Database 

Management Systems

Sumayyea Salahuddin (Lecturer)
Dept. of Computer Systems Eng.
UET Peshawar
 Overview
• Data modeling in organization cont.

Database Management Systems, Spring 2021, DCSE. 2
 Developing an E‐R Diagram
• The development of an E-R diagram is an iterative process
that involves designers and end users. It is based on
interviews, reports, business forms,…

• Example: We want to develop an E-R diagram for a "typical"

USA University:

1. The university is divided into different schools. Each one has

a Dean.

1 1
SCHOOL runs DEAN
(1,1) (1,1)

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 Example Cont…
2. Each school is composed of several departments.

1 belongs  M
SCHOOL to DEPT
(1,N) (1,1)

3. Each department offers several courses.

1 M
DEPT offers COURSE
(1,N) (1,1)

4. A course have several sections.

1 M
COURSE has SECTION
(1,N) (1,1)

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 Example Cont…
5. Each department may employs several professors, but each
professor belongs to a single department. Each department
is chaired by a chair, who is also a professor.

employs
1
DEPT
(0,N)
1 (1,1)
M (1,1)
1
PROFESSOR chairs
(0,1)

6. Each professor may teach up to 4 sections.

1 teaches
M
PROFESSOR SECTION
(0,4) (1,1)
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 Example Cont…
7. Each student can take up to 6 courses. Each course has a
capacity of 35 students.

M ENROLL
M
COURSE STUDENT
(1,35) (1,6)

The relationship ENROLL between SECTION and STUDENT is

M:M, therefore, need an associative entity.

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 Example Cont…
8. Each department has several student majoring in that
department. But each student has one major.

1 M
DEPT has STUDENT
(1,N) (1,1)

9. Each student is advised by one professor, but a professor

may advise many students.

1 advises
M
PROFESSOR STUDENT
(0,N) (1,1)

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 Example Cont…
• The database for the university includes 7 entities:
SCHOOL, DEAN, DEPT, PROFESSOR, COURSE,
SECTION, and STUDENT
Relationship Relation 1 Relation 2
• It includes 10 belongs to school department
runs dean school
relationships:
employs department professor
offers department course
has department student
contains course section
teaches professor section
advises professor student
chairs professor department
enrolls student section
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Example Cont…

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 Example Cont…
• The conceptual Relational Database schema (E-R model
represented in the form of table structure) for the university
is:

1. SCHOOL (scode, sname, saddress, sphone , deanID)

foreign key (deanID) references DEAN (deanID) 

2. DEAN (deanID, deanName, deanPhone)

3. DEPT (deptNum, deptPhone, deptAddress, scode, chair)

foreign key (scode) references SCHOOL (scode)
foreign key (chair) references PROFESSOR (facID)
chair is the facID of the chairperson of the department
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 Example Cont…
4. PROFESSOR (facID, SSN, name, address, phone, salary,
deptNum)
foreign key (deptNum) references DEPT (deptNum) 

5. COURSE (courseNum, courseName, credit, deptNum)

foreign key (deptNum) references DEPT (deptNum) 

6. SECTION (callNum, courseNum, facID, days, time, location)

foreign key (courseNum) references COURSE (courseNum)
foreign key (facID) references PROFESSOR (facID)

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 Example Cont…
7. STUDENT (sID, SSN, name, address, major, deptNum,
advisor)
foreign key (deptNum) references DEPT (deptNum) 
foreign key (advisor) references PROESSOR (facID) 

8. ENROLL (sID, courseNum, grade)

foreign key (sID) references STUDENT (sID)
foreign key (courseNum) references COURSE (courseNum)

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 Example
• The university keeps track of each student's name, student number,
current address, permanent address and phone, birthdate, gender,
year of study (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th ), major department, minor
department (if any), and degree program (B.A., B.Sc., ..., Ph.D.).
Some user applications need to refer to the city, county, and post
code of the student's permanent address and to the student's last
name.

• Each department is described by name, department code, office

number and office phones. Both name and code have unique values
for each department.

• Each course has a course name, description, code number, number

of semester hours and offering department. The value of the code
number is unique for each course.

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 Example Cont…
• Each module has an instructor, semester, year, course and
module number. The module number distinguishes different
modules of the same course that are taught during the same
semester/year; its values are 1, 2, 3, ..., up to the number of
modules taught during each semester.

• A grade report has a student, module and grade.

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 Summary
• Learn how to model E-R diagram, entities selection,
relationships and cardinalities assignment

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