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Lecture 2 Graphs of Some Standard Functions, Shifting of Graphs

1) The document defines and provides examples of graphs of standard functions including linear, quadratic, cubic, and piecewise-defined functions. 2) It also describes how to graph functions by applying transformations such as vertical and horizontal shifts, vertical and horizontal stretching and shrinking to base functions. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to graph transformed functions by applying these operations to the graphs of base functions like f(x)=x, f(x)=x^2, and f(x)=|x|.

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179 views

Lecture 2 Graphs of Some Standard Functions, Shifting of Graphs

1) The document defines and provides examples of graphs of standard functions including linear, quadratic, cubic, and piecewise-defined functions. 2) It also describes how to graph functions by applying transformations such as vertical and horizontal shifts, vertical and horizontal stretching and shrinking to base functions. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to graph transformed functions by applying these operations to the graphs of base functions like f(x)=x, f(x)=x^2, and f(x)=|x|.

Uploaded by

ghazi members
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphs Of Some Standard Functions

(1) Graph Of Linear Function

f(x) = x
For Graph
𝑥𝜖[−3 3]
x=-3 f(-3)=-3
x=-2 f(-2)=-2
x=-1 f(-1)=-1
x=0 f(0)=0
x=1 f(1)=1
x=2 f(2)=2
x=3 f(3)=3
(2) Graph Of Quadratic Function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
For Graph
𝑥𝜖[−2 2]
x=-2 f(-2)=4
x=-1 f(-1)=1
x=0 f(0)=0
x=1 f(1)=1
x=2 f(2)=4
(3) Graph Of Cubical Function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑
For Graph
𝑥𝜖[−2 2]
x=-2 f(-2)=-8
x=-1 f(-1)=-1
x=0 f(0)=0
x=1 f(1)=1
x=2 f(2)=8
Graph Of Piecewise –Defined Function


f x   
2x  3, x 1

 x  4, x 1
Graphs Shifting
Example:
The graph of y = x2 + 3 is the graph of y = x2 shifted upward three units.
This is a vertical shift.
The graph of y = -x2 is the reflection of the graph of y = x2 in the x-axis

y y = x2 + 3
8
y = x2
4

x
-4 4

-4

y = -x2
-8
Vertical Shifts
If c is a positive real number, the graph of f(x) + c is the graph of y = f(x)
shifted upward c units.
If c is a positive real number, the graph of f(x) – c is the graph of y = f(x)
shifted downward c units

y
f(x) + c

f(x)
+c

-c f(x) – c
x
Example: Use the graph of f (x) = |x| to graph the functions f (x) = |x| + 3 and
f (x) = |x| – 4.

y
f (x) = |x| + 3
8
f (x) = |x|
4
f (x) = |x| – 4
x
-4 4

-4
Horizontal Shifts
If c is a positive real number, then the graph of f (x – c) is the graph of y = f (x)
shifted to the right c units. If c is a positive real number, then the graph of
f (x + c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted to the left c units.

y
-c +c

x
y = f (x + c) y = f (x) y = f (x – c)
Example: Use the graph of f (x) = x3 to graph f (x) = (x – 2)3 and

f (x) = (x + 4)2 .

y
f(x) = x3

-4 4
x

f (x) = (x + 4)2 f (x) = (x – 2)3


Example: Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 − 4 using the graph of
y= 𝑥

First make a vertical shift 4 units Then a horizontal shift 5 units left.
downward.

y y
4 y x 4
(4, 2) y  x5 4
(0, 0)
x x
-4 -4
(4, -2) y  x  4 (-1, -2)
(0, -4) (-5, -4)
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
If c > 1 then the graph of y = c f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) stretched vertically by c.

Example: y = 2x2 is the graph of y = x2


stretched vertically by 2.

y = x2 y y = 2x2
1
y = 4 x 2 is the graph of y = x2
1 4
shrunk vertically by
4

1 2
y x
4
x
-4 4
Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
If c > 1, the graph of y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) shrunk horizontally by c.

If 0 < c < 1, the graph of y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) stretched horizontally
by c.
y y = |2x|
Example: y = |2x| is the graph of
y = |x|
y = |x| shrunk horizontally by 2.
4 1
y x
1
y= 2
is the graph of y = |x| stretched
1
2
horizontally by 2 .

x
-4 4

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