other factors can effect on ROP.

5.2 Recommendations
1. For future work, determine new correlation between static and dynamic properties
For limestone reservoirs using Artificial Intelligence techniques.
2. Generalize a new correlation for dynamic properties that have lowest root-mean-
square error when compare to other methods.
3. Determine the relation between the elastic properties and ROP in other types of
reservoir.

22
 Reference

1- Wafa Al-Kattan and N. Jasim Al-Ameri (2012), Estimation of the Rock Mechanical Properties
Using Conventional Log Data in North Rumaila Field, University of Baghdad, College of
Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department.
2- Angelov P.V., (2009) “4D seismic reservoir characterization integrated with geo-mechanical
modeling”, Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
3- Karl Audun Lehne (2011), Application of Petrophysical Logs and Failure Model for Prediction
of Sand Production, M.Sc. Thesis, Petroleum Engineering-Petroleum Geology, Stavanger,
Norway.
4- 3-D seismic reflection report for Nasiriyah oil field, 2010. Ministry of oil-Exploration Company.
5- Oil Exploration Company (OEC). 2010. Ministry of oil - Exploration Company, 3-D seismic
reflection report for Nasiriyah oil field.
6- V.S. Tuman and R.F. Alm (1963), Dynamic And Static Elastic Properties, Society of Petroleum
Engineers
7- L.H. Simons (1969), Elastic Properties Of Shales, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Austin, Texas.
8- D.P. Yale and W.H. Jamieson . (1994), Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Carbonates,
American Rock Mechanics Association, , Austin, Texas
9- R. Sharma , M. Prasad , M. Batzle and S. Vega (2001), Sensitivity of Elastic Properties to Fabric
Heterogeneity in Carbonate Rocks, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
10- Lev Vernik and Mark Kachanov (2010), Modeling Elastic Properties of Sands And Sandstones,
Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Denver, Colorado.
11- Morteza Karamia et. al. (2012), Empirical Correlations Between Static and Dynamic Properties
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