Primitive Data Types and Variables:

Following are the data types and variables in Apex:

 String
 Boolean
 Time, Date and Datetime
 Integer, Long, Double and Decimal
 Null Variables
 Enum

String:
Example:
String myVariable = 'I am a string.';

 We can also create String from value of other data type. It can be done using static
method valueOf()

Example:
1. Date myDate = Date.today();
String myString = String.valueOf(myDate);
System.debug(myString);

2. Integer myInt = Integer.valueOf('123');

The + operator acts as a concatenation operator when applied to strings.

Methods in String:
1. endsWith(suffix):
Example:
String s = 'Hello Jason';
System.debug(s.endsWith('Jason'));
2. length():
Example:
String myString = 'abcd';
Integer result = myString.length();
System.assertEquals(result, 4);
3. substring(startIndex, endIndex):
Returns a new String that begins with the character at the specified zero-
based startIndex and extends to the character at end Index - 1.
Example:
'hamburger'.substring(4, 8);
// Returns "urge"

'smiles'.substring(1, 5);
// Returns "mile"

Boolean and Conditional Statements: returns true or false

EscapeSequences:
\b (backspace), \t (tab), \n (line feed), \f (form feed), \r (carriage return), \" (double
quote), \' (single quote), and \\ (backslash).

Time, Date and Datetime:

Example:
Date myDate = Date.newinstance(1960, 2, 17);
Time myTime = Time.newInstance(18, 30, 2, 20);
System.debug(myDate);
System.debug(myTime);
Output:

1960-02-17 00:00:00
18:30:02.020Z
Example2:

//You can also create dates and times from the current clock:

Datetime myDateTime = Datetime.now();

Date today = Date.today();
Example3:

Datetime has the addHours, addMinutes, dayOfYear, timeGMT methods and many others.
Date myToday = Date.today();
Date myNext30 = myToday.addDays(30);
System.debug('myToday = ' + myToday);
System.debug('myNext30= ' + myNext30);

Integer, Long, Double and Decimal

Example:
Double d = 3.14159;
Decimal dec = 19.23;
Integer countMe = Integer.valueof('10') + 20;

//Rounding behaviour of decimals

Decimal decBefore = 19.23;
Decimal decAfter = decBefore.Divide(100, 3);
System.debug(decAfter);
Output: The value of decAfter will be set to 0.192.

Null Variables:
Variable value will be set to null if we don’t initialise it.

Enums:
Enums are typically used to define a set of possible values that don’t otherwise have a
numerical order. Typical examples include the suit of a card, or a particular season of the
year.
To define an enum, use the enum keyword in your declaration and use curly braces to
demarcate the list of possible values.
public enum Season {WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL}

Case Sensitivity:
Apex is case insensitive language
Lists:
Ordered group of items of same type.

Declaring a list with set size:

Stirng[] x= new String[4];

Conditional Statements:
If-else statements:
if(condition is true) {
//do this
} else {
//do this
}

Switch Statements:
switch on expression {
when value1 {
//code block 1
}
when value2 {
//code block 2
}
when else { //if none of the previous values apply
 //code block 3
}
}

Loops:
While loops:

Syntax:
While(condition) {
//run this block of code
}

Do While Loops:
Syntax:
Do {
//run this block of code
} while(condition);

For loops:
//normal loop
for (Integer i = 1; i <= 10; i++){
System.debug(i);
}
//loop iterating over a list:
Integer[] myInts = new Integer[]{10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100};
for (Integer i: myInts)
{
System.debug(i);
}

Sets:
Unordered collection of objects and doesn’t contain duplicate values
Set s = new Set{'a','b','c'};

// Because c is already a member, nothing will happen.

s.add('c');

s.add('d');

if (s.contains('b'))

System.debug ('I contain b and have size ' + s.size());

Maps:

Contains key value pairs

Example:
Map <integer, String> employeeAddresses = new Map<integer, String();

employeeAddresses.put (1, '123 Sunny Drive, San Francisco, CA');

employeeAddresses.put (2, '456 Dark Drive, San Francisco, CA');

System.debug('Address for employeeID 2: ' + employeeAddresses.get(2));

Map<String,String> myStrings = new Map{'a'=>'apple','b'=>'bee'};

System.debug(myStrings.get('a'));

Classes and Objects in apex:

A class is a blue Print
A class defines a set of characteristics and behaviours that are common to all objects of that
class.
//Declaring a class

Methods
A method can be declared as
Example:
wilt(4);
public static void wilt(Integer numberOfPetals){
system.debug(numberOfPetals);
}

Example:
public class Flower {
public static Integer wilt(Integer numberOfPetals){
if(numberOfPetals >= 1){
numberOfPetals--;
}
return numberOfPetals;
}
public static void grow(Integer height, Integer maxHeight){
height = height + 2;
if(height >= maxHeight){
pollinate();
}
}
public static void pollinate(){
System.debug('Pollinating...');
}
}
Static variables:
We can access static variables without instantiating the calss.
Final variable:
We cannot change the value of final variable once declared.
We can pass object as argument as follows
public static void toDebug(Fridge aFridge) {

System.debug ('ModelNumber = ' + aFridge.modelNumber);

System.debug ('Number in Stock = ' + aFridge.numberInStock);

Interfaces:
Interfaces is used for abstraction
Interfaces don’t have any implementations
//Creating an interface
public interface InterfaceName{
String method();
}
Implements is the method used to overload the method form an interface.

Sobjects and Databases:

An sObject is an Apex data type that corresponds to a Salesforce object (sObject) in an org.
sObjects are complex data types that hold multiple values in one variable. They hold a single
record of data from a Salesforce object, such as an Account, a Contact, or an Opportunity.

Example:
public class NewAccounts {
public static void sObjectsInsert(Integer value){
Integer counter = 1;
//create a list to add our accounts
List<Account> teaFactoryAccounts = new List<Account>();
while(counter <= value){
//display the current counter value
System.debug('Counter Value before Incrementing ' + counter);
 //create a new account
Account store = new Account();
store.Name = 'The Tea Factory ' + counter;
store.AccountNumber = '35629' + counter;
teaFactoryAccounts.add(store);
System.debug(teaFactoryAccounts);
//increment the counter
counter = counter + 1;
System.debug('Counter Value after incrementing ' + counter);
}
System.debug('Size of Account List: ' + teaFactoryAccounts.size() );
System.debug('Elements in Account List: ' + teaFactoryAccounts);
//insert all of the accounts in the list
insert teaFactoryAccounts;
}
}

SOQL:

SOQL clauses:
Example:
public class AccountUtility {
public static void viewAnnualRevenue(){
List<Account> accountsList = [SELECT Name, AnnualRevenue FROM Account];
for (Account con : accountsList){
String acctRev = con.Name + ':' + con.AnnualRevenue;
system.debug(acctRev);
}

}
}

Relationship queries with Standard Objects:

To get records for a:

 Child object, and include fields from a related parent object, use a child-to-
parent query.
 Parent object, and include fields from a related child object, use a parent-to-
child query.

Child to Parent query example:

SELECT Name, Account.Name FROM Contact
Parernt to child query:
DML commands:
Insert
Update
Delete
Undelete