European Union Emission Inventory Report TH AL 18 006 en N

EEA Report No 6/2018
European Union emission inventory

report 1990-2016
under the UNECE Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
ISSN 1977-8449
EEA Report No 6/2018
European Union emission inventory

report 1990-2016
Cover design: EEA
Cover photo: © Carbon Visuals
Layout: EEA/Rosendahls
Legal notice
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other
institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on
behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Copyright notice
© European Environment Agency, 2018
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018
ISBN 978-92-9213-950-6
ISSN 1977-8449
doi:10.2800/ 571876
European Environment Agency

Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00
Web: eea.europa.eu
Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries
Contents
Contents
Contents........................................................................................................................................ 3
Units, abbreviations and acronyms.......................................................................................... 5
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................... 11
Executive summary................................................................................................................... 12
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 22
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................. 23
1.2 Institutional arrangements...................................................................................................24
1.3 Inventory preparation process.............................................................................................25
1.4 Methods and data sources...................................................................................................26
1.5 Key category analyses............................................................................................................31
1.6 Quality assurance, quality control and verification methods ��33
1.7 General uncertainty evaluation............................................................................................35
1.8 Completeness and underestimations.................................................................................35
2 Adjustments under the Gothenburg Protocol.................................................................. 39
3 Trends and key categories of EU pollutant emissions �� 41

3.1 Total EU emission trends and progress towards the Gothenburg
Protocol 2010 emission ceilings...........................................................................................41
3.2 Progress of non-EU countries in meeting 2010 emission ceilings under the
Gothenburg Protocol to the UNECE LRTAP Convention....................................................47
3.3 Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission trends and key categories ��48
3.5 Sulphur oxide (SOx) emission trends and key categories ��53
3.6 Ammonia (NH3) emission trends and key categories ��55
3.7 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emission trends and key categories ��58
3.8 Particulate matter (PM10) emission trends and key categories ��61
3.9 Total suspended particulate (TSP) emission trends...........................................................63
3.10 Black carbon (BC) emission trends......................................................................................63
3.11 Carbon monoxide (CO) emission trends and key categories ��66
3.12 Lead (Pb) emission trends and key categories...................................................................68
3.13 Cadmium (Cd) emission trends and key categories..........................................................71
3.14 Mercury (Hg) emission trends and key categories.............................................................73
3.15 Arsenic (As) emission trends.................................................................................................75
European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 3

Contents
3.16 Chromium (Cr) emission trends...........................................................................................76

3.17 Copper (Cu) emission trends................................................................................................77
3.18 Nickel (Ni) emission trends...................................................................................................78
3.19 Selenium (Se) emission trends.............................................................................................79
3.20 Zinc (Zn) emission trends......................................................................................................81
3.21 Dioxin and furan (PCDD/Fs) emission trends and key categories ��82
3.22 Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission trends and key categories 85
3.23 Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) emission trends and key categories ��88
3.24 Benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F) emission trends...................................................................90
3.25 Benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)F) emission trends...................................................................91
3.26 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP) emission trends......................................................................91
3.27 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) emission trends and key categories ��94
3.28 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emission trends and key categories ��97
4 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for key pollutants �� 100
4.2 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'energy use in industry' ��103
4.3 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'industrial processes and product use'..........105
4.4 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'commercial, institutional and households' 109
4.5 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'road transport' ��112
4.6 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'non-road transport' ��116
4.7 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'agriculture' ��117
4.8 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'waste'...........................................................119
5 Recalculations, and implemented or planned improvements �� 122

5.1 Recalculations.......................................................................................................................122
5.2 Member States' emission changes due to review improvements ��128
5.3 Planned improvements at EU level....................................................................................128
5.4 Implemented improvements..............................................................................................129
References................................................................................................................................ 135
Appendix 1 Notation keys..................................................................................................... 138
Appendix 2 LRTAP Convention emission-reporting programme for 2018......................139
Appendix 3 S
tatus of reporting and timeliness.................................................................. 141
Appendix 4 C
onversion chart for aggregated sector groups �� 145
4 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016

Units, abbreviations and acronyms
As Arsenic
B(a)P Benzo(a)pyrene
B(b)F Benzo(b)fluoranthene
BC Black carbon
B(k)F Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Cd Cadmium
CDR Central Data Repository
CEIP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections
CH4 Methane
LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; (UNECE) Convention on LRTAP
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COPERT COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
DG Directorate-General
EC European Commission
EEA European Environment Agency
EEA-5 Non-EU EEA member countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey)
Eionet European Environment Information and Observation Network
EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (cooperative programme for monitoring and
evaluation of the long-range transmissions of air pollutants in Europe)
EPER European Pollutant Emission Register
E-PRTR European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
ERT Expert review team

ETC/ACM European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (of the EEA)
ETS Emissions Trading Scheme
EU European Union
FGD Flue gas desulphurisation
Gg 1 gigagram = 109 g = 1 kilotonne (kt)
GHG Greenhouse gas
GNFR Gridding nomenclature for reporting/UNECE nomenclature for reporting of air pollutants
HCB Hexachlorobenzene
HCE Hexachloroethane
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
Hg Mercury
HM Heavy metal
IIR Informative inventory report
IP Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
I-Teq International toxic equivalent
KCA Key category analysis
kg 1 kilogram = 103 g (gram)
LPS Large point source
LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
LTO Landing/take-off
Mg 1 megagram = 106 g = 1 tonne (t)
MMR Monitoring Mechanism Regulation
MSW Municipal solid waste
N2O Nitrous oxide
n/a Not available
NEC Directive EU National Emission Ceilings Directive ((EU) 2016/2284)
NFR Nomenclature for reporting/UNECE nomenclature for reporting of air pollutants
NFR14 Current format for reporting of air pollutants (Nomenclature for reporting)
NH3 Ammonia

Ni Nickel
NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOx Nitrogen oxides
O3 Ozone
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Pb Lead
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl
PCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin/dibenzofuran
PFC Perfluorocarbon
PM Particulate matter
PM2.5 Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less
PM10 Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less
POP Persistent organic pollutant
QA Quality assurance
QC Quality control
SCR Selective catalytic reduction
Se Selenium
SNCR Selective non-catalytic reduction
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SOx Sulphur oxides
t 1 tonne (metric) = 1 megagram (Mg) = 106 g
TERT Technical Expert Review Team
TFEIP Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections
TSP Total suspended particulate
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VOC Volatile organic compound
WM With measures (projections)

WaM With additional measures (projections)
Zn Zinc
Key category source sector abbreviations
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
1A1b Petroleum refining
1A2a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron and steel
1A2b Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-ferrous metals
1A2c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Chemicals
1A2f Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-metallic minerals
1A2gvii Mobile combustion in manufacturing industries and construction
1A2gviii Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Other
1A3bi Road transport: Passenger cars
1A3bii Road transport: Light duty vehicles
1A3biii Road transport: Heavy duty vehicles and buses
1A3biv Road transport: Mopeds and motorcycles
1A3bv Road transport: Gasoline evaporation
1A3bvi Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear
1A3bvii Road transport: Automobile road abrasion
1A3c Railways
1A3dii National navigation (shipping)
1A4ai Commercial/institutional: Stationary
1A4bi Residential: Stationary
1A4bii Residential: Household and gardening (mobile)
1A4ci Agriculture/forestry/fishing: Stationary
1A4cii Agriculture/forestry/fishing: Off-road vehicles and other machinery
1B2ai Fugitive emissions oil: Exploration, production, transport
1B2aiv Fugitive emissions oil: Refining/storage
1B2av Distribution of oil products
2A5a Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal

2A5b Construction and demolition
2B10a Chemical industry: Other
2C1 Iron and steel production
2C3 Aluminium production
2C7a Copper production
2D3a Domestic solvent use including fungicides
2D3b Road paving with asphalt
2D3d Coating applications
2D3e Degreasing
2D3g Chemical products
2D3h Printing
2D3i Other solvent use
2G Other product use
2H2 Food and beverages industry
2K Consumption of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical and scientific equipment)
2L Other production, consumption, storage, transportation or handling of bulk products
3B1a Manure management — Dairy cattle
3B1b Manure management — Non-dairy cattle
3B3 Manure management — Swine
3B4gi Manure management — Laying hens
3B4gii Manure management — Broilers
3Da1 Inorganic N-fertilisers (includes also urea application)
3Da2a Animal manure applied to soils
3Da3 Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals
3Dc Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products
5C1biii Clinical waste incineration
5C1bv Cremation
5C2 Open burning of waste
5E Other waste

Country codes
AT Austria
BE Belgium
BG Bulgaria
CY Cyprus
CZ Czech Republic
DE Germany
DK Denmark
EE Estonia
ES Spain
FI Finland
FR France
GB United Kingdom
GR Greece
HR Croatia
HU Hungary
IE Ireland
IT Italy
LT Lithuania
LU Luxembourg
LV Latvia
MT Malta
NL Netherlands
PL Poland
PT Portugal
RO Romania
SE Sweden
SI Slovenia
SK Slovakia

Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the European Environment (DG Environment) were Viviane André,
Environment Agency (EEA) and its European Topic Scott Brockett and Zlatko Kregar. The authors gratefully
Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation acknowledge the technical support received from
(ETC/ACM, partner Umweltbundesamt, Austria). Robert Wankmüller (ETC/ACM).
The lead author of the report was Melanie Tista.
Other authors (in alphabetical order) were Michael The EEA acknowledges comments received on the draft
Gager, Simone Haider, Isabella Pucher and report from the Eionet national reference centres of
Bernhard Ullrich. The EEA project manager was EEA member countries and the European Commission
Anke Lükewille. The desk officer at the European (DG Environment).
Commission's Directorate‑General for the
Title of report Annual European Union (EU)

LRTAP Convention emission inventory report 1990-2016
Contact names Anke Lükewille (EEA)
Melanie Tista (ETC/ACM)
Viviane André and Zlatko Kregar (DG Environment)
Organisation EEA
European Commission, DG Environment
Address of the EEA Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
DENMARK
Email [email protected]
Address of the European Commission European Commission
DG Environment, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
Email [email protected]
[email protected]

Executive summary
Executive summary
This document is the annual European Union The LRTAP Convention obliges and invites Parties to
(EU) emission inventory report under the United report emission data for numerous air pollutants:
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution • main pollutants: Nitrogen oxides (NOx),
(LRTAP Convention) (UNECE, 1979). The report and its non‑methane volatile organic compounds
accompanying data constitute the official submission (NMVOCs), sulphur oxides (SOx), ammonia (NH3)
by the European Commission on behalf of the EU and carbon monoxide (CO);
as a Party to the Executive Secretary of UNECE. The
European Environment Agency (EEA) compiled the • Particulate matter (PM) emitted directly into the air
report in cooperation with the EU Member States and (primary PM):
the European Commission.
— PM with a diameter greater than 2.5 microns
(PM2.5, also called fine particulate matter);
Box ES.1 The Gothenburg Protocol
— PM with a diameter greater than
The Gothenburg Protocol to the Long-range 10 microns (PM10);
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention sets
emission ceilings. Parties to the convention must reduce — BC, the most strongly light-absorbing component
their emissions to these levels. These ceilings, for 2010 of PM;
and after, are for the pollutants nitrogen oxides (NOx),
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs),
total suspended particulates (TSPs);
sulphur oxides (SOx) and ammonia (NH3). In addition
to the ceilings for individual countries, the protocol
also specifies ceilings for the EU, which is a Party to the • priority heavy metals (HMs): lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd)
protocol in its own right (UNECE, 1999). The protocol was and mercury (Hg);
amended in 2012. The ceilings set for 2010 and years
thereafter are still in place, but the amended protocol • additional HMs: arsenic (As), chromium (Cr),
also specifies new emission reduction commitments in copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn);
terms of percentage reductions by 2020, relative to base
year 2005. Parties are also encouraged to report primary • persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polychlorinated
particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) emissions, dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic
in line with the revised emission-reporting guidelines
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene
(UNECE, 2014a) (1). The EU ratified the amended protocol
(HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);
in 2017.
• additional reporting of the individual PAHs

benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), benzo(b)fluoranthene
(B(b)F), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)F) and
indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP), and of their sum as the
total of all four.
(1) The EEA publishes its annual update of the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive) reporting (EEA, forthcoming) in June 2018. The
briefing analyses the 2016 emission data for EU Member States reported under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of national emissions
of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC, known as the new EU National Emission
Ceilings (NEC) Directive (EU, 2016). For the EU Member States, the new NEC Directive retains the emission ceilings set for 2010 and years
thereafter until 2019, and establishes new national emission reduction commitments for NOx, NMVOCs, SO2, NH3 and PM2.5 for 2020-2029
and from 2030 onwards.

Executive summary
Box ES.2 Status of reporting by EU Member States
In 2018, Member States were requested to report emission inventory data and an informative inventory report (IIR). All
Member States, except Greece, provided air emission inventories. For the Greek data set and for other countries where
data were missing for certain years or pollutants, a gap-filling procedure was applied to obtain as complete as possible a
European inventory. By 6 May 2018, 27 Member States had reported activity data, but only 25 Member States had reported
activity data for the complete time series (1990-2016). All Member States that provided submissions also provided IIRs, and
three Member States provided projection data. The reporting of gridded data, large point sources and projections was not
requested in 2018. However, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ireland, Italy and Romania reported gridded data and Finland, Luxembourg
(only with additional measures (WaM) projections) and the United Kingdom provided projections. Romania and Finland
provided data on large point sources, and Bulgaria, Croatia, Ireland, Italy and Romania provided gridded data. Detailed
information on Member States' submissions is given in Appendix 3.
In 2012, the Executive Body of the LRTAP Convention decided that adjustments to emission reduction commitments, or to
inventories for the purposes of comparing total national emissions with them, may be applied in some circumstances, if such
a circumstance contributes to a Party being unable to meet one of its reduction commitments (UNECE, 2012b). Under the
Gothenburg Protocol, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) Steering Body Board accepted inventory
adjustment applications for emissions from seven countries in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
Circumstances that allow adjustments to emission inventories are defined as follows:
• There are additional categories of emission sources that were not accounted for when the emission reduction
commitments were set.
• Emission factors used to determine emission levels for particular source categories for the year in which emission
reduction commitments are to be attained are significantly different from the emission factors applied to these
categories at the time the emission reduction commitments were set.
• The methods for determining emissions from specific source categories have changed significantly between when
emission reduction commitments were set and the year they are to be attained.
These pollutants harm human health and the • emission trends for the European Union (EU) as a
environment. Certain species also contribute to the whole and for individual Member States, and the
formation of ground-level ozone (O3) and secondary PM contribution of key categories to total emissions
in the atmosphere. Some pollutants have an indirect (Chapter 3);
and direct effect on the sunlight absorbed by the Earth
and reflected back to space (radiative forcing) and • sectoral analyses and emission trends for key
hence on the climate (EEA, 2014, 2015, 2017a). pollutants (Chapter 4);
This report describes: • information on recalculations, as well as planned

and implemented improvements (Chapter 5).
• the institutional arrangements and preparation
processes behind the EU's emission inventory, Emission data presented in this report are in the
methods and data sources, key category analyses, accompanying annexes and are also available for direct
information on quality assurance and control, download through the EEA's data service (EEA, 2018a).
general uncertainty evaluation, and information on The following sections summarise the main findings.
completeness and underestimations (Chapter 1);
• information on approved adjustments and

adjustment applications under the Gothenburg
Protocol (Chapter 2);

Executive summary
EU emission trends Figure ES.1 EU emission trends for the main air

pollutants
Figures ES.1-ES.3 present the trends in emission of
air pollutants between 1990 and 2016 (2). They are Index (1990 = 100)
aggregated across the EU.
120
Emission trends of main air pollutants between 100

1990 and 2016
80
With reference to the main air pollutants, SOx was the
pollutant type with the greatest reduction in emissions 60
across the EU. SOx emissions in 2016 were 91 % less
than in 1990 (Figure ES.1). This reduction is the result 40
of a combination of measures:
20
• fuel switching in energy-related sectors, away from

0
solid and liquid fuels with high sulphur content to
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
low-sulphur fuels such as natural gas;
NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3 CO
• applying flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) techniques
in industrial facilities;
of ground-level O3: CO (69 % reduction), NMVOCs
• EU directives relating to the sulphur content of (62 % reduction) and NOx (58 % reduction). For the
certain liquid fuels. main pollutants, emissions have been decreasing more
slowly over the past decade. However, emissions of
Emissions of the other main air pollutants have NH3 have fallen less than emissions of the other main
dropped considerably since 1990, including the three pollutants (23 %) since 1990, and since 2014 a positive
air pollutants primarily responsible for the formation NH3 emission trend has been noticed.
Box ES.3 Development of main pollutant emissions between 2015 and 2016
Emissions of NOx and SOx dropped by 3.7 % and 15.1 %, respectively, between 2015 and 2016. CO emissions decreased
by 0.6 %. Emissions of NMVOCs decreased by 1.7 %, and NH3 emissions increased by 0.4 %.
The drop in NOx emissions is mainly due to reductions reported by the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany and Italy
(in order of largest absolute emission reduction). The 'energy production and distribution' sector recorded the largest
reductions of NOx (in absolute terms) from 2015 to 2016.
NMVOC emissions decreased in 18 Member States between 2015 and 2016. Greece (gap-filled data), the United Kingdom,
Italy and the Netherlands (in order of largest absolute emission reduction) were responsible for the highest decreases. The
main emitter of NMVOCs is the 'industrial processes and product use' sectors.
From 2015 to 2016, the largest reductions in SOx emissions in absolute terms were in Poland, the United Kingdom, Romania
and Spain (in order of largest absolute emission reduction). The sector 'energy production and distribution' contributed most
to the reduction of SOx emissions.
CO emissions decreased, mainly due to reductions reported by the United Kingdom, Italy and Greece (gap-filled data) (in order
of largest absolute emission reduction). The sector 'road transport' contributed most to the decrease in CO emissions.
NH3 emissions increased in 15 Member States. Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland reported the highest increases
(in order of largest absolute emission increase).
(2) By 15 February each year, Member States must report emission data for up to and including the last calendar year but one. Thus, by
15 February 2018, Member States were obliged to report for the years before 2017. Typically, it takes countries about 12 to 15 months to
compile and report emission inventory data (for both air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs)). This delay is mainly because of the time
needed for official national and/or trade statistics to become available (typically up to 12 months after the end of the calendar year), together
with the time needed for subsequent data processing, calculations, and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) checks.

Executive summary
The 'road transport' sector has reduced emissions have fallen by 22 % across the EU since 2000 (and by
since 1990 for CO and NMVOCs, and since 1992 the 54 % since 1990) (Figure ES.2). Emissions of primary
NOx emissions have also decreased continuously. PM10, PM2.5 and BC have fallen by 26 %, 28 % and 41 %,
It has achieved this primarily through legislative respectively (since 2000).
measures requiring the abatement of vehicle exhaust
emissions. NOx emissions decreased considerably in Total PM emissions dropped mainly thanks to the
the electricity/energy generation sectors as a result of introduction or improvement of abatement measures
certain technical measures, mainly: across the 'energy', 'road transport' and 'industry'
sectors, coupled with other developments in industrial
• introduction of combustion modification sectors, such as switching from fuels containing
technologies (e.g. use of low-NOx burners); high amounts of sulphur to those with low amounts.
SOx, NOx and NH3 play an important role in the
• implementation of flue gas abatement techniques formation of secondary PM. Thus, if emissions of these
(e.g. NOx scrubbers, and selective catalytic reduction pollutants decrease, this also influences PM formation
(SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) (EEA, 2018b).
techniques);
• fuel switching from coal to gas. Emission trends of heavy metals and persistent organic
pollutants between 1990 and 2016
Emission trends of particulate matter between 2000 Emissions of the main HMs (Pb, Cd, Hg), dioxins and
and 2016 furans, total PAHs, HCB and PCBs have also dropped
substantially since 1990, by at least 65 % (Figure ES.3).
The LRTAP Convention formally requests Parties to
report emissions of PM from the year 2000 onwards. Much progress has been made since the early
Hence, emission trends are shown for 2000 and the 1990s in reducing point-source emissions of these
subsequent years only. Aggregated emissions of TSPs substances, particularly from industrial facilities.
This has been achieved partially through improved
abatement techniques for waste water treatment,
and for incinerators in the metal refining and smelting
Figure ES.2 EU emission trends for PM industries. In some countries, the emissions reduction
follows the closure of older industrial facilities due
Index (2000 = 100) to economic restructuring. Total emissions fell faster
120 between 1990 and 2000 than in the following years.
100 Cu emissions have increased over the years and were

8 % higher in 2016 than in 1990. Emissions of other
80 HMs decreased between 1990 and 2016: As by 67 %,
Cr by 72 %, Ni by 72 %, Se by 34 % and Zn by 36 %.
60
Total PAHs decreased by 83 % from 1990 to 2016 (3).

40
For individual PAHs, the reductions were 19 % for B(a)P,
20
76 % for B(b)F, 78 % for B(k) and 65 % for IP from 1990
to 2016. Dioxins and furans have decreased by 67 %
0 since 1990. The reductions of HCB and PCB emissions
2000 2005 2010 2015 were 95 % and 74%, respectively. There have been clear
decreases over the last 25 years, but emissions of POPs
PM2.5 PM10 TSPs BC have remained broadly stable since 2000 (Figure ES.3).
(3) It is difficult to compare reductions of total PAHs and reductions of the other PAHs. The reporting completeness for the EU (sum of
reporting/gap-filling of the Member States) differs strongly between total PAHs and the other PAHs.

Executive summary
Figure ES.3 EU emission trends for HMs and POPs
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu
Ni Se Zn
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
160 180
140 160
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
PCDD/Fs HCB PCBs Total PAHs B(a)P B(b)F

B(k)F IP
Notes: The drop in HCB emissions between 1998 and 1999 is due to a considerable reduction reported by the United Kingdom. The peak in
PCDD/Fs emissions in 2013 is caused by data reported by Malta.
The trend of B(a)P emissions follows the trend in the data reported by Portugal.
For certain pollutants, not all Member States reported data.
Box ES.4 Effects of recalculated data for previously reported 2015 emissions
In 2018, all Member States that provided submissions, reported recalculations for one or more years, and also changes in
gap filling resulted in recalculations. This caused changes of emission inventories for all pollutants for 2015.
In their IIRs (see Appendix 5), Member States gave an account of their reasons for recalculating parts of time series or
whole time series. Explanations included methodological improvements, revision of emission factors or newly implemented
emission factors, reallocations, availability of new data, revision of activity data and correction of errors. They did not always
provide information on the rationale behind recalculations.

Executive summary
EU key categories and main emission transport sector is, nevertheless, a major source of
sources the ground-level O3 precursors NOx, CO and NMVOCs
in the EU; in 2016 it contributed 39 %, 20 % and 9 %,
EU key categories are the individual sources that respectively, to total emissions of these pollutants
contributed the most, overall, to emissions of pollutants in the EU. It is also a major source of primary PM2.5,
in 2016. They were determined by a level assessment (4) PM10 and Pb emissions. Passenger cars, heavy-duty
for NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO, PM2.5, PM10, Cd, Pb, Hg, vehicles and buses are the principal contributors to
PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, B(a)P, HCB and PCBs. NOx emissions from this sector; in 2016, passenger cars
alone contributed around 70 % of CO emissions from
A total of 55 different emission inventory source the 'road transport' sector.
categories were identified as being key categories for
at least one pollutant. A number of emission categories The 'commercial, institutional and households' sector
were identified as being key categories for more than is the most important source of PM2.5, CO and PM10.
one of the 14 pollutants assessed. Table ES.1 lists the Energy- and process-related emissions from industry
most relevant key categories. contribute considerably to the overall emissions of a
number of the HMs and POPs.
Figure ES.4 shows the share of EU emissions by sector
group. As observed in previous years, each main air
pollutant has one major source category: for NOx, Adjustments to emission inventories
this is 'road transport'; for SOx, 'energy production under the Gothenburg Protocol
and distribution'; for NH3, 'agriculture'; for NMVOCs,
'industrial processes and product use'; and for CO, as Table ES.2 lists inventory adjustment applications that
well as PM, 'commercial, institutional and households'. the EMEP Steering Body accepted in 2014, 2015, 2016
and 2017.
Emissions of NOx from the 'road transport' sector
decreased by 61 % between 1990 and 2016. The road
Table ES.1 Most relevant key categories for air pollutant emissions
Name of key category Number of occurrences as key category

Residential: Stationary (combustion) (NFR 1A4bi) 14 (NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, CO, PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/Fs, B(a)P,
total PAHs, HCB, PCBs)
Public electricity and heat production (NFR 1A1a) 10 (NOx, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/Fs, HCB, PCBs)
Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries 8 (NOx, SOx, CO, PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg)
and construction: Non-metallic minerals (NFR 1A2f)
Iron and steel production (NFR 2C1) 8 (CO, PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/Fs, PCBs)
Stationary combustion in manufacturing 6 (SOx, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/Fs)
industries and construction: Iron and steel (NFR 1A2a)
Road transport: Passenger cars (NFR 1A3bi) 6 (NOx, NMVOCs, CO, PM2.5, PM10, Pb)
Commercial/institutional: Stationary (NFR 1A4ai) 6 (NOx, SOx, PM2.5, Pb, Cd, Hg)
(4) A key category level assessment identifies those source categories that have a significant influence on a country's total inventory in terms of
their absolute level of emissions. In this report, key categories are those that are collectively responsible for 80 % of the total emissions of a
given pollutant (EMEP/EEA, 2016).

Executive summary
Figure ES.4 Share of EU emissions of the main pollutants, by sector group in 2016
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 B(a)P CO Pb Cd Hg PCDD/ Total HCB PCBs
Fs PAHs
Energy production and distribution Energy use in industry Commercial, institutional and households Road transport
Non-road transport Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste Other
Table ES.2 Accepted inventory adjustment applications (UNECE, 2014b, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Member State Pollutant NFR

NOx Road transport (1A3bi-iv), Agriculture (3B, 3Da1, 3Da2a)
Belgium
NMVOCs Agriculture (3B, 3De)
NMVOCs Agriculture (3B)
Denmark
NH3 Agriculture (3Da1, 3De)
Energy use in industry (1A2gviii), Commercial, institutional and households
Finland NH3
(1A4ai, 1A4bi, 1A4ci), Road transport (1A3bi-iv)
France NOx Road transport (1A3bi-iv)
NOx Road transport (1A3bi-iv), Agriculture (3B, 3D, 3Da2c, 3I)
Germany NMVOCs Agriculture (3B, 3De)
NH3 Agriculture (3Da2c, 3I)
NOx Road transport (1A3bi-iv), Agriculture (3B, 3De)
Luxembourg
NMVOCs Agriculture (3B, 3De)
Spain NOx Road transport (1A3bi, 1A3biii), Agriculture (3B)
Note: For Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) codes, see Appendix 4.

Executive summary
Table ES.3 Emissions reported for 2016 by EU-15 Member States compared with Gothenburg Protocol EU
emission ceilings for 2010 and years thereafter
Pollutant EU-15 emissions, EU-15 Gothenburg Difference (%) Sum of individual

2016 (Gg) Protocol, 2010 EU-15 ceilings (Gg) (a)
ceilings (Gg)
NOx 6 004 6 671 -10 6 519
NMVOCs 5 111 6 600 -23 6 510
SOx 1 332 4 059 -67 3 850
NH3 3 115 3 129 -0.4 3 110
Notes: For Spain, data for emission comparisons exclude emissions from the Canary Islands. The comparison with emission ceilings is based on
reporting on the basis of fuel sold for all Member States.
Under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Body accepted applications from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Luxembourg and Spain for emission inventory adjustments in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. However, as the EU-15 itself has not applied
for adjustments, this table does not take these adjusted data into account.
(a) The protocol also specifies emission ceilings for individual EU-15 Member States. In some cases, the sum of these ceilings is different
from the ceilings specified for the EU-15 as a whole.
Progress in meeting the EU's current Progress by non-EU EEA member countries
emission ceilings and emission reduction in meeting emission ceilings for 2010 and
targets for 2020 under the Gothenburg years thereafter under the Gothenburg
Protocol Protocol
The Gothenburg Protocol (1999) set commitments for The Gothenburg Protocol specified emission ceilings
the European Community, comprising 15 EU Member for three non-EU EEA member countries (Liechtenstein,
States. Table ES.3 shows their aggregated emissions for Norway and Switzerland) for 2010 and onwards
2016 compared with the emission ceilings it specified (UNECE, 1979, 1999). Liechtenstein has signed but not
for the EU in 2010 and for years thereafter. For NOx, yet ratified the protocol. The EEA member countries
NMVOCs, SOx and NH3, emissions in 2016 were below Iceland and Turkey have not yet signed the Gothenburg
the ceilings. The Gothenburg Protocol was amended in Protocol. Emission data for Norway and Switzerland are
2012 to set emission reduction commitments for 2020. the latest reported data under the LRTAP Convention
(2018 submission round). Emission data are compared
Figure ES.5 shows whether or not each EU Member State with the countries' emission ceilings under the
met its Gothenburg ceiling in 2016. Estonia and Malta do Gothenburg Protocol.
not have Gothenburg ceilings as they are not yet Parties
to the protocol, and Austria, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Data from the above-mentioned countries show
Poland have signed, but not yet ratified, the Gothenburg that, although Norway exceeded its NOx ceiling from
Protocol and are therefore excluded from Figure ES.5. 2010 to 2014, it complied in 2015 and 2016, while it
Three Parties exceeded their NH3 ceilings (Croatia, exceeded its NH3 emission ceiling in all years, and that
Germany and Spain), and one Member State (Hungary) Switzerland complied with all ceilings for all pollutants
exceeded its limit for NMVOCs. All Member States (see Table ES.4).
complied with their NOx (adjusted data) and SOx ceilings.

Executive summary
Figure ES.5 Distance to Gothenburg ceilings for EU Member States
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-15
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Distance to Gothenburg ceilings (%)
NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3
Notes: Estonia and Malta have not signed the Gothenburg Protocol and therefore do not have ceilings. Austria, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Poland
have a ceiling, but they have not yet ratified the protocol. For Spain, data for emission comparisons exclude emissions from the Canary
Islands.
The comparison with emission ceilings is based on reporting on the basis of fuel sold, except for Belgium, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands and the United Kingdom. These countries may choose to use the national emissions total calculated on the basis of fuel
used in the geographical area of the Party as a basis for ceilings comparisons instead (UNECE, 2014a). For the EU-15, the comparison is
based on fuel sold.
Under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Body accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions from Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. This figure takes these adjusted data into
account. The EU-15 did not apply for adjustments and thus data for the EU-15 are unadjusted.

Executive summary
Table ES.4 Progress by other EEA member countries in meeting Gothenburg Protocol emission ceilings
for 2010 and years thereafter
Member State NOx NMVOCs

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Norway              
Switzerland              
Member State SO2 NH3

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Norway              
Switzerland              
Notes: '' indicates that the final (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) or provisional (2016) emission data that a country reported meet or lie
below its respective emission ceiling.
'' indicates that a ceiling is exceeded.
Actions and recommendations for methods or new scientific knowledge become available.
improved data quality In this context, Member States are recommended to
review and apply the information contained in the
Reporting has become more complete in recent updated EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory
years. However, a number of data gaps remain in the guidebook — 2016 (Inventory guidebook for short;
official data sets received from Member States. The EMEP/EEA, 2016) when compiling their emission
completeness of submissions can therefore be further inventory data sets.
improved, particularly for historical data for 1990-2000
and for certain pollutants such as HMs and POPs. Member States are encouraged to take into account
To compile as complete an EU inventory as possible, the findings of the annual quality checks performed by
missing emission data are gap-filled as far as is feasible the EEA and its European Topic Centre on Air Pollution
(for details see Section 1.4.5). and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) during the
compilation of the EU inventory. Where necessary, they
This report also contains several recommendations that can either resubmit inventory data (in the new NFR14
may further improve the quality of the EU inventory format) or update next year's inventory to reflect new
in future. Member States should submit complete insights gained or errors identified. In 2018, several
inventories and use proper notation keys for instances Member States were contacted with data requests by
where estimated values are not available. They should the EEA. Ten Member States replied and some gave
recalculate emission data for past years when new explanations or announced resubmissions.

Introduction
1 Introduction
The European Commission provides this report and its priority heavy metals (HMs):
accompanying data (on behalf of the European Union
(EU)) as an official submission to the secretariat for the • lead (Pb);
Executive Body of the Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (LRTAP) Convention. • cadmium (Cd);
The report covers the following subjects: the formal • mercury (Hg);
institutional arrangements that underpin the EU's
emission inventory, the inventory preparation process, additional HMs:
methods and data sources, key category analyses,
information on quality assurance (QA) and quality • arsenic (As);
control (QC), general uncertainty evaluation, general
assessment of completeness and information on • chromium (Cr);
underestimations (Chapter 1); adjustments under the
Gothenburg Protocol (Chapter 2); emission trends and • copper (Cu);
the contribution of key categories to total emissions
(Chapter 3); sectoral analysis and emission trends • nickel (Ni);
for key pollutants (Chapter 4); and information on
recalculations and planned improvements (Chapter 5). • selenium (Se);
EU emission totals are estimated for the pollutants • zinc (Zn);

for which data should be reported under the LRTAP
Convention (see Appendix 2), i.e. emissions of: persistent organic pollutants (POPs):
main pollutants: • polychlorinated dibenzodioxin/polychlorinated

dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs);
• nitrogen oxides (NOx);
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs);
• non-methane volatile organic compounds
(NMVOCs); • hexachlorobenzene (HCB);
• sulphur oxides (SOx); • polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);
• ammonia (NH3); additional reporting of PAHs:
• carbon monoxide (CO); • benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P);
particulate matter (PM): • benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F);
• PM10; • benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)F);
• fine PM (PM2.5); • indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP).
• total suspended particulates (TSPs);
• black carbon (BC);

Introduction
Emission estimates are not always available for all • Annex E provides Member States' projections for
pollutants in each year, because there are gaps in the NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, PM2.5 and BC emissions for
data from Member States. A gap-filling process was 2020, 2025, 2030, 2040 and 2050.
developed in 2010 for compiling the EU inventory,
and was refined in 2011 and 2017 (see Section 1.4.5). • Annexes F to I provide the LRTAP Convention data
Nevertheless, for certain pollutants (additional HMs, submission of the EU for 1990-2016, for the EU-9,
BC, individual PAHs), some Member States did not EU-12, EU-15 and EU-27. Table A2.2 of Appendix 2
report data for any year, which made it impossible to gives information on the country groupings.
apply such gap-filling techniques. For these pollutants,
the EU total thus remains incomplete. • Annex J provides an overview of the sources of data
on emissions of the individual pollutants that the
Several annexes accompany this inventory report: 2018 EU inventory compilation used.
• Annex A provides a copy of the formal LRTAP • Annex K provides an overview of the completeness
Convention data submission of the EU for of the gap-filled inventory concerning the notation
1990‑2016 for the EU, in the required UNECE key 'NE' (not estimated).
reporting format (NFR14).
• Annex B provides the updated EU NOx emission 1.1 Background

data for 1987-1989, as the 1988 NOx protocol of
the LRTAP Convention requires.
1.1.1 Reporting obligations under the Convention on
• Annex C provides results of the key category Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
analysis (KCA) for the EU, showing the main emitting
sectors for each pollutant. The EU ratified the UNECE's Convention on LRTAP
(UNECE, 1979) in 1982. Since 1984, eight protocols
• Annex D provides the gap-filled inventory of the EU, have come into force. Table 1.1 presents the status of
colour-coded for the different data sources used and ratification of each protocol by the EU as a whole. The
the different additional gap-filling methods applied. status differs across Member States.
Table 1.1 EU ratification status of the LRTAP Convention and related protocols
Year LRTAP Convention and its protocols Status of ratification

1979 'Geneva Convention': Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Signed and ratified (approval)
(UNECE, 1979)
1984 'Geneva Protocol': Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme Signed and ratified (approval)
for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in
Europe (UNECE, 1984)
1985 'Helsinki Protocol': Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Not signed
Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 % (UNECE, 1985)
1988 'Sofia Protocol': Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Ratified (accession)
their Transboundary Fluxes (UNECE, 1988)
1991 'Geneva Protocol': Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Signed
Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes (1991) (UNECE, 1991)
1994 'Oslo Protocol': Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (1994) Signed and ratified (approval)
(UNECE, 1994)
1998 'Aarhus Protocol': Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (1998) (UNECE, 1998a) Signed and ratified (approval)
1998 'Aarhus Protocol': Protocol on Heavy Metals (1998) (UNECE, 1998b) Signed and ratified (approval)
1999 'Gothenburg Protocol': Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ratified (accession)
Ground-level Ozone (1999) (UNECE, 1999)
2012 Amendments to the Gothenburg Protocol (UNECE, 2012a) Ratified (acceptance)

Introduction
On 4 May 2012, the Executive Body for the UNECE LRTAP The EMEP Steering Body reviews any supporting
Convention adopted amendments to the Gothenburg documentation and assesses if the adjustment is
Protocol. The new text of the protocol includes national consistent with the circumstances and the guidance
emission reduction commitments for the major air for adjustments (UNECE, 2012c). It makes the review
pollutants NOx, NMVOCs, SOx and NH3, as well as for available to the Parties, who have the option of making
PM2.5 (and BC as a component of PM). Countries are a submission to the Implementation Committee under
to achieve them in 2020 and beyond. For the EU, the Decision 2006/2 (UNECE, 2006).
emission reduction commitments from 2005 emission
levels for 2020 and beyond are (UNECE, 2012a): In 2014, the EMEP Steering Body accepted inventory
adjustment applications for emissions from Denmark
• 59 % for sulphur dioxide (SO2); and Germany, in 2015 from Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain, in 2016 from
• 42 % for NOx; Germany and Luxembourg and in 2017 from Spain
(UNECE, 2014b, 2015, 2016, 2017). More information
• 6 % for NH3; and adjusted emission data can be found in Chapter 2.
• 28 % for NMVOCs;

1.2 Institutional arrangements
• 22 % for PM2.5.
1.2.1 Member States
The EU ratified the amended Gothenburg Protocol on
30 August 2017. Member States are responsible for selecting the activity
data, emission factors and other parameters used for
The Executive Body of the LRTAP Convention adopted their national inventories. Member States should also
revised Guidelines for reporting emissions and projections follow the reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a) and apply
data under the Convention on Long‑range Transboundary the methodologies contained in the latest version of the
Air Pollution (reporting guidelines) at its 32nd session, EMEP/EEA Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016).
in March 2014 (UNECE, 2014a). Parties are to apply
them in 2015 and subsequent years. A summary of the Member States are also responsible for establishing QA
reporting requirements is shown in Appendix 2. and QC programmes for their inventories. The Member
States' inventory report should include a description of
The deadline for individual Parties to submit data to the QA and QC activities and recalculations.
the LRTAP Convention is 15 February of each year.
There is a separate deadline of 15 March for submitting Member States submit their national LRTAP inventories
the accompanying inventory reports. The reporting and inventory reports through participation in Eionet
guidelines specify separate reporting dates for the EU. (European Environment Information and Observation
They allow time to compile an aggregated inventory Network) (see Section 1.2.2 below). In addition, they
based on the individual submissions from Member take part in the annual review and commenting phase
States. The EU should submit EU inventory data to the of the draft EU inventory report. Member States check
Executive Secretary of the UNECE by 30 April each year, their national data and information used in the inventory
and the accompanying inventory report by 30 May. report and, if necessary, send updates. They also provide
The reporting guidelines also request Parties to report general comments on the inventory report.
emission inventory data using the new European
Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) NFR14
format. 1.2.2 The EEA, European Commission, Eionet and
ETC/ACM
In 2012, the Executive Body of the LRTAP Convention
decided that adjustments to emission reduction European Environment Agency
commitments, or to inventories for the purposes of
comparing total national emissions with them, may be The European Environment Agency (EEA) assists the
applied in some circumstances, if such a circumstance European Commission's Directorate-General for the
keeps a Party from meeting one of its reduction Environment (DG Environment) in compiling the annual
commitments (UNECE, 2012b; see also Chapter 2). EU LRTAP inventory.

Introduction
EEA activities include: • consulting with Member States (via the EEA) to
clarify issues with data and other information
• overall coordination and management of the provided;
inventory compilation process;
• preparing the gap-filled EU emission inventory by
• coordination of activities of the EEA's European 30 April, based on Member State submissions (which
Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change the Commission subsequently submits to UNECE);
Mitigation (ETC/ACM), which checks the data,
compiles the inventory and writes the draft report; • preparing the updated EU emission inventory and
inventory report by 30 May.
• communication with the European Commission;
• communication with Member States; European Environment Information and Observation

Network
• circulation of the draft EU emission inventory and
inventory report; Eionet facilitates the work of the EEA and the ETC/ACM
(EU, 1999) (6). It comprises the EEA (supported by
• hosting the official inventory database, and its European topic centres), a supporting network
disseminating the data and the inventory report on of experts from national environment agencies and
the web. other bodies that deal with environmental information
(Eionet, 2017). Member States are requested to
Since 2004, the EEA and EMEP have supported a use the tools of the Central Data Repository (CDR)
separate annual quality review of emission data the (Eionet, 2018) of the Eionet Reportnet to make their
countries submit. It provides findings to countries each LRTAP Convention submissions available to the EEA.
year, to improve the quality of emission data reported.
Each year, EMEP publishes a joint report summarising
the review findings. Section 1.6 below provides further 1.3 Inventory preparation process
details of the annual data review process.
The basis of reporting for individual Member States
and for the EU is the LRTAP Convention (UNECE, 1979),
European Commission its protocols (Table 1.1) and subsequent decisions
taken by the Executive Body. The reporting guidelines
The European Commission formally submits the EU describe the data that Parties should report under
emission inventory data and inventory report to EMEP the LRTAP Convention and its protocols. Under the
through the Executive Secretary of UNECE. agreement between Eionet countries and the EEA
concerning priority data flows, EU Member States are
requested to post a copy of their official submission to
European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate the LRTAP Convention in the CDR by 15 February each
Change Mitigation year. The ETC/ACM subsequently collects the data from
the CDR, performs a QA and QC analysis, compiles the
The ETC/ACM's (5) main activities regarding the EU's gap-filled EU LRTAP Convention emission inventory
LRTAP Convention emission inventory include: database, and produces an EU LRTAP Convention
emission inventory and inventory report. The European
• initial checks, tests and centralised review of Commission formally submits the EU's emission
Member State submissions in cooperation with inventory data and informative inventory report (IIR)
the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and to EMEP through the Executive Secretary of UNECE.
Projections (CEIP), and compiling results from The inventory and accompanying documentation are
those checks (status reports, country synthesis and then made publicly available through the EEA website
assessment reports, country review reports); (see summary in Figure 1.1).
(5) The current ETC/ACM was established in 2014 by contract between the EEA and the lead organisation, the National Institute for Public Health
and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM). It works with 14 organisations and institutions across 10 European
countries.
(6) A brochure describing the structure, working methods, outputs and activities of Eionet is available: EEA, Eionet connects,
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eionet-connects

Introduction
Figure 1.1 Data flow for compiling the EU LRTAP Convention emission inventory
LRTAP Convention
Member States
Responsible for planning, preparing and reporting
of national informative inventory report
15 February
Final Member States Draft EU LRTAP

LRTAP Convention Convention inventory
inventories
EEA
EMEP/UNECE Reportnet – Communication with European Public
Commission
– Communication with Member States
– Circulation of draft EU inventory to
member States for review
– Hosting official inventory database
– Web dessemination of data and
30 April inventory report
Final draft EU LRTAP Final draft EU LRTAP

EEA-ETC/ACM
Convention inventory Convention inventory
– Preparation of EU inventory
– Initial QU checks
– Maintenance of inventory database
and archives
European Commission
Overall responsibility for EU inventory
Data transfer
Data used for EU LRTAP Convention inventory
Communication
1.4 Methods and data sources Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive (EU, 2016). The NEC
Directive incorporates the reduction commitments
Reporting obligations under the National Emission for 2020 under the Gothenburg Protocol into the
Ceilings (NEC) Directive and the EU Greenhouse Gas LRTAP Convention. The new NEC Directive came into
Monitoring Mechanism force on 31 December 2016 and sets 2020 and 2030
emission reduction commitments for five main air
EU Member States report their emissions of NOx, pollutants. Furthermore, the emission ceilings for
NMVOCs, SO2, NH3, CO, PMs, BC, HMs and POPs 2010 set in Directive 2001/81/EC remain applicable for
under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of Member States until the end of 2019. The reduction
national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, commitments agreed for 2030 are more ambitious and
amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing designed to reduce the health impacts of air pollution
Directive 2001/81/EC — known as the new EU National by half compared with 2005.

Introduction
Table 1.2 Overview of air emission reporting obligations in the EU, 2018
Legal obligation Emissions to report Annual reporting deadline Annual reporting

for EU Member States deadline for the EU (a)
LRTAP Convention (b) NOx (as nitrogen dioxide 15 February 2018 30 April 2018
(NO2)), NMVOCs, SOx (as SO2),
NH3, CO, HMs, POPs and PMs
NEC Directive NOx (as NO2), NMVOCs, SOx 15 February 2018 Not applicable
(as SO2), NH3, CO, HMs, POPs
and PMs
EU Monitoring Mechanism/ Carbon dioxide (CO2), 15 January 2018 to the 15 April 2018
United Nations Framework methane (CH4), nitrous oxide European Commission and
Convention on Climate (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons 15 April 2018 to the UNFCCC
Change (UNFCCC) (HFCs), perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride,
NOx, CO, NMVOCs and SO2
Notes: (a) The European Community and European Union have signed a number of protocols over the years. The commitments include
varying numbers of Member States. Therefore, emissions must be reported separately for the EU-9, EU-12, EU-15, EU-27 and EU-28
(see Table A2.2 in Appendix 2 for more information on EU country groupings).
(b) Parties are formally required to report only on the substances and for the years set forth in protocols that they have ratified and that
have entered into force.
Table 1.3 Air pollutant reporting obligations comparison: the LRTAP Convention, NEC Directive and
UNFCCC/Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR)
Reporting item NEC LRTAP UNFCCC/MMR

Domestic aviation (LTO) Incl. Incl. Incl.
Domestic aviation (cruise) Not incl. Not incl. Incl.
International aviation (LTO) Incl. Incl. Not incl.
International aviation (cruise) Not incl. Not incl. Not incl.
National navigation (domestic shipping) Incl. Incl. Incl.
International inland shipping Incl. Incl. Not incl.
International maritime navigation Not incl. Not incl. Not incl.
Road transport (fuel sold) (a) Incl. Incl. Incl.
Notes: International inland shipping refers to shipping activity on continental waters, and international maritime navigation to shipping activity
on marine water. Air emissions resulting from inland shipping are included, as they are more relevant to air quality for the surrounding
environment.
(a) In addition, Parties may also report emission estimates based on fuel used as an additional 'memo item': Austria, Belgium, Ireland,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom may additionally choose to use the national emission
total calculated on the basis of fuel used in the relevant geographical area as a basis for compliance (UNECE, 2014a).
Incl., included in national totals; LTO, landing/take-off; Not incl., not included in national totals: memo item.
EU Member States also report emissions of NOx, SO2, (UNECE, 2014a) and the revision of the NEC Directive
NMVOCs and CO under EU regulation No 525/2013, (EU, 2016). Minor differences still occur between
known as the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring reporting under the LRTAP Convention and NEC
Mechanism (EU, 2013). Member States should also copy Directive:
this information to the CDR (Eionet, 2018). Table 1.2
provides an overview of the different reporting • Reporting of emission data for B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F
obligations for EU Member States. and IP is voluntary under the LRTAP Convention, but
is obligatory under the NEC Directive.
Reporting obligations under the LRTAP Convention
and NEC Directive have now been harmonised since • Under the LRTAP Convention, Parties are invited
the adoption of the updated reporting guidelines to report their emissions for the EMEP domain

Introduction
only. For Portugal, this means that emissions of the emission factors used in the national inventory,
Azores and Madeira are included. This differs from country specific or default, given in the Inventory
reporting under the NEC Directive, for which the guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016), and the specification of
Azores and Madeira are excluded. the sources of default emission factors and methods.
It also includes a detailed description of activity data
• Under the NEC Directive, some emissions are sources where data differ from national statistics. The
not counted for the purpose of compliance following two subsections summarise the information
(see Directive 2016/2284/EU, Article 4(3)). that Member States provide in their IIRs. This should
help readers to understand the foundation of
• While reporting of projections is required biennially the EU inventory. For detailed descriptions of
under the NEC Directive, it is obligatory only every methodologies and data sources, see the IIRs of
4 years under the LRTAP Convention. Member States (see Appendix 5 for IIR references).
The NEC Directive and LRTAP Convention reporting

obligations differ from the United Nations Framework 1.4.3 Data submissions and data sources
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) obligations
by including domestic and international aviation and The deadline for Member States to report was
navigation in the reported national totals. Table 1.3 15 February 2018. In the 2018 reporting cycle,
summarises the main differences between the 25 Member States submitted their inventories and
reporting instruments. The overall impact of these time series in time. Greece made no submission, and
differences is small for most Member States. Italy and Malta submitted their data after the formal
deadline for submission (see Appendix 3, Figure A3.1).
Two Member States did not provide complete time
1.4.2 General methods series in 2018 (Malta and Romania). All 27 Member
States that submitted data used the new NFR14
The EU LRTAP Convention emission inventory is based reporting templates. Appendix 3 presents detailed
on an aggregation of data reported by Member States. information on Member States' submissions.
Methods used by Member States should follow those
described in the Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016). The data source for the EU inventory is Member
Overall, Member States do follow this recommendation, States' emission inventories. The IIRs should document
which ensures that they use the best available methods detailed information on the data sources used by
to estimate national emissions and that inventories are Member States. The level of detail varies widely across
improved continuously. Moreover, the technical review Member States, although the main data sources
procedures set up by EMEP CEIP check and assess are official national statistics. Table 1.4 summarises
Parties' data submissions as per the review guidelines, commonly used data sources for the various sectors.
with a view to improve the quality of emission data
and associated information reported to the LRTAP Sources for emission factors vary according to the tier
Convention. method used. One main source for emission factors
is the Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016), but
The recommended structure for an IIR involves a emission factors can also be country or even plant
general description of the methodologies and data specific. It is impossible to survey the emission factors
sources used. This includes an overview of the used by the Member States for all emission sources,
Table 1.4 Data sources commonly used for inventory sectors
Sector Sources
Energy Energy balances, EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) data, large combustion plant data and large point
source (LPS) surveys
Transport Energy balances, vehicle fleet statistics
Industry and National production statistics, trade statistics, data from plant operators (facility reports), reporting under
product use the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) and its predecessor, the European Pollutant
Emission Register (EPER)
Agriculture National agricultural statistics, specific studies
Waste Landfill databases, national studies, national statistics, information from municipalities

Introduction
as this information is not uniformly available: some contain various data gaps for particular pollutants or
countries report details of their methodologies, while years in the time series. Frequently, whole national
others do not. Detailed information is available in inventories, emissions of some pollutants or sectoral
Member States' IIRs; Appendix 5 provides references emission data are missing.
to these reports.
The EMEP reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a) require
that submitted emission inventories be complete.
1.4.4 Comparison of Member States' emissions The gap-filling procedure in 2018 is identical to 2017
calculated on the basis of fuel sold versus fuel and follows a methodology paper by the EEA and the
consumed in road transport ETC/ACM (EEA, 2009) and some changes agreed at the
meeting of the Task Force on Emission Inventories and
In Article V/A., paragraph 22, the reporting guidelines Projections (TFEIP) in 2016 (7). This procedure is also
(UNECE, 2014a) specify how to report emissions consistent with the techniques used to fill emission
from transport: 'For emissions from transport, all data gaps that the Inventory guidebook suggests
Parties should calculate emissions consistent with (EMEP/EEA, 2016). It uses a stepwise approach using
national energy balances reported to Eurostat or the emission data from other reporting obligations to fill
International Energy Agency. Emissions from road gaps in the national data sets, followed by further
vehicle transport should therefore be calculated on gap‑filling procedures such as inter- or extrapolation
the basis of the fuel sold in the Party concerned. In and manual changes. For further information on the
addition, Parties may voluntarily calculate emissions gap-filling procedure, please see Box 1.1.
from road vehicles based on fuel used or kilometres
driven in the geographic area of the Party. The method However, gap filling was applied only where national
for the estimate(s) should be clearly specified in the IIR.' total and sectoral data were unavailable, or where a
national total was available but there were no sectoral
Paragraph 23 of the guidelines provides detailed data. In the former instance, sectors were first gap-filled
information on the basis for compliance checking: and then summed to determine the total. In the latter
'For Parties for which emission ceilings are derived instance, the sectoral split of the previous or following
from national energy projections based on the amount year was used to fill the gaps. If a national total was
of fuel sold, compliance checking will be based on fuels available, but the sectoral data were incomplete, no
sold in the geographic area of the party. Other Parties gap filling was carried out. For BC, additional HMs,
within the EMEP region (i.e. Austria, Belgium, Ireland, B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F and IP, some Member States lacked
Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland data for all years, and thus gap filling was impossible.
and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern In such instances, the EU emission totals for these
Ireland) may choose to use the national emission total pollutants are not considered complete (i.e. they
calculated on the basis of fuels used in the geographic are underestimated). Further, inventories cannot be
area of the Party as a basis for compliance with their considered complete if the notation keys 'NE' (not
respective emission ceilings.' estimated) and in some cases 'NR' (not relevant), or
the value 0, are reported or are used for gap filling. For
Parties can estimate transport emissions using the further information on the effect of gap filling on the
amount of fuel sold within the country or using fuel EU inventory, see Section 1.8, Figure 1.5 and Figure 1.6.
consumed. When fuel purchased within a country
is used outside the country (and vice versa), these Annex J shows how the various officially reported data
estimates can differ significantly. The EU inventory sets were used to supplement the LRTAP Convention
compiled in 2018 estimates emissions from road data submissions for those Member States where gap
transport based on fuel sold for all Member States. filling was required. Annex D offers a more detailed
overview, showing each Member State for which data
were gap-filled and how this was performed. The
1.4.5 Data gaps and gap filling trend tables in Chapter 3 (Table 3.6 to Table 3.31)
also provide an initial overview, indicating which data
Ideally, there should be no need to fill gaps in the have been derived by gap filling. Two Member States
reported inventory data, as it is the responsibility of (the Malta and Romania) did not provide complete
Member States to submit full and accurate inventory time series in 2018, and Greece did not send any
data sets. However, Member States' submissions inventory data.
(7) TFEIP/Eionet meeting and workshop, 16-18 May 2016 in Zagreb.

Introduction
Box 1.1 Unified LRTAP gap filling for EU and EMEP inventories (ETC/ACM, 2015)
A stepwise approach was used to fill gaps in the national data sets:
1. Emission trends of all pollutants were compiled from 1990 onwards using the LRTAP Convention emission
inventories that the Member States provided to the EEA in 2018.
2. LRTAP Convention data submitted to EMEP CEIP in 2018 were the next source used to fill remaining gaps. All
reported data (i.e. values and notation keys) were used. In fact, there should be no difference between the
Member States' LRTAP Convention emission inventories provided to the EEA and the data submitted to EMEP
CEIP.
3. For Member States that did not report complete data, emission data officially reported in the current reporting
year by Member States under the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism are used to fill gaps. In this step,
notation keys are not used.
4. Next, emission data reported officially by Member States under the 2016 NEC Directive in the current reporting
year are used to fill gaps. In this step, notation keys are not used.
5. In a further step, notation keys reported in the current reporting year by Member States under
the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism are used to fill any remaining gaps.
6. Subsequently, notation keys reported in the current reporting year by Member States under the NEC Directive
are used to fill any remaining gaps.
7. Next, Member State LRTAP Convention emission inventories provided to the EEA in previous years are used to fill
gaps still remaining (values and notation keys).
8. Older LRTAP Convention data submitted to EMEP CEIP are the next source of official information used to fill gaps
(values and notation keys).
9. The gap filling continues with emission data reported in previous years under the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
Mechanism (values and notation keys).
10. For all remaining cases of missing data, further gap-filling procedures are applied:
(a) Linear interpolation is performed if one or several years in the middle of a time series are missing.
(b) Linear extrapolation is performed if one or several years at the beginning or at the end of a time series are
missing, and if at least 5 consecutive years showing a clear trend (r2 ≥ 0.6) are available. Extrapolation 'backwards'
is never allowed to result in negative values.
(c) If fewer than five consecutive years are available as a basis for extrapolation, or if years do not show a clear trend
(this is the case when r2 < 0.6), the value of the previous or next year is used to fill the gaps.
(d) If the notation key 'NA' (not applicable) or 'NO' (not occurring) is used as a basis for gap filling, it is treated as '0'
and is not gap-filled.
(e) When both national total and sectoral data are unavailable, sectors are first gap-filled and then summed to
determine the total.
(f) When the national total is available but there are no sectoral data, the sectoral split of the previous or following
year is used to fill the gaps.
11. After this automated gap-filling procedure, some manual corrections are necessary for all cases in which TSP
emissions are smaller than PM10 emissions, PM10 emissions are smaller than PM2.5 emissions or PM2.5 emissions
are smaller than BC emissions. In these cases, PM10 data were equated with TSP data, PM2.5 data with PM10 data
and BC data with PM2.5 data.

Introduction
1.4.6 Gridded data categories were identified as being key categories

for more than one of the 15 pollutants assessed.
According to the revised reporting guidelines, Parties '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' and '1A1a — Public
within the geographical scope of EMEP should electricity and heat production' were identified as
report gridded data in the resolution of 0.1 ° × 0.1 ° being important emission sources for 14 and ten
longitude-latitude every 4 years, commencing in 2017. pollutants, respectively. Similarly, both '1A2f —
Since gridded data for the EU were last submitted in Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries
2017 (EEA, 2017c), they are not reported this year. and construction: Non-metallic minerals' and '2C1
However, in 2018 five Member States (Bulgaria, Croatia, — Iron and steel production' were key categories for
Ireland, Italy and Romania) provided gridded data eight pollutants.
(see Appendix 3, Table A3.1).
For NOx and CO, 12 and nine key categories were
identified, respectively; as expected for both of these
1.4.7 Large point sources pollutants, the key categories with a large share in total
emissions reported mainly involve fuel combustion.
Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP are also Ten key categories were identified for SOx (mainly
required to provide data on large point sources (LPSs) energy related sectors), and seven for NH3 (all from the
every 4 years, commencing in 2017. LPS data for the 'agriculture' sector). PM10, PM2.5 and NMVOC emission
EU were last submitted in 2017 (EEA, 2017c) and not sources are more diverse, so larger numbers of source
reported again this year. In 2018, Romania and Finland categories make up the key category threshold of 80 %
provided LPS data. of total emissions. For the PM pollutants, key categories
comprise all sectors, while a key aspect for NMVOCs
was high activity levels associated with the sector
1.5 Key category analyses 'industrial processes and product use'.
A key category is an emission source category that has For the HM Cd, 12 key categories were identified, as
a significant influence on an inventory. It may affect were 10 for Hg and nine for Pb. Emissions from these
the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, key categories were mostly related to the energy
or both. This report classifies categories jointly sectors and 'industrial processes and product use',
responsible for 80 % of the national total emissions of a resulting particularly from processes associated with
given pollutant as key categories (see EMEP/EEA, 2016). metal production.
A level analysis of 2016 emissions for each pollutant For the POPs, source categories from all sectors except
(following any necessary gap filling) determined 'road transport' and 'agriculture' have been identified
EU key categories. When a Member State used the as key categories. On the whole, metal production
notation 'included elsewhere' (IE) for a particular was quite an important key source of POP emissions.
source/pollutant combination, the KCA is likely to However, emissions from 'Residential: Stationary' also
have underestimated the category concerned, and contributed a large share to emissions of many of the
overestimated the one in which emissions were POPs.
reported instead.
Several factors may influence the determination of
Chapter 3 provides a summary of the top five EU key key categories at EU level. The notation key 'IE' (see
categories in 2016, for NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, Appendix 1) means that a Member State can include
PM10, CO, HMs (Pb, Cd and Hg) and POPs (PCDD/Fs, emission estimates for one NFR sector in those of
total PAHs, B(a)P, HCB and PCBs). A complete list of all a different sector. In addition, Member States have
EU key categories for the emissions of these pollutants different ways of allocating emissions to the (sub)sector
is also given in Figure 1.2. Additional HMs, TSPs, BC or 'Other', which might lead to inconsistencies. Given
the remaining POPs are not considered here. such issues, the EU KCA may not always accurately
reflect the share of all main emission sources. It is also
A total of 55 different emission inventory source crucial to note that the results of a similar analysis
categories were identified as being key categories of individual Member States will differ from the key
for at least one pollutant. A number of emission sources determined for the EU.

Introduction
Figure 1.2 EU KCA results for 2016: bubble size indicates amount of emissions
s
AH
Cs
s
/F
lP
VO
D
Bs
ta
CB
5
D
%
10
2.
O
PM
PM
x
H
3
CO
SO
x
g
Cd
PC
PC
Pb
To
N
H
H
1A1a 16 19 35 39 14
Energy production
and distribution 1A1b
1A2a
1A2b 17
Energy use 1A2c

in industry 1A2f
1A2gvii
1A2gviii
1A3bi 14 18
1A3bii
Road Transport 1A3biii 14
1A3biv
1A3bv
1A3bvi 12
1A3bvii
Non-road transport 1A3dii
1A4ai
Commercial, 1A4bi 15 21 24 35 15 41 36 51 12 14
institutional 1A4bii
and households 1A4ci
1A4cii
1B2aiv
Energy production
1B2av
and distribution
1B2b
2A5a
2A5b
2B10a 19
2C1 12 12 11 19
2C3 18
2C7a
2D3a 11
2D3b
Industrial processes
2D3d 13
and product use
2D3e
2D3g 39
2D3h
2D3i
2G
2H2
2K 52
2L
3B1a 11
3B1b 12
3B3 11
3B4gi
3B4gii
Agriculture 17
3Da1
3Da2a 23
3Da3
3Dc
3Df
3F 12
5C1biii 18
5C1bv
Waste
5C2
5E
Notes: For NFR14 codes, see list of source sector abbreviations (Appendix 4). All values > 10 % are indicated.

Introduction
1.6 Quality assurance, quality control should be consistent with those described in the
and verification methods Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016).
Member States are encouraged to use appropriate QA The main activities improving the quality of the EU
and QC procedures to ensure data quality and to verify inventory are the checks that the EEA's ETC/ACM
and validate their emission data. These procedures performs on the status of each Member State's
Table 1.5 Overview of quality checks within the preparation of the EU LRTAP inventory and report
Check
Member States will

be informed on the
Subsequent checks
Checks within the

(after gap-filling)
Comparability
Completeness
Transparency
Consistency
draft report
First checks
corrections
Changes/
Accuracy
finding
Years
Level
Reporting    Submissions 1990-  If submission is Gap-filling of

overview 2016 missing or in wrong missing data as far
format as possible
Adjustment    Submissions 2010-  If a document is
overview 2016 missing or in wrong
format
Completeness   Submissions 1990-  Yes Only in case of
2016 resubmissions of
the Member State
Time series   National 1990-  Yes Only in case of
checks Totals, 2016 resubmissions of
Sectors the Member State
NFR template line   National 1990-  Yes Only in case of
144 check Totals 2016 resubmissions of
the Member State
Total PAHs =  National 1990-  Yes Only in case of
Sum of PAHs Totals 2016 resubmissions of
the Member State
TSP-PM10 ratio,  National 1990-  Yes Only in case of
PM10-PM2.5 ratio Totals 2016 resubmissions of
checks the Member State
TSP ≥ PM10,  National 1990-  Yes Only in case of
PM10 ≥ PM2.5, Totals, 2016 resubmissions of
PM2.5 ≥ BC checks Categories the Member State
National Total =   National 1990-  If difference is Only in case of
Sum of Sectors Totals, Sum 2016 more than 5 % resubmissions of
of Sectors the Member State
'NE' analysis  National 2016   Within the review Only in case of
Totals, of the draft version resubmissions of
Categories of the report the Member State
'NA' and 'NO'   National 2016  Yes Only in case of
checks Totals, resubmissions of
Categories the Member State
Recalculations  National 1990-  Within the review No
Totals 2015 of the draft version
of the report
Effect of   Whole EU 1990,  Within the review No
gap-filling inventory 2016 of the draft version
of the report
Completeness of   Whole EU 1990,  Within the review No
the EU inventory inventory 2016 of the draft version
of the report

Introduction
submission. In addition, it checks the internal related correspondence) are archived electronically at
consistency of Member States' data tables before the EEA ETC/ACM Forum data portal. Revisions of data
compiling the EU tables. It checked Member State sets are recorded.
data at national total and sectoral level: when it found
outliers, it identified the categories responsible. When The EMEP CEIP performs more detailed QA activities
it found no explanation for a notable trend in the IIRs, in an annual review process (EMEP CEIP, 2018a). It
it contacted Member States. The checks focused on reviews Member State LRTAP Convention emission
data that appreciably affect EU trends. An overview of inventories at the same time as the EEA reviews those
the checks performed is given in Table 1.5, and of the reported under the NEC Directive (EU, 2016). The EMEP
findings in Table 1.6. CEIP technical review of inventories has three stages.
Stages 1 and 2 include checks on timeliness, formats,
Member States also provide external checks through consistency, accuracy, completeness and comparability
an Eionet review before the EU submits the final of existing Member State inventory submissions.
version of the EU inventory to the secretariat of the Test results, provided to Member States, are used
LRTAP Convention. Further, an important element to improve the quality of the national emission
in improving the quality of national and EU LRTAP inventories. A joint EMEP/EEA review report publishes
Convention inventories is the annual meeting of the summary results of the review (stages 1 and 2)
TFEIP. This expert meeting discusses quality issues each year (8).
concerning the emission reporting of Member States.
The 2018 meeting took place in Sofia, Bulgaria, in April Stage 3 is a technical in-depth review of selected
(TFEIP, 2018). countries. It checks if submitted emission inventories
are complete, consistent over time, properly
The agreed gap-filling procedure is one of the documented and accurate. The annual in-depth
instruments used to assure and improve the quality review aims to be consistent across the Parties.
of the EU inventory. It analyses and, where possible, The process should ensure that the Parties follow
fills gaps in reporting of sectoral emissions and total the same approach each year. CEIP selects the
emissions for any year. This improves the key features countries in cooperation with the EEA and EMEP.
of completeness, comparability and consistency over In 2017, it reviewed Albania, Austria, the European
the years, and motivates Member States to report their Union, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein,
data in the following reporting cycle (further details on Malta and Monaco. The results are included in
gap filling are available in Section 1.4.5). individual country‑specific reports (EMEP CEIP, 2018c).
In 2018, it plans to review Armenia, Azerbaijan,
All inventory documents (submissions, inventory Belarus, Finland, Moldova, Montenegro and Ukraine.
master files, inventory reports, status reports and
Table 1.6 Findings of the quality checks within the preparation of the EU LRTAP inventory and report
Test/check Findings Number of Member

States concerned
Completeness 4 4
Time series checks 132 24
NFR template line 144 check 5 4
Total PAHs = sum of PAHs 9 9
TSP:PM10 ratio, PM10:PM2.5 ratio checks 4 3
TSP ≥ PM10, PM10 ≥ PM2.5, PM2.5 ≥ BC checks 60 17
National total = sum of sectors (a) 2 1
'NE' analysis ( )
a
666 28
'NA' and 'NO' checks (a) 166 22
Note: (a) The check was performed on the gap-filled EU inventory.
(8) EMEP and EEA will jointly publish a summary of the results of the stage 1 and 2 review performed in 2018 (EMEP/EEA, forthcoming).

Introduction
1.7 General uncertainty evaluation and Romania) did not provide complete time series
in 2018. For substances and data for which reporting
To quantify uncertainty in the EU LRTAP emission is encouraged, Austria, Luxembourg and Slovenia
inventory, Member States first need to provide submitted no data for additional HMs, and Finland
detailed information on emission uncertainties. Only and Poland no data for Se. Austria and Luxembourg
18 Member States (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, did not report data for BC; Austria, Finland, Italy and
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Spain submitted only total PAHs, but no data for all
Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, the individual components. A total of 25 Member
Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) States reported activity data (9) for the complete
quantified uncertainty in their emission inventories time series (1990-2016). The stage 1 review provides
of 2016. The pollutants that they consider and the detailed results for the completeness of Member State
assumptions behind the uncertainty analysis vary submissions (EMEP CEIP, 2018c).
across Member States. Because so few Member States
provide an uncertainty estimate, the overall uncertainty Figure 1.3 shows a simple compilation indicating
of the EU LRTAP inventory cannot be estimated. completeness of reporting by Member States for the
inventory years 1990 and 2016. It uses the originally
submitted NFR templates, i.e. before gap filling. It gives
1.8 Completeness and underestimations the percentages of each notation key or values that the
reports present for source categories. The data are for
Completeness in this context means that reports all Member States and all pollutants (excluding national
include estimates for all pollutants, all relevant totals). The figures show that more data are available
source categories, all years and all territorial areas. for 2016 than for 1990. The notation key 'NA' appears
For substances for which there are existing reporting often. That is because an air pollutant is relevant only
obligations in the Convention and the protocols as to specific emission sources (e.g. NH3 for agriculture).
further specified by Executive Body decision 2013/4, This makes it necessary to use 'NA' for other sources.
as shown in Appendix 3, one Member State (Greece) The use of the notation key 'NE', the reporting of empty
did not submit any data. Two Member States (Malta cells, '0', and in some circumstances the reporting of
Figure 1.3 Completeness of reporting of NFR templates submitted by Member States (all data entries
for all pollutants, excluding national totals)
1990 2016
No No
Empty
submissions submissions
cells
11 % 4%
Empty cells 0 % 'NE'
Values Values
0% 9%
22 % 25 %
'NR'
'NE' 3% '0'
8% 0%
'NR'
6%
'IE' + 'C'
5% '0'
0% 'IE' + 'C'
6%
'NO'
14 %
'NA' 'NO' 'NA'
34 % 16 % 37 %
Notes: Appendix 1 provides further explanations on notation keys.
C, confidential; IE, included elsewhere; NA, not applicable; NE, not estimated; NO, not occurring; NR, not relevant.
(9) Reporting of activity data together with emissions is mandatory from 2009 onwards.

Introduction
Figure 1.4 Number of 'not estimated' source categories for 2016 (dark shades) and 1990 (light shades)
Czech Republic
Ireland
Lithuania
Slovenia
Spain
Romania
Belgium
Sweden
Netherlands
Portugal
Cyprus
France
Slovakia
Malta
Bulgaria
Croatia
Latvia
Hungary
Estonia
Luxembourg
Denmark
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
Austria
Finland
Poland
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3 PM2.5
Note: The LRTAP Convention formally requests Parties to report emissions of PM for 2000 and thereafter. Therefore, 'NE' reporting for PM2.5
in 1990 might be high for several countries.

Introduction
the notation key 'NR' (10), as well as 'No submissions' Republic, for example, reported 37 source categories
and 'Empty cells', count as incomplete reporting. of NH3 in 2016 as 'NE'. Overall, in most cases, the use
Member States reported 16 % of the 2016 data entries of 'NE' in reporting in 2016 is similar to its use in 1990.
incompletely, and for 1990 they reported 25 % of the Most uses of 'NE' (across all pollutants and Member
data incompletely. States) are in the categories '1A3ai(i) — International
aviation LTO (civil)', '5E — Other waste', '2D3g —
The EMEP emission-reporting guidelines Chemical products' and '1A3aii(i) — Domestic aviation
(UNECE, 2014a) require Parties to report data at least LTO (civil)'. Within these categories, more than 25 %
for the base year of the relevant protocol, and from of the entries say 'NE'.
the year it entered into force, and up to the latest year
(2 years before the present) (see Appendix 2, Table A2.1). Figure 1.5 and Figure 1.6 show the proportions
So, ideally, there should be no difference between the of gap-filled data and the estimated underestimation
availability of data submissions for 1990 and for 2016. of the EU inventory for 1990 and 2000. The
calculated underestimation comprises missing
There are many instances where some countries report data (e.g. if emission data of a pollutant were not
emissions for a particular NFR category and pollutant, estimated by a Member State and no data were
while other countries use the notation key 'NA' or 'NO'. available for gap filling) and the use of the notation
Annex K shows, for each Member State and for all keys 'NE' and 'NO' and zero values. To calculate
categories, where data were reported, although 80 % or the underestimation, the specific share of total
more of the other Member States reported 'NA' or 'NO' emissions for each Member State was first assessed.
for these categories. The share was calculated as the mean value of the
respective Member State's share of those pollutants,
The official reporting guidelines of the LRTAP where a national total (gap-filled or reported) from
Convention (UNECE, 2014a) allow countries to report all Member States was available. In the gap-filled
emissions as not estimated ('NE') for some sectors. This inventory, whenever the notation key 'NE' or 'NR' was
is carried out where they know that emissions occur, used, or zero data was reported within a sector, the
but have not estimated or reported them. Countries share of this Member State is used to calculate the
should separately report why they have not estimated missing emissions within the respective sector. The
emissions. sum of the missing emissions from all sectors and
Member States is then calculated as the percentage
Certain Member States used the notation key 'NE' for value of the total emissions of a pollutant.
many source categories (see Figure 1.4). The Czech
(10) According to paragraph 9 of the emission-reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a), emission inventory reporting should cover all years from 1980
onwards if data are available. However, 'not relevant' (NR) has been added, to ease reporting where the different protocols do not strictly
require details of emissions. Only in these circumstances is 'NR' correct and appropriate.

Introduction
Figure 1.5 Completeness and effect of gap filling on EU emission data for 1990 (TSPs, PMs, BC: 2000)
Emissions 1990 (2000 (a)) (%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Se
Zn
P
s
s
CB
Cs
Bs
g
As
O
SO
x
Cu
IP
CO
x
Pb
Cr
P*
i
*
*
F
Cd
H
3
F
N
/F
AH
BC
a)
b)
k)
N
10
5
VO
PC
TS
H
D
PM
2.
B(
PM
B(
B(
lP
D
M
PC
ta
N
To
Reported data Gap-filled data Data not estimated
Note: (a) For TSP, PMs and BC: data for the year 2000 are shown.
Figure 1.6 Completeness and effect of gap filling on EU emission data for 2016
Emissions 2016 (%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Zn
Se
10
Bs
s
O
x
Cu
IP
CO
g
Pb
Cr
5
i
P
)P
Cd
CB
H
3
Cs
As
BC
SO
x
)F
PM
)F
N
2.
/F
H
PM
H
TS
N
PC
b
PA
VO
H
B(
B(
B(
D
M
al
PC
t
N
To
Reported data Gap-filled data Data not estimated

Adjustments under the Gothenburg Protocol
2 Adjustments under the Gothenburg

Protocol
In 2012, the Executive Body of the LRTAP Convention (c) the ways of determining emissions from specific
decided that adjustments to emission reduction source categories have changed significantly
commitments or to inventories may be applied in between the time when emission reduction
some circumstances (UNECE, 2012b). The EMEP CEIP commitments were set and the year they are to be
leads the adjustment procedure, coordinates the attained.
review of any supporting documentation and assesses
if the adjustment is consistent with the particular Table 2.1 lists inventory adjustment applications that
circumstances and the guidance for adjustments the EMEP Steering Body accepted in 2014, 2015, 2016
(UNECE, 2012c). It makes the review available to the and 2017.
Parties, which have the option of making a submission
to the Implementation Committee under Decision If a Party is planning to adjust its inventory for the
2006/2 (UNECE, 2006). purpose of comparing total national emissions with
emission reduction commitments, it indicates in its
These circumstances are as follows: notification to the UNECE secretariat and CEIP what
categories and pollutants are affected. It uses Annex II
(a) emission source categories are identified that to the reporting guidelines as a basis (UNECE, 2014a).
were not accounted for at the time the emission Table 2.2 shows Member States that submitted their
reduction commitments were set; adjustment applications together with their LRTAP
submissions via the CDR in 2018.
(b) emission factors used to determine emission levels
for particular source categories have changed since Table 2.3 gives an overview of reported adjustments
the emission reduction commitments were set; within the LRTAP submission 2018. All approved and
Table 2.1 Accepted inventory adjustment applications (UNECE, 2014b, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Year of acceptance Member State Pollutant NFR14 code Years

2014 Denmark NH3 3Da1, 3De 2010-2012
2014 Germany NOx 1A3b 2010-2012
2014 Germany NOx 3B, 3D 2005-2012
2015 Belgium NOx 1A3bi-iv, 3B, 3Da1, 3Da2a 2010-2013
2015 Belgium NMVOCs 3B, 3De 2010-2013
2015 Denmark NMVOCs 3B 2010-2013
2015 Finland NH3 1A2gviii, 1A4ai, 1A4bi, 1A4ci, 1A3bi-iv 2010-2013
2015 France NOx 1A3bi-iv 2010-2013
2015 Germany NMVOCs 3B, 3De 2010-2013
2015 Luxembourg NOx 1A3bi-iv 2010-2013
2015 Spain NOx 1A3bi, 1A3biii 2010-2012
2016 Germany NOx 3Da2c, 3I 2010-2014
2016 Germany NH3 3Da2c, 3I 2010-2014
2016 Luxembourg NOx 3B, 3De 2010-2014
2016 Luxembourg NMVOCs 3B, 3De 2010-2014
2017 Spain NOx 3B 2010-2015
Note: For NFR14 codes, see list of source sector abbreviations in Appendix 4.

Adjustments under the Gothenburg Protocol
Table 2.2 Adjustment application within the LRTAP submission 2018 (Annex II to the reporting
guidelines (UNECE, 2014a)) (as of 6 May 2018)
Member State Pollutant NFR Years

Hungary NMVOCs 3B, 3De 2010-2016
United Kingdom NOx 1A3b, 1A3dii, 1A4ciii, 3B, 3D 2010
Table 2.3 Reporting of approved adjustments within the LRTAP submission 2018 (Annex I and Annex VII
to the reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a)) (as of 6 May 2018)
Annex I Declaration on consistent

('adjustment reporting of approved
Member State Pollutant Years row') Annex VII adjustments
Belgium NOx 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
Denmark NH3 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes, within the cover letter
Denmark NMVOCs 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes, within the cover letter
Finland NH3 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
France NOx 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
Germany NOx 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
Germany NMVOCs 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
Germany NH3 2010-2016 Yes Yes Yes
Luxembourg NOx 2010-2016 Yes Yes No
Luxembourg NMVOCs 2010-2016 Yes Yes No
Spain NOx 2010-2015 Yes Yes Yes
reported adjustments also appear in the emission

Figure 2.1 Adjusted and unadjusted emissions
trend tables in Sections 3.3 (NOx, Table 3.6), 3.4 of NOx, NMVOCs and NH3 for the EU,
(NMVOCs, Table 3.7) and 3.6 (NH3, Table 3.9). Parties 2010-2016
shall report details of their approved adjusted
aggregated emissions using the appropriate row in Gg
the main emissions reporting template (Annex I to the
12 000
reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a)). They shall also
provide detailed information by pollutant and sector 10 000
for each adjustment using the template provided
in Annex VII to the reporting guidelines. Reporting 8 000
of information on adjusted emissions in no way
suspends the mandatory requirement for Parties to 6 000
report unadjusted emissions as laid down in section v,
4 000
subsections A-D, of the guidelines.
2 000
Figure 2.1 shows for the EU the effect of the
adjustments on the emissions (sum of Member States' 0
adjustments). For NOx and NMVOCs, the EU emissions 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
change considerably, but there is only a slight effect on
the NH3 emissions. NOx Adjusted Nox
NMVOCs Adjusted NMVOCs

NH3 Adjusted NH3

Trends and key categories of EU pollutant emissions
3 Trends and key categories of EU pollutant

emissions
The present EU inventory lists emissions for all the 3.1 Total EU emission trends and
main air pollutants: PMs, HMs and POPs. It also reports progress towards the Gothenburg
the individual PAHs for which the LRTAP Convention Protocol 2010 emission ceilings
requires or recommends inventory reporting
(UNECE, 1979). Emissions of all pollutants except Cu were lower
in 2016 than in 1990 (or in 2000 for PM). Among the
The following sections of Chapter 3 summarise the main air pollutants, the largest reductions across
contributions each Member State has made to the the EU (in percentage terms) since 1990 were for
EU total emissions of NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO, SOx emissions (which decreased by 91 %), followed
PM2.5, PM10, TSPs, BC, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, by CO (-69 %), NMVOCS (-62 %), NOx (-58 %) and
PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F and IP, HCB and NH3 (-23 %) (Figure 3.1).
PCBs. For the main pollutants and PM, and for the main
HMs and POPs, the emission trend of the EU for the Emissions of PM, BC and TSPs have also dropped
five most important key categories is given, as well as substantially since 1990 (Figure 3.2). Emission data for
the share by sector group and sectoral emission trends. 2000-2016 indicate that PM2.5 and PM10 emissions have
For BC, additional HMs, B(a)P, B(b)P, B(k)F and IP, data fallen by 28 % and 26 %, respectively (Figure 3.2).
for several countries were missing and could not be
gap‑filled. Therefore, the EU total is not complete
(see also Section 1.8).
Figure 3.1 (a) EU emission trends and (b) indexed emissions for the main air pollutants
(a) (b)
Gg Index (1990 = 100)
30 000 70 000 120
25 000 60 000 100
50 000
20 000 80
40 000
15 000 60
30 000
10 000 40
20 000
5 000 10 000 20
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
NOx NMVOCs SOx NOx NMVOCs SOx
NH3 CO NH3 CO
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for CO emissions.

Figure 3.2 (a) EU emission trends and (b) indexed emissions for PM and BC
(a) (b)
Gg Index (2000 = 100)
9 000 400 120
8 000 350
100
7 000
300
6 000 80
250
5 000
200 60
4 000
150
3 000 40
100
2 000
20
1 000 50
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015
PM2.5 PM10 TSPs BC PM2.5 PM10 TSPs BC
Notes: The right-hand axis shows values for BC emissions. Not all Member States reported data for BC. The LRTAP Convention formally
requests Parties to report emissions of PM for 2000 and thereafter. Thus, emission trends can be shown for these years only.
The indexed emissions are based on emissions in 2000 (= 100 %).
In addition, for HMs and POPs, emissions have reduced Data tables in Chapter 3 (Table 3.6 to Table 3.31) show
significantly since 1990 (Figure 3.3). Reductions are each Member State's reported emissions. They indicate
especially high for Pb (-93 %) and HCB (-95 %). instances where emissions of a certain pollutant are
unrecorded for all years. Further, information received
For various pollutants (e.g. PM, HMs and POPs), some from the Member States or found in their IIRs is
Member States did not report data, or reported the included in the trend sections (see Sections 3.3 to 3.28).
notation key 'NE' or 'NR' for certain years or the whole If no information on unusual trends is given, Member
time series. In some cases, the data could not be States are contacted, informed about the findings
gap-filled, so they were not included in the EU total. and requested to send an explanation. As often no
See also Section 1.8 for details on completeness and information on unusual trends is received, it is very
underestimations. inconsistent in Sections 3.3 to 3.28 which variations in
trends are explained and which are not.

Figure 3.3 Indexed EU emission trends for HMs and POPs
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu
Ni Se Zn
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
160 180
140 160
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
PCDD/Fs HCB PCBs Total PAHs B(a)P B(b)F

B(k)F IP
Notes: The drop in HCB emissions between 1998 and 1999 is because the United Kingdom reported a considerable reduction over this period.
The peak in PCDD/Fs emissions in 2013 is caused by data reported by Malta.
The trend of the B(a)P emissions follows the data reported by Portugal.

Table 3.1 Total EU emissions of the main air pollutants: HMs, POPs and PM
Change (%) Change (%)

Pollutant Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2016 1990-2016 2015-2016
NOx Gg 18 139 15 427 13 202 12 167 7 936 7 644 -58 -3.7
NOx (adjusted data*) Gg 7 339 7 184
NMVOCs Gg 17 461 13 771 11 254 9 385 6 823 6 707 -62 -1.7
NMVOCs (adjusted data*) Gg 6 577 6 463
SOx Gg 25 078 16 586 10 035 7 677 2 802 2 378 -91 -15.1
NH3 Gg 5 080 4 348 4 294 4 078 3 896 3 913 -23 0.4
NH3 (adjusted data*) Gg 3 827 3 842
TSPs Gg 8 109 5 544 4 768 4 740 3 775 3 707 -54 -1.8
CO Gg 64 804 52 420 37 356 30 288 20 254 20 142 -69 -0.6
Pb Mg 22 703 10 749 4 402 2 323 1 673 1 661 -93 -0.7
Cd Mg 201 159 123 94 70 71 -65 2.0
Hg Mg 199 136 103 86 60 58 -71 -3.4
As Mg 524 249 214 222 181 173 -67 -4,4
Cr Mg 1 226 747 536 432 340 342 -72 0.5
Cu Mg 3 592 3 616 3 732 3 868 3 864 3 897 8 0.9
Ni Mg 2 159 1 888 1 438 1 290 601 602 -72 0.2
Se Mg 265 217 201 236 182 176 -34 -3.0
Zn Mg 9 878 8 311 7 254 6 520 6 253 6 283 -36 0.5
PCDD/Fs g I-Teq 9 183 7 143 4 416 3 644 3 076 2 991 -67 -2.8
B(a)P Mg 1 148 1 257 1 297 1 838 896 935 -19 4.4
B(b)f Mg 1 074 414 302 300 270 256 -76 -5.0
B(k)f Mg 502 228 163 162 117 110 -78 -5.6
IP Mg 414 212 153 154 153 144 -65 -5.8
Total PAHs Mg 10 563 8 004 4 373 2 817 1 784 1 845 -83 3.4
HCB kg 5 309 4 825 613 497 269 278 -95 3.5
PCBs kg 13 480 11 598 6 937 4 408 3 524 3 454 -74 -2.0
Change (%) Change (%)
2000-2016 2015-2016
PM2.5 Gg 1 861 1 706 1 363 1 343 -28 -1.5
PM10 Gg 2 783 2 637 2 099 2 064 -26 -1.7
BC Gg 364 333 220 214 -41 -2.5
Notes: Negative percentage values indicate that emissions have decreased.
Table 3.1 and subsequent tables (Table 3.6 to Table 3.31) express changes in emissions between 1990 and 2016 as
100 (E2016 - E1990) / E1990 (%), where E2016 and E1990 are 2016 and 1990 total emissions, respectively. They express changes in emissions from
2015 to 2016 as 100 (E2016 - E2015) / E2015 (%), where E2016 and E2015 are thwe 2016 and 2015 total emissions, respectively.
The bases for the EU inventory shown in Table 3.1 and subsequent tables (Table 3.6 to Table 3.31, inclusive) are national total data of the
entire territory, based on fuel sold for all Member States. See Section 1.4.4 for further details.
*Adjusted data: under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications (11) for emissions
from several Member States. This table takes these adjustments into account, whereas emission data are based on fuel sold. See
Chapter 2 for further details.
(11) In 2012, the Executive Body for the LRTAP Convention decided that adjustments to emission reduction commitments, or to inventories for the
purposes of comparing total national emissions with them, may be applied in some circumstances (UNECE, 2012b).

The Gothenburg Protocol to the UNECE LRTAP of fuel sold, except for Austria, Belgium, Ireland,
Convention (UNECE, 1999) contains emission ceilings Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
for the pollutants NOx, NMVOCs, SOx and NH3. These countries may choose to calculate emissions
Parties to the protocol must meet them by 2010 and on the basis of fuel used for their territories (see
thereafter. In 2018, only Finland, Luxembourg (only Section 1.4.4).
WaM projectinos) and the United Kingdom voluntarily
submitted projection data under the LRTAP Convention. In addition to ceilings for individual countries, the
However, the last reporting year for projection data protocol also specifies ceilings for the EU, which is
was in 2017, for which several Member States had itself a Party to the protocol. Table 3.2 sets out the
submitted emission projections. Submitted data are emissions that the EU-15 Member States reported for
available in Annex E of this report. This report does not 2016, compared with the respective emission ceilings
provide further detailed analysis of projections that specified for the EU. For all four pollutants, emissions
countries reported in relation to the emission ceilings in 2016 were below the ceilings.
for 2010 in the Gothenburg Protocol.
Figure 3.4 shows whether or not EU Member States
In June 2018, the EEA publishes its annual NEC Directive met the Gothenburg ceilings in 2016. Estonia and Malta
reporting, which analyses the emission data reported do not have Gothenburg ceilings, and Austria, Greece,
under the EU NEC Directive for EU Member States Ireland, Italy and Poland have not yet ratified the
(EEA, forthcoming). For the EU Member States, the new Gothenburg Protocol and are therefore excluded from
NEC Directive (EU, 2016) contains national emission Figure 3.4. Three countries exceeded their NH3 ceilings
reduction commitments for NOx, NMVOCs, SO2, NH3 (Croatia, Germany and Spain), and one Member State
and PM2.5 for 2020-2029 and for any year from 2030. (Hungary) did not comply with its ceiling for NMVOCs.
All Member States complied with their NOx (adjusted
The comparison with the EU-15 ceilings of the data) and SOx ceilings.
Gothenburg Protocol in this report is on the basis
Table 3.2 Comparison of emissions reported for 2016 by EU-15 Member States with emission ceilings
for the EU specified in the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol
Pollutant EU-15 emissions, EU-15 Gothenburg Difference Sum of individual

2016 (Gg) Protocol, 2010 ceilings (%) EU-15 ceilings (Gg) (a)
(Gg)
NOx 6 004 6 671 -10 6 519
NMVOCs 5 111 6 600 -23 6 510
SOx 1 332 4 059 -67 3 850
NH3 3 115 3 129 -0.4 3 110
Notes: For Spain, data for emission comparisons exclude emissions from the Canary Islands, i.e. data comprise the EMEP domain only.
Under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions from Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. However, as the EU-15 itself has not applied
for adjustments, this table does not take these adjusted data into account.
(a) Emission ceilings are also specified for individual EU-15 Member States. The sum of these ceilings is different from the ceilings
specified for the EU-15 as a whole.

Figure 3.4 Distance of Member State emissions in 2016 to the ceilings set in the Gothenburg Protocol
for 2010
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-15
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Distance to Gothenburg ceilings (%)
NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3
Notes: Estonia and Malta do not have Gothenburg ceilings. Austria, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Poland have ceilings, but they have not yet ratified
the protocol. For Spain, data for emission comparisons exclude emissions from the Canary Islands.
The comparison with emission ceilings is based on reporting on the basis of fuel sold, except for Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands
and the United Kingdom. These countries may choose to calculate their emissions on the basis of fuel used in their territories instead
(UNECE, 2014a). For the EU-15, the comparison is based on fuel sold.
Under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions from Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. This table takes these adjusted data into
account. The EU-15 did not apply for adjustments and thus data for the EU-15 are unadjusted.

3.2 Progress of non-EU countries in 3.2.2 Progress in meeting the ceilings

meeting 2010 emission ceilings under
the Gothenburg Protocol to the The Gothenburg Protocol of the LRTAP Convention
UNECE LRTAP Convention specifies emission ceilings for 2010 and onwards
for three EEA-5 member countries (Liechtenstein,
3.2.1 Emissions of non-EU EEA member countries Norway and Switzerland) (UNECE, 1979, 1999); see
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Table 3.4. Liechtenstein has signed but not yet ratified
Turkey the protocol. The EEA member countries Iceland and
Turkey have not yet signed the Gothenburg Protocol.
In 2018, all EEA-5 (non-EU EEA member countries Emission data for Norway and Switzerland are
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and compared with the countries' emission ceilings under
Turkey) countries except Liechtenstein submitted their the Gothenburg Protocol.
emission data (see Table 3.3).
Table 3.3 Emissions reported by the EEA-5 member countries from 2010 to 2016
Emission data (Gg)

NOx NMVOCs
EEA Member
Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Iceland 24 22 22 22 21 22 24 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.8 7.4
Liechtenstein
Norway 189 185 180 169 160 154 151 150 144 144 147 157 157 152
Switzerland ( )
a
75 71 71 71 68 66 64 81 78 77 75 74 72 70
Turkey 698 737 649 679 680 691 703 1 060 1 043 1 104 1 049 1 046 1 086 1 071
SOx NH3
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Iceland 74 73 84 70 63 56 50 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4
Liechtenstein
Norway 20 19 17 17 17 16 16 29 28 28 28 29 28 28
Switzerland ( )
a
10 8.5 8.8 8.5 7.7 6.5 6.2 59 59 58 57 58 57 57
Turkey 2 557 2 638 2 703 1 940 2 149 1 949 2 251 547 567 628 657 667 650 713
Note: (a) Data are based on fuel used for road transport.
Table 3.4 Gothenburg Protocol UNECE LRTAP Convention ceilings
Gothenburg Protocol Ceilings

NOx NMVOCs SOx NH3
Liechtenstein 0.37 0.86 0.11 0.15
Norway 156 195 22 23
Switzerland 79 144 26 63

Table 3.5 Progress in meeting Gothenburg Protocol UNECE LRTAP Convention emission ceilings
NOx NMVOCs
Member State 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Norway              
Switzerland              
SO2 NH3
Member State 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Norway              
Switzerland              
Note: Switzerland's assessment is based on data for fuel used.
'' attained; '' not attained.

Data from the above-mentioned countries show that, these two EU totals arises when only national totals
although Norway exceeded its NOx ceilings from and no sectoral data are available. There is a third EU
2010 to 2014, it complied in 2015 and 2016, while total for NOx (Table 3.6), NMVOCs (Table 3.7) and NH3
it exceeded its NH3 emission ceilings in all years. (Table 3.9). This total makes allowance for approved
Switzerland complied with all ceilings for all pollutants adjustments (see also Chapter 2).
(see Table 3.5).
Spain stated that the dramatic drop in NOx emissions
between 2005 and 2010 (the value for the national
3.3 Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission trends total in 2008 is 11 % lower than in the previous year)
and key categories was due to the closure of the main brown coal mine in
Spain in 2007 and the necessary retrofitting in 2008 of
Between 1990 and 2016, NOx emissions dropped in the adjacent thermal power plant (see Spain's IIR, listed
the EU by 58 %. Between 2015 and 2016, the decrease in Appendix 5).
was 3.7 %, mainly because the United Kingdom, Spain,
France, Germany and Italy (countries ranked according The main key categories for NOx emissions were '1A3bi
to the size of their contribution to the absolute — Road transport: Passenger cars', '1A1a — Public
change) noted reductions (Table 3.6). The gap-filled electricity and heat production' and '1A3biii — Road
data for Greece also contributed to the decrease in transport: Heavy duty vehicles and buses'. Together,
NOx emissions. The Member States that contributed they made up 46 % of total emissions (see Figure 3.5).
most (i.e. more than 10 %) to NOx emissions in 2016 Of the top five key categories, the highest relative
were Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Spain reductions in emissions between 1990 and 2016 were
(countries ranked according to the percentage of their in the second most important, '1A1a — Public electricity
share in the EU total). and heat production' (-71 %) (see Figure 3.5(a)).
In the following pollutant specific chapters, Figure 3.5(b) shows the contribution that each
chapter 1.3 to chapter 1.28, the names of countries aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
in enumerations are always ranked according to For NOx, common key emission sources are the energy
certain criteria, e.g. the percentage of their share in and transport sectors. Emission reductions from the
the EU total. The criteria for the ranking are specified road transport sector are primarily a result of fitting
in brackets. catalytic converters to vehicles (EEA, 2017b). The
legislative standards, known as 'Euro' standards, have
Table 3.6 to Table 3.31 include two EU totals. The driven this move. Nevertheless, the road transport
first is the sum of national totals that Member States sector represents the largest source of NOx emissions,
officially reported. The second is the sum of the accounting for 39 % of total EU emissions in 2016.
sectors of all Member States. A difference between The electricity/energy production sectors have also

Table 3.6 Member State contributions to EU emissions of NOx
NOx (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 220 201 215 240 185 176 171 172 162 159 154 -30 -3.1 1.2 2.0
Belgium 411 381 344 318 246 228 215 212 202 202 193 -53 -4.2 2.3 2.5
Adjusted data* 184 167 154 150 141 143 137 -4.5
Bulgaria 284 189 147 183 138 158 141 126 132 132 125 -56 -5.0 1.6 1.6
Croatia 106 81 86 84 67 64 58 57 53 54 52 -51 -2.6 0.6 0.7
Cyprus 16 19 22 22 19 22 22 17 18 15 15 -8 -2.7 0.1 0.2
Czech
Republic 812 416 295 281 226 213 199 185 179 174 165 -80 -5.2 4.5 2.2
Denmark 303 291 227 205 150 141 130 125 116 115 115 -62 0.4 1.7 1.5
Estonia 79 48 45 42 43 41 38 35 35 32 31 -60 -0.9 0.4 0.4
Finland 306 258 234 205 184 169 160 156 148 134 131 -57 -2.5 1.7 1.7
France 1 953 1 777 1 617 1 417 1 078 1 015 987 970 900 875 842 -57 -3.9 10.8 11.0
Adjusted data* 932 863 833 807 737 715 691 -3.4
Germany 2 888 2 169 1 929 1 577 1 357 1 342 1 304 1 304 1 265 1 241 1 218 -58 -1.8 15.9 15.9
Adjusted data* 1 071 1 043 1 007 1 000 968 961 969 0.8
Greece 369 359 388 440 343 314 275 261 255 253 230 -37 -8.9 2.0 3.0
Hungary 235 184 183 174 142 134 125 123 122 124 117 -50 -6.1 1.3 1.5
Ireland 169 169 175 169 117 105 108 109 108 111 112 -34 0.9 0.9 1.5
Italy 2 068 1 944 1 489 1 281 972 934 876 818 804 783 761 -63 -2.8 11.4 10.0
Latvia 89 49 41 42 39 36 36 36 36 36 35 -61 -3.2 0.5 0.5
Lithuania 129 62 53 59 56 53 56 54 54 54 54 -58 -0.4 0.7 0.7
Luxembourg 40 34 41 55 33 33 31 27 25 22 20 -51 -9.8 0.2 0.3
Adjusted data* 30 29 26 23 21 18 16 -11.1
Malta 7.4 9.2 8.7 9.2 9.6 8.4 8.7 7.3 6.5 5.3 4.8 -35 -9.8 0.0 0.1
Netherlands 656 555 464 406 334 318 302 292 270 268 254 -61 -5.1 3.6 3.3
Poland 1 052 1 035 846 859 858 841 810 774 726 705 726 -31 3.1 5.8 9.5
Portugal 260 290 289 279 202 185 172 169 166 168 161 -38 -4.1 1.4 2.1
Romania 487 392 263 318 234 244 241 224 217 214 211 -57 -1.5 2.7 2.8
Slovakia 215 155 113 112 94 85 83 81 80 75 67 -69 -10.1 1.2 0.9
Slovenia 72 73 60 56 50 49 47 45 40 36 37 -48 2.4 0.4 0.5
Spain 1 391 1 414 1 388 1 387 952 937 902 789 801 805 765 -45 -5.0 7.7 10.0
Adjusted data* 816 807 783 670 683 711
Sweden 280 250 216 184 157 150 143 140 139 134 131 -53 -2.7 1.5 1.7
United 3 242 2 622 2 026 1 763 1 242 1 154 1 178 1 118 1 045 1 010 916 -72 -9.3 17.9 12.0
Kingdom
EU-28 (a) 18 139 15 427 13 202 12 167 9 527 9 151 8 821 8 426 8 105 7 936 7 644 -58 -3.7 100 100
EU-28 ( ) b
18 139 15 427 13 202 12167 9 527 9 151 8 821 8 426 8 105 7 936 7 644
EU-28 ( ) c
18 139 15 427 13 202 12 167 8 893 8 505 8 184 7 775 7 462 7 339 7 184
Notes: Light-blue shaded cells denote gap-filled data. For more detailed information, see Annex D.
(a) Sum of national totals as reported by Member States.
(b) Sum of sectors: differences arise when only national totals and no sectoral data are available.
(c) Sum of national totals as reported by Member States allowing for approved adjustments.
* Adjusted data: under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions
from Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain, whereas emission data are based on fuel sold.

reduced their emissions, thanks to measures such as Non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOCs)
introducing combustion modification technologies emission trends and key categories
(e.g. low-NOx burners), implementing flue gas
abatement techniques (e.g. NOx scrubbers and selective Between 1990 and 2016, NMVOC emissions dropped
catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non‑catalytic in the EU by 62 %. Between 2015 and 2016, Member
reduction (SNCR) techniques), and switching fuel from States reported a decrease of 1.7 %, mainly due to
coal to gas (EEA, 2017b). decreased emissions in Greece (gap-filled data), the
Figure 3.5 NOx emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
1990-2016; (b) share by sector group, 2016; (c) sectoral trends in emissions
(a) (b)
Gg
5 000 700 Agriculture

Industrial 6% Energy
4 500 processes and production and
600 Waste Other
4 000 product use 1% 0% distribution
3% 17 %
3 500 500
3 000 400
2 500 Non-road
transport Energy use
300
2 000 9% in industry
11 %
1 500 200
1 000
100 Commercial,
500 institutional
and
0 0
Road transport households
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 39 % 14 %

1A3biii Road transport: Heavy duty vehicles and buses
1A3bii Road transport: Light duty vehicles
(c)
Gg
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Other Waste Agriculture

Non-road transport Road transport Commercial, institutional and households
Industrial processes and product use Energy use in industry Energy production and distribution
Note: In Figure 3.5(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '1A3bii — Road transport: Light duty vehicles' and '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary'.

Table 3.7 Member State contributions to EU emissions of NMVOCs
NMVOCs (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 303 218 176 160 144 139 139 141 135 138 138 -55 -0.1 1.7 2.1
Belgium 330 278 217 176 142 130 127 124 117 115 114 -65 -0.2 1.9 1.7
Adjusted data* 142 0.0
Bulgaria 561 152 107 96 90 91 89 83 82 83 84 -85 1.3 3.2 1.2
Croatia 175 119 106 117 90 85 79 75 68 69 70 -60 1.3 1.0 1.0
Cyprus 15 15 15 18 15 10 10 9.2 8.8 9.0 9.3 -39 2.5 0.1 0.1
Czech
Republic 571 385 302 267 242 230 224 223 216 216 213 -63 -1.5 3.3 3.2
Denmark 204 203 172 145 122 115 112 112 103 106 103 -49 -2.8 1.2 1.5
Adjusted data* 86 80 76 76 68 70 67 -4.2
Estonia 66 42 38 33 24 24 24 23 23 23 22 -66 -1.4 0.4 0.3
Finland 233 200 176 145 116 104 101 96 94 88 88 -62 -0.1 1.3 1.3
France 2 417 2 023 1 615 1 164 771 709 684 670 628 615 608 -75 -1.1 13.8 9.1
Germany 3 402 2 039 1 609 1 324 1 230 1 146 1 120 1 105 1 029 1 039 1 052 -69 1.2 19.5 15.7
Adjusted data* 1 029 945 916 896 819 832 848 1.9
Greece 331 319 319 308 255 240 223 205 203 208 113 -66 -45.8 1.9 1.7
Hungary 320 223 205 168 144 147 147 149 140 143 141 -56 -1.3 1.8 2.1
Ireland 143 136 122 120 109 107 108 111 106 107 108 -24 1.6 0.8 1.6
Italy 1 996 2 028 1 590 1 339 1 117 1 027 1 019 992 927 918 904 -55 -1.5 11.4 13.5
Latvia 83 62 53 52 42 42 43 43 44 42 40 -52 -4.3 0.5 0.6
Lithuania 117 88 68 67 59 57 56 52 53 52 52 -55 1.7 0.7 0.8
Luxembourg 26 20 16 15 12 12 12 13 12 13 13 -51 2.4 0.2 0.2
Adjusted data* 8.1 8.4 8.9 9.0 8.3 8.9 9.1 2.7
Malta 1.5 1.7 3.1 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1 99 4.3 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 498 357 252 190 175 170 166 158 152 149 141 -72 -5.5 2.9 2.1
Poland 495 667 596 606 636 616 611 603 591 591 609 23 3.1 2.8 9.1
Portugal 223 220 224 193 163 156 154 152 156 157 154 -31 -2.4 1.3 2.3
Romania 353 203 281 329 288 280 285 271 266 260 258 -27 -0.5 2.0 3.9
Slovakia 169 150 121 107 90 88 80 71 66 69 64 -62 -7.6 1.0 1.0
Slovenia 64 62 52 43 37 35 33 32 30 30 31 -52 1.2 0.4 0.5
Spain 1 021 955 947 803 637 611 586 567 568 583 594 -42 1.8 5.8 8.9
Sweden 353 263 224 212 184 177 167 163 161 162 159 -55 -1.7 2.0 2.4
United 2 990 2 340 1 648 1 184 903 890 878 850 842 837 821 -73 -1.9 17.1 12.2
Kingdom
EU-28 (a) 17 461 13 771 11 254 9 385 7 840 7 439 7 280 7 093 6 824 6 823 6 707 -62 -1.7 100 100
EU-28 (b) 17 461 13 771 11 254 9 385 7 840 7 439 7 280 7 093 6 824 6 823 6 707
EU-28 (c) 17461 13771 11254 9385 7600 7200 7037 6845 6575 6577 6463
(c) Sum of national totals as reported by Member States allowing for approved adjustments.
*Adjusted data: under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions from
Denmark, Germany and Luxembourg, whereas emission data are based on fuel sold.

United Kingdom and Italy (countries ranked according '2D3d — Coating applications' and '2D3a — Domestic
to the size of their contribution to the absolute change) solvent use including fungicides'. Together, they made
(Table 3.7). In 2016, the Member States that contributed up 39 % of total emissions (Figure 3.6(a)). Among the
most (i.e. more than 10 %) to NMVOC emissions were top five key categories, the highest relative reductions
Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom (countries in emissions between 1990 and 2016 were in the
ranked according to the percentage of their share in second most important key category, '2D3d — Coating
the EU total). applications' (-57 %).
The drop in NMVOC emissions between 1993 and 1994 Figure 3.6(b) shows the contribution that each
(not shown in Table 3.7) reported by Bulgaria is mainly aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
caused by drastically declining emissions from the For NMVOCs, the chief emission source is 'industrial
'industrial processes and product use' sector, namely processes and product use' (48 %), followed by
'2D3e — Degreasing' and '2D3d — Coating applications'. 'commercial, institutional and households', 'agriculture'
and 'road transport'.
The most important key categories for NMVOC
emissions were '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary',

Figure 3.6 NMVOC emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key
categories, 1990-2016; (b) share by sector group, 2016; (c) sectoral trends in emissions
(a) (b)
Gg
2 500 Other
Waste 0% Energy
1% production and
Agriculture distribution
2 000
13 % 9%
Energy use
1 500 in industry
2%
1 000 Commercial,
institutional
and
households
500
17 %
Industrial Road transport
processes and 9%
0 product use
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 48 % Non-road
transport
1%
2D3d Coating applications
2D3a Domestic solvent use including fungicides
2D3i Other solvent use
2H2 Food and beverages industry
(c)
Gg
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

3.5 Sulphur oxide (SOx) emission trends The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
and key categories than 10 %) to SOx emissions in 2016 were Poland
and Germany (countries ranked according to the
Between 1990 and 2016, SOx emissions dropped in percentage of their share in the EU total).
the EU by 91 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions
decreased by 15.1 %, mainly thanks to reduced Spain stated that the dramatic drop in SOx emissions
emissions in Poland, the United Kingdom, Romania and in 2008 (the value for the national totals is 63 % lower
Spain (countries ranked according to the size of their than in the previous year) was due to the closure of
contribution to the absolute change) (see Table 3.8). the main brown coal mine in Spain in 2007 and the

necessary retrofitting in 2008 of the adjacent thermal not have any emission limitations or abatement
power plant (see Spain's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). technologies in place. From 2016 onwards, it has been
possible to operate such facilities only when they
In Slovakia, data reported for 2015 are significantly comply with the strict limits set in the legislation. The
higher than for the year 2014. Slovakia explained considerable drop in emissions of SOx is due to the
that all SOx emissions were emitted from the source strict regulations in place (see Slovakia's IIR, listed in
Slovenské elektrárne, which apparently in 2015 did Appendix 5).
Table 3.8 Member State contributions to EU emissions of SOx
SOx (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 74 47 32 26 16 15 15 15 15 15 14 -81 -5.6 0.3 0.6
Belgium 365 258 172 142 60 53 47 44 41 41 42 -88 2.1 1.5 1.8
Bulgaria 1 101 1 300 862 778 388 516 330 195 189 142 105 -90 -25.9 4.4 4.4
Croatia 170 78 59 59 35 29 25 17 14 16 15 -91 -6.9 0.7 0.6
Cyprus 31 39 48 38 22 21 16 14 17 13 16 -48 25.0 0.1 0.7
Czech
Republic 1 755 1 059 233 208 164 168 160 145 138 133 115 -93 -13.5 7.0 4.8
Denmark 178 146 33 26 15 14 12 13 11 9.7 10 -94 5.4 0.7 0.4
Estonia 272 116 97 76 83 73 41 36 41 32 30 -89 -6.1 1.1 1.3
Finland 249 104 82 70 66 60 50 48 44 41 40 -84 -2.4 1.0 1.7
France 1 282 959 625 458 279 249 240 211 173 162 140 -89 -13.4 5.1 5.9
Germany 5 486 1 746 646 473 411 401 382 374 359 364 356 -94 -2.3 21.9 15.0
Greece 494 504 553 570 219 158 133 119 103 99 108 -78 8.8 2.0 4.5
Hungary 824 615 427 41 31 34 32 31 28 23 23 -97 -1.2 3.3 1.0
Ireland 183 161 140 72 26 25 23 24 17 15 14 -92 -8.3 0.7 0.6
Italy 1 784 1 322 756 409 218 196 178 146 131 124 116 -93 -6.4 7.1 4.9
Latvia 100 49 18 8.5 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 -97 -6.5 0.4 0.1
Lithuania 191 77 37 26 20 23 19 18 16 16 15 -92 -3.6 0.8 0.6
Luxembourg 15 8.6 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 -93 -25.2 0.1 0.0
Malta 10 11 24 12 8.2 8.1 7.9 5.3 4.9 2.3 1.9 -81 -15.7 0.0 0.1
Netherlands 197 136 78 67 35 34 34 30 30 31 28 -86 -8.9 0.8 1.2
Poland 2 649 2 138 1 404 1 164 866 828 794 759 715 702 582 -78 -17.1 10.6 24.5
Portugal 324 331 265 193 68 62 57 51 46 47 47 -86 -0.8 1.3 2.0
Romania 802 697 493 605 354 324 260 227 183 157 108 -87 -31.5 3.2 4.5
Slovakia 418 266 126 89 69 68 58 53 45 68 27 -94 -59.9 1.7 1.1
Slovenia 201 124 94 40 11 13 12 14 10 5.7 5.1 -97 -10.9 0.8 0.2
Spain 2 053 1 774 1 401 1 215 250 287 286 226 250 267 218 -89 -18.4 8.2 9.2
Sweden 103 69 43 36 28 26 25 22 20 18 19 -82 5.8 0.4 0.8
United
Kingdom 3 767 2 454 1 286 773 450 415 459 396 322 253 179 -95 -29.3 15.0 7.5
EU-28 ( ) a
25 078 16 586 10 035 7 677 4 201 4 105 3 702 3 241 2 967 2 802 2 378 -91 -15.1 100 100
EU-28 (b) 25 078 16 586 10 035 7 677 4 201 4 105 3 702 3 241 2 967 2 802 2 378

Category '1A1a — Public electricity and heat The rising NH3 emission trend reported by Germany
production' is the most significant key category for in recent years, especially over the period 2009‑2015,
SOx emissions, making up 39 % of total SOx emissions reflects mainly data reported for the categories
(Figure 3.7(a)). Among the top five key categories, the '3Da1 — Inorganic N-fertilisers (includes also urea
highest relative reductions in emissions between 1990 application)' and '3Da2c — Other organic fertilisers
and 2016 were achieved in the most important, '1A1a applied to soils (including compost)'.
— Public electricity and heat production' (-94 %), and
the third most important, '1A1b — Petroleum refining' Spain offered the following explanation for the national
(-86 %). The other three top five key categories also saw NH3 emission trend observed in the period 1990-2015.
high reductions. In the first part of the time series, agricultural emissions
underwent a notable increase, reaching a maximum in
For these main emitting sources, several measures 2003. This rise was mainly caused by significant growth
have been combined to reduce emissions since 1990: in the national cattle herd. The use of synthetic nitrogen
switching fuel in energy-related sectors away from fertilisers also increased during that period. Until 2012,
high-sulphur solid and liquid fuels to low-sulphur fuels a progressive decrease in NH3 emissions was registered
such as natural gas; fitting flue gas desulphurisation at national level. This reduction of emissions was
(FGD) abatement technology in industrial facilities; probably due to a combination of factors, including
and the impact of EU directives relating to the sulphur the use of inorganic fertilisers, reduced growth in the
content of certain liquid fuels (EEA, 2017b). number of cattle and the progressive introduction of
abatement techniques in manure management. Total
Figure 3.7(b) shows the contribution that each NH3 emissions increased between 2014 and 2016
aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions. compared with 2013 levels. This rise was driven by
For SOx, common chief emission sources are the an increase in the consumption of synthetic nitrogen
energy sectors. fertilisers and a renewed increase in the numbers of
cattle and pigs (see Spain's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
3.6 Ammonia (NH3) emission trends and The principal key categories for NH3 emissions are
key categories '3Da2a — Animal manure applied to soils', '3Da1
— Inorganic N-fertilisers' and '3B1b — Manure
Between 1990 and 2016, NH3 emissions in the EU management — Non-dairy cattle'. They jointly make
dropped by 23 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions up 52 % of total NH3 emissions (see Figure 3.8(a)).
increased by 0.4 %, mainly because of increases in Among the top five key categories, the highest relative
Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland (countries reduction in emissions between 1990 and 2016 was in
ranked according to the size of their contribution to the the most important, '3Da2a — Animal manure applied
absolute change) (see Table 3.9). The Member States to soils' (-38 %).
that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to NH3
emissions in 2016 were Germany, France and Spain Figure 3.8(b) shows the contribution that each
(countries ranked according to the percentage of their aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
share in the EU total). A single sector group, agriculture, is responsible for
most (92 %) of the NH3 emissions in the EU.
In Belgium, the significant decrease in NH3 emissions
between 1999 and 2000 is mainly because of an
implementation of successive Manure Action Plans in
Flanders (see Belgium's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

Figure 3.7 SOx emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Gg
1 800 16 000
Industrial
1 600 14 000 processes and Agriculture Waste Other
product use 0% 0% 0%
1 400 12 000 9%
Non-road
1 200 transport
10 000
1 000 3%
8 000
800
Road transport Energy
6 000
600 0% production and
distribution
400 4 000 51 %
Commercial,
200 2 000 institutional
and
0 0 households
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 17 %
Energy use
in industry
1A4bi Residential: Stationary 20 %
1A1b Petroleum refining
1A2f Stationary comb. in manuf. Ind. and constr.:
Non-metallic minerals
1A2a Stationary comb. in manuf. Ind. and constr.:
Iron and steel
(c)
Gg
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.7(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '1A1a — Public electricity and heat production'.

Table 3.9 Member State contributions to EU emissions of NH3
NH3 (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 66 69 66 65 67 66 66 66 67 67 68 3 1.0 1.3 1.7
Belgium 123 128 92 75 71 70 70 71 68 68 68 -45 -0.2 2.4 1.7
Bulgaria 121 65 54 52 47 45 45 46 49 50 50 -58 1.0 2.4 1.3
Croatia 54 42 41 42 38 39 38 34 32 35 35 -35 0.4 1.1 0.9
Cyprus 5.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 5 3.2 0.1 0.1
Czech
Republic 190 109 87 78 72 71 70 72 72 73 73 -62 -0.3 3.7 1.9
Denmark 126 108 97 89 80 78 76 74 74 74 75 -40 1.2 2.5 1.9
Adjusted data* 72 71 69 66 66 67 67 0.4
Estonia 24 12 9.3 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 12 -50 -5.4 0.5 0.3
Finland 34 32 34 37 35 34 33 33 33 31 31 -8 -1.3 0.7 0.8
Adjusted data* 33 32 32 31 32 30 30 -1.2
France 668 648 662 625 625 615 616 615 621 628 630 -6 0.4 13.1 16.1
Germany 743 639 647 625 626 656 644 660 662 670 663 -11 -1.2 14.6 16.9
Adjusted data* 586 606 592 600 601 610 602 -1.3
Greece 78 68 66 65 64 63 62 62 61 60 56 -27 -6.4 1.5 1.4
Hungary 149 88 93 86 78 79 79 82 82 87 87 -42 0.2 2.9 2.2
Ireland 110 113 115 113 108 104 106 108 108 111 117 6 5.0 2.2 3.0
Italy 472 452 455 424 387 387 396 378 367 368 382 -19 3.9 9.3 9.8
Latvia 37 17 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 16 16 -56 -0.9 0.7 0.4
Lithuania 80 42 35 38 37 36 35 35 35 35 34 -57 -2.0 1.6 0.9
Luxembourg 6.8 6.9 7.2 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 -4 2.1 0.1 0.2
Malta 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 -58 -4.3 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 350 223 175 153 133 129 123 122 125 126 127 -64 1.3 6.9 3.3
Poland 441 353 319 300 285 285 275 274 270 267 267 -39 -0.1 8.7 6.8
Portugal 82 75 78 63 57 58 56 54 56 57 56 -31 -0.4 1.6 1.4
Romania 131 148 168 206 175 173 172 172 169 171 167 28 -2.3 2.6 4.3
Slovakia 74 48 40 36 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 -59 -2.5 1.5 0.8
Slovenia 22 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 -17 1.9 0.4 0.5
Spain 502 465 540 500 456 446 439 443 464 492 492 -2 0.1 9.9 12.6
Sweden 60 61 60 58 55 54 53 54 54 54 53 -12 -2.2 1.2 1.4
United
Kingdom 331 308 312 290 270 271 268 264 276 280 289 -13 3.2 6.5 7.4
EU-28 (a) 5 080 4 348 4 294 4 078 3 852 3 847 3 812 3 804 3 836 3 896 3 913 -23 0.4 100 100
EU-28 (b) 5 080 4 348 4 294 4 078 3 852 3 847 3 812 3 804 3 836 3 896 3 913
EU-28 (c) 5 080 4 348 4 294 4 078 3 802 3 788 3 752 3 736 3 766 3 827 3 842
(b) Sum of sectors.
(c) Sum of national totals as reported by Member States under consideration of approved adjustments.
*Adjusted data: under the Gothenburg Protocol, the EMEP Steering Board accepted inventory adjustment applications for emissions from
Denmark, Finland and Germany, whereas emission data are based on fuel sold.

Figure 3.8 NH3 emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Gg
1 600 Energy use
in industry Commercial,
1 400 0%
Energy institutional Road
production and and transport
1 200
Other distribution households 2%
0% 0% 2% Non-road
1 000
transport
800 0%
Waste
Industrial
600 1%
processes and
product use
400 2%
200
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
3Da2a Animal manure applied to soils Agriculture

92 %
3Da1 Inorganic N-fertilizers (incl. urea appl.)
3B1b Manure management — Non-dairy cattle
3B1a Manure management — Dairy cattle
3B3 Manure management — Swine
(c)
Gg
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

3.7 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
emission trends and key categories than 10 %) to PM2.5 emissions in 2016 were France,
Italy and Poland (countries ranked according to the
Between 2000 and 2016, PM2.5 emissions dropped in percentage of their share in the EU total).
the EU by 28 %. Between 2015 and 2016, there was a
decrease of 1.5 %, mainly because emissions decreased Estonia stated that the growth of PM2.5 emissions
in Greece (gap-filled data), Italy, the United Kingdom and from 2010 to 2011 resulted from growth in electricity
Slovakia (countries ranked according to the size of their production during the same period. The significant
contribution to the absolute change) (see Table 3.10). growth of PM emissions in 2011 was due to an increase

in electricity production by 34 % at Estonia's Balti Domestic fuel use in '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' is
power station (Eesti Energia Narva Elektrijaamad AS) the principal key category for PM2.5 emissions, making
and to the incorrect operation of electric precipitators up 51 % of the total (Figure 3.9(a)). Among the top
on two of its power units. In 2016, particulate five key categories, the highest relative reduction in
emissions decreased mainly due to the decrease of emissions between 2000 and 2016 was in the second
emissions from energy-related industries, and from most important key category, '1A1a — Public electricity
the construction/demolition sectors (see Estonia's IIR, and heat production' (-61 %). There were also high
listed in Appendix 5).
Table 3.10 Member State contributions to EU emissions of PM2.5
PM2.5 (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000- 2015- 2000 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 25 23 20 20 19 20 18 18 18 -28 -1.7 1.3 1.3
Belgium 41 35 32 26 27 29 22 24 25 -38 5.6 2.2 1.9
Bulgaria 26 31 31 34 34 32 31 32 32 24 0.6 1.4 2.4
Croatia 33 41 31 28 26 24 20 21 18 -45 -10.9 1.8 1.4
Cyprus 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 -51 8.2 0.1 0.1
Czech
Republic 51 45 45 43 43 43 41 40 39 -23 -2.6 2.7 2.9
Denmark 24 26 25 23 21 21 19 21 21 -13 -0.4 1.3 1.5
Estonia 15 14 14 18 8.2 11 7.9 9.3 7.5 -51 -19.4 0.8 0.6
Finland 29 28 26 22 22 21 21 19 20 -31 4.2 1.6 1.5
France 329 260 214 186 191 192 167 168 170 -48 1.1 17.7 12.7
Germany 163 135 121 116 110 109 104 103 101 -38 -2.3 8.7 7.5
Greece 58 58 46 40 40 34 34 35 26 -55 -25.2 3.1 1.9
Hungary 48 40 50 57 60 61 52 55 53 10 -2.4 2.6 4.0
Ireland 24 24 19 17 17 17 16 16 16 -36 -4.3 1.3 1.2
Italy 195 173 196 150 177 172 155 166 162 -17 -2.4 10.5 12.0
Latvia 23 23 19 19 20 18 18 16 16 -29 0.3 1.2 1.2
Lithuania 7.2 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.0 -17 0.7 0.4 0.4
Luxembourg 2.4 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5 -37 11.9 0.1 0.1
Malta 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 -74 -10.3 0.1 0.0
Netherlands 29 22 17 16 15 14 14 13 13 -57 -4.8 1.6 0.9
Poland 170 169 163 155 154 148 140 138 146 -14 5.2 9.1 10.8
Portugal 67 62 51 53 53 48 48 48 47 -29 -0.6 3.6 3.5
Romania 94 123 132 122 125 116 115 110 110 17 -0.3 5.1 8.2
Slovakia 31 38 28 29 29 30 29 30 27 -15 -9.3 1.7 2.0
Slovenia 10 12 14 13 13 13 11 12 12 17 2.5 0.5 0.9
Spain 185 157 139 138 136 131 130 130 128 -31 -1.4 10.0 9.6
Sweden 28 27 23 23 22 22 19 18 18 -33 1.7 1.5 1.4
United 151 129 122 111 116 118 112 113 109 -28 -3.5 8.1 8.1
Kingdom
EU-28 (a) 1 861 1 706 1 591 1 469 1 488 1 454 1 352 1 363 1 343 -28 -1.5 100 100
EU-28 ( ) b
1 861 1 706 1 591 1 469 1 488 1 454 1 352 1 363 1 343
The LRTAP formally requests Parties to report emissions of PM for 2000 and thereafter.
(b) Sum of sectors.

reductions in the fourth most important category, Figure 3.9(b) shows the contribution to total
'1A3bi — Road transport: Passenger cars' (-54 %). EU emissions that each aggregated sector group made.
The 'commercial, institutional and households' sector
In contrast, the emissions of the fifth most important group is a major source of PM2.5, and also of PM10,
key category, '1A3bvi — Road transport: Automobile CO and PCDD/F.
tyre and brake wear' (20 %), have increased significantly
since 2000.
Figure 3.9 PM2.5 emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Gg
140 900 Energy
Waste
5% production and
800
120 distribution
Other
700 Agriculture 4%
0%
100 4%
Industrial Energy use
600
processes and in industry
80 500 product use 8%
10 %
60 400
Non-road
300 transport
40
2%
200
Commercial,
20 institutional
100 Road transport
11 % and
0 0 households
56 %
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015

5C2 Open burning of waste
(c)
Gg
2 000
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Note: In Figure 3.9(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '1A4bi Residential: Stationary'.
The LRTAP Convention formally requests Parties to report emissions of PM for 2000 and thereafter.

3.8 Particulate matter (PM10) emission The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
trends and key categories than 10 %) to PM10 emissions in 2016 were Poland and
France (countries ranked according to the percentage
Between 2000 and 2016, PM10 emissions in the of their share in the EU total).
EU dropped by 26 %. Between 2015 and 2016, the
decrease was 1.7%, mainly because emissions dropped Estonia stated that the growth of fine particulate
in Germany, Greece (gap-filled data) Bulgaria, Hungary matter emissions from 2010 to 2011 resulted from
and Italy (countries ranked according to the size of their growth in electricity production during the same
contribution to the absolute change) (see Table 3.11). period. The significant growth of PM emissions
Table 3.11 Member State contributions to EU emissions of PM10
PM10 (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000- 2015- 2000 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 39 37 33 33 33 33 31 31 31 -21 -0.8 1.4 1.5
Belgium 55 46 41 34 35 37 30 33 34 -37 5.4 2.0 1.7
Bulgaria 47 57 53 57 56 52 52 55 48 2 -13.4 1.7 2.3
Croatia 41 51 39 36 34 31 27 28 26 -37 -8.4 1.5 1.2
Cyprus 4.9 4.3 3.4 3.1 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 -58 6.4 0.2 0.1
Czech Republic 70 61 59 56 56 56 53 53 52 -26 -2.5 2.5 2.5
Denmark 36 37 36 34 32 32 30 31 31 -13 -0.2 1.3 1.5
Estonia 32 22 23 34 13 18 13 14 11 -65 -20.3 1.2 0.5
Finland 44 43 41 37 35 34 34 32 33 -25 3.8 1.6 1.6
France 439 361 306 278 283 282 255 257 255 -42 -0.6 15.8 12.4
Germany 288 242 227 226 219 221 216 214 203 -30 -5.0 10.4 9.8
Greece 98 110 91 82 83 63 63 64 56 -43 -12.3 3.5 2.7
Hungary 75 68 69 80 76 79 74 78 73 -3 -6.5 2.7 3.5
Ireland 40 43 37 31 30 31 29 30 29 -28 -2.0 1.5 1.4
Italy 245 218 231 183 209 204 187 197 193 -21 -1.9 8.8 9.4
Latvia 27 30 25 28 28 26 26 26 24 -11 -5.6 1.0 1.2
Lithuania 9.5 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 38 2.0 0.3 0.6
Luxembourg 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 -27 0.5 0.1 0.1
Malta 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 -75 -11.7 0.1 0.0
Netherlands 44 36 30 30 28 28 27 27 26 -40 -1.7 1.6 1.3
Poland 309 321 300 280 280 269 252 249 259 -16 4.2 11.1 12.6
Portugal 100 102 79 89 107 67 63 64 65 -35 1.4 3.6 3.2
Romania 117 157 166 157 159 148 148 142 141 21 -1.3 4.2 6.8
Slovakia 44 47 35 36 36 37 36 37 34 -23 -8.1 1.6 1.6
Slovenia 12 14 15 15 15 15 13 13 13 12 2.5 0.4 0.6
Spain 286 264 216 212 206 199 197 198 200 -30 1.3 10.3 9.7
Sweden 46 46 41 43 39 41 37 37 38 -18 2.2 1.7 1.8
United Kingdom 232 201 185 171 174 181 173 175 172 -26 -1.7 8.3 8.3
EU-28 (a) 2 783 2 637 2 401 2 282 2 286 2 203 2 085 2 099 2 064 -26 -1.7 100 100
EU-28 (b) 2 783 2 637 2 401 2 282 2 286 2 203 2 085 2 099 2 064

in 2011 was due to an increase in electricity The peak in PM10 emissions reported by Portugal for
production by 34 % at Estonia's Balti power station 2012 was mainly caused by a rise followed by a sudden
(Eesti Energia Narva Elektrijaamad AS) and to the decrease in the values reported for the category '2A5b
incorrect operation of electric precipitators on two — Construction and demolition'.
of its power units. In 2016, particulate emissions
decreased mainly due to the decrease of emissions As it is for PM2.5, '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' is
from energy-related industries, and from the the most significant key category for PM10 emissions,
construction/demolition sectors (see Estonia's IIR, accounting for 36 % of total PM10 emissions
listed in Appendix 5). (see Figure 3.10(a)). Among the top five key categories,
Figure 3.10 PM10 emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Gg
250 1 000 Waste Other Energy

4% 0% production and
Agriculture distribution
200 800 15 % 5%
Energy use
in industry
150 600 6%
100 400 Industrial

processes and
product use
19 %
50 200
Commercial,
institutional
and
0 0 households
Non-road
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 transport 39 %
2% Road transport
3Dc Farm-level agric. operations incl. storage, handling 10 %
and transp. of agric. products
2A5b Construction and demolition
(c)
Gg
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Note: In Figure 3.10(b), the right-hand axis shows values for '1A4bi Residential: Stationary'.

the highest relative reduction in emissions between Germany explained that between 1990 and 2016, total
1990 and 2016 was in the fifth most important, TSP emissions dropped by 83 %, due to the application
'1A1a — Public electricity and heat production' (-71 %). of the former West Germany's stricter regulations in the
Reductions in emissions were also observed in the new Länder after German reunification, the transition
third most important category, '2A5b — Construction from solid to gaseous and liquid fuels, and improved
and demolition' (-16 %). Emissions of the fourth most filter technologies for combustion plants and industrial
important key category, '1A3bvi — Road transport: processes (see Germany's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
Automobile tyre and brake wear' (18 %), have increased
since 2000. Emissions from the other two top five Latvia stated that the high TSP emissions in the year
key categories remained constant (decreased by only 2004 (not shown in Table 3.12) can be explained by
0.4% and increased by 0.2%, respectively). increased road paving activities (see Latvia's IIR, listed
in Appendix 5).
Figure 3.10(b) shows the contribution to total
EU emissions that each aggregated sector group made. The peak of TSP emissions reported by Portugal
The 'commercial, institutional and households' sector for 2012 is mainly caused by a rise followed by a
group is a major source of PM2.5, and also of PM10, sudden decrease reported for the category '2A5b
CO and PCDD/F. — Construction and demolition'.
3.9 Total suspended particulate (TSP) 3.10 Black carbon (BC) emission trends
emission trends
Between 1990 and 2016, BC emissions in the EU
Between 1990 and 2016, TSP emissions in the dropped by 41 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions
EU dropped by 54 %. Between 2015 and 2016, decreased by 2.5 %, mainly because emissions
emissions decreased by 1.8 %, mainly because of reduced in France, the United Kingdom, Italy and
emission reductions in Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary Spain (countries ranked according to the size of their
and Romania (countries ranked according to the size of contribution to the absolute change) (Table 3.13).
their contribution to the absolute change) (Table 3.12). The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to BC emissions in 2016 were Spain, France
than 10 %) to TSP emissions in 2016 were France and and Italy (countries ranked according to the percentage
the United Kingdom (countries ranked according to the of their share in the EU total). Several Member States
percentage of their share in the EU total). did not provide data for BC, and some of these gaps
could not be filled with data. The EU total is therefore
Estonia stated that the growth of TSP emissions an underestimate.
from 2010 to 2011 resulted from growth in electricity
production during the same period. The significant Estonia stated that the growth of fine particulate matter
growth in PM emissions in 2011 was due to an increase emissions from 2010 to 2011 resulted from growth
in electricity production of 34 % at Estonia's Balti in electricity production during the same period.
power station (Eesti Energia Narva Elektrijaamad AS) The significant growth of PM emissions in 2011 was
and to the incorrect operation of electric precipitators due to an increase in electricity production by 34 %
on two of its power units. In 2016, particulate at Estonia's Balti power station (Eesti Energia Narva
emissions decreased mainly due to the decrease of Elektrijaamad AS) and to the incorrect operation of
emissions from energy-related industries, and from electric precipitators on two of its power units. In 2016,
the construction/demolition sectors (see Estonia's IIR, particulate emissions decreased mainly due to the
listed in Appendix 5). decrease of emissions from energy-related industries,
and from the construction/demolition sectors
(see Estonia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

Table 3.12 Member State contributions to EU emissions of TSPs
TSPs (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 53 53 52 50 46 46 46 46 44 44 44 -17 -0.3 0.7 1.2
Belgium 97 90 85 72 60 52 55 57 49 51 54 -44 4.9 1.2 1.4
Bulgaria 100 126 97 143 114 128 113 108 110 138 100 0 -27.8 1.2 2.7
Croatia 56 51 51 70 54 52 48 42 39 40 38 -33 -7.3 0.7 1.0
Cyprus 15 12 9.7 6.8 5.7 5.1 3.8 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.0 -81 6.6 0.2 0.1
Czech
Republic 599 219 91 75 69 67 66 66 63 62 61 -90 -2.1 7.4 1.6
Denmark 110 106 104 98 98 95 93 92 91 91 91 -17 -0.4 1.4 2.5
Estonia 279 127 70 36 30 43 20 23 20 21 16 -94 -21.9 3.4 0.4
Finland 99 68 58 58 57 53 51 49 49 46 48 -51 5.1 1.2 1.3
France 1 243 1 156 1 088 986 896 876 880 874 835 846 842 -32 -0.5 15.3 22.7
Germany 1 985 511 474 399 376 380 371 383 376 369 347 -83 -6.0 24.5 9.4
Greece 110 109 150 188 162 148 153 100 101 102 113 3 10.6 1.4 3.1
Hungary 123 114 115 117 94 118 95 103 108 116 101 -18 -12.7 1.5 2.7
Ireland 88 71 91 104 86 63 64 63 62 64 64 -28 -0.7 1.1 1.7
Italy 342 337 291 263 277 222 252 246 226 238 234 -31 -1.6 4.2 6.3
Latvia 33 33 37 51 43 53 53 48 48 53 47 41 -10.7 0.4 1.3
Lithuania 29 14 14 20 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 -39 1.7 0.4 0.5
Luxembourg 18 9.7 4.5 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.1 -77 -8.9 0.2 0.1
Malta 2.8 3.8 4.6 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 -82 -7.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 98 74 52 44 37 37 37 36 35 34 33 -66 -2.1 1.2 0.9
Poland 991 734 441 462 424 398 393 373 347 342 352 -64 3.0 12.2 9.5
Portugal 180 239 252 289 200 230 294 156 136 142 148 -18 4.4 2.2 4.0
Romania 188 193 203 290 281 276 265 242 245 221 207 10 -6.6 2.3 5.6
Slovakia 196 149 69 64 45 46 47 47 47 47 44 -78 -7.2 2.4 1.2
Slovenia 13 14 15 17 18 18 17 17 15 15 16 21 2.6 0.2 0.4
Spain 331 344 368 355 278 271 258 249 248 251 250 -24 -0.5 4.1 6.7
Sweden 75 70 62 62 57 60 54 59 53 53 54 -27 2.7 0.9 1.5
United
Kingdom 655 517 423 412 403 366 335 373 347 361 378 -42 4.6 8.1 10.2
EU-28 (a) 8 109 5 544 4 768 4 740 4 236 4 127 4 087 3 878 3 720 3 775 3 707 -54 -1.8 100 100
EU-28 ( ) b
8 109 5 544 4 768 4 740 4 236 4 127 4 087 3 878 3 720 3 775 3 707

Table 3.13 Member State contributions to EU emissions of BC
Black Carbon (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU28 (%)
Member 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000- 2015- 2000 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Belgium 8.6 7.5 6.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 -55 0.3 2.4 1.8
Bulgaria 2.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 36 1.9 0.8 1.8
Croatia 4.8 5.9 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.0 -38 -9.5 1.3 1.4
Cyprus 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -54 4.8 0.2 0.1
Czech
Republic 6.7 6.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 -32 -0.9 1.8 2.1
Denmark 6.1 6.1 5.6 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.2 -32 -1.8 1.7 2.0
Estonia 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.5 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.6 2.2 -37 -14.6 0.9 1.0
Finland 7.6 6.5 6.3 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.7 -38 4.0 2.1 2.2
France 68 57 48 42 41 39 34 32 31 -54 -4.5 18.6 14.4
Germany 36 29 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 -61 -5.0 9.8 6.5
Greece 8.1 8.4 7.3 5.7 5.3 4.6 4.8 5.3 5.1 -37 -3.7 2.2 2.4
Hungary 7.1 6.5 7.4 8.1 8.4 8.4 7.2 7.7 7.5 5 -2.8 1.9 3.5
Ireland 4.2 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 -47 -4.4 1.1 1.0
Italy 42 39 33 27 28 26 24 24 23 -46 -4.7 11.6 10.8
Latvia 2.9 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.6 -11 -1.8 0.8 1.2
Lithuania 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2 -1.7 0.6 1.1
Luxembourg NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Malta 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -48 -5.8 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 9.9 7.9 5.4 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.2 -67 -5.9 2.7 1.5
Poland 24 26 23 23 23 21 20 20 21 -12 7.4 6.7 9.9
Portugal 8.9 8.0 6.6 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.1 -43 -2.6 2.4 2.4
Romania 9.9 11 12 11 12 11 11 10 10 6 0.6 2.7 4.9
Slovakia 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 -36 -26.4 0.3 0.3
Slovenia 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 14 3.4 0.5 1.0
Spain 52 49 43 42 40 38 37 37 36 -30 -2.1 14.2 16.8
Sweden 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 -39 -1.9 1.3 1.4
United
Kingdom 41 34 27 23 23 21 19 19 18 -56 -6.7 11.2 8.4
EU-28 (a) 364 333 287 263 254 240 224 220 214 -41 -2.5 100 100
EU-28 (b) 364 333 287 263 254 240 224 220 214
Notes: Dark-blue shaded cells indicate that no emission values are available . See Appendix 1 for an explanation of the notation keys reported
by Member States.
Light-blue shaded cells denote gap-filled data. For more detailed information, see Annex D.
(b) Sum of sectors.

3.11 Carbon monoxide (CO) emission contribution to the absolute change) (Table 3.14). The
trends and key categories Member States that contributed most (i.e. more than
10 %) to CO emissions in 2016 were Germany, France,
Between 1990 and 2016, CO emissions dropped in Poland and Italy (countries ranked according to the
the EU by 69 %. Between 2015 and 2016, the decrease percentage of their share in the EU total).
was 0.6 %, mainly because emissions decreased
in the United Kingdom, Italy and Greece (gap-filled Belgium explained that the peak of CO emissions in
data) (countries ranked according to the size of their 2013 was because one of its plants performed lime
Table 3.14 Member State contributions to EU emissions of CO
CO (Gg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 1 191 930 743 672 585 570 574 592 546 568 565 -53 -0.6 1.8 2.8
Belgium 1 389 1 112 931 756 499 396 345 523 322 375 368 -74 -2.0 2.1 1.8
Bulgaria 748 507 347 297 278 277 272 249 243 240 245 -67 2.0 1.2 1.2
Croatia 557 444 451 419 300 273 255 232 203 217 202 -64 -6.5 0.9 1.0
Cyprus 43 38 30 27 19 17 16 15 15 14 15 -66 2.7 0.1 0.1
Czech
Republic 2 102 1 401 948 844 823 805 803 821 798 795 798 -62 0.4 3.2 4.0
Denmark 718 639 464 417 345 306 288 274 250 253 244 -66 -3.7 1.1 1.2
Estonia 236 212 199 155 157 132 142 134 129 129 140 -41 8.4 0.4 0.7
Finland 721 630 562 475 410 373 364 350 344 322 324 -55 0.4 1.1 1.6
France 10 579 9 152 6 633 5 304 4 225 3 517 3 204 3 254 2 735 2 682 2 737 -74 2.1 16.3 13.6
Germany 12 522 6 463 4 812 3 737 3 337 3 250 2 878 2 850 2 744 2 850 2 864 -77 0.5 19.3 14.2
Greece 1 163 999 953 799 575 515 543 453 458 433 386 -67 -10.8 1.8 1.9
Hungary 1 395 952 825 679 531 541 557 550 471 458 450 -68 -1.7 2.2 2.2
Ireland 347 291 248 218 145 134 127 119 112 109 103 -70 -5.6 0.5 0.5
Italy 7 210 7 257 4 855 3 448 3 075 2 435 2 670 2 502 2 268 2 378 2 310 -68 -2.8 11.1 11.5
Latvia 460 355 280 222 152 158 164 147 141 118 115 -75 -3.0 0.7 0.6
Lithuania 519 336 195 181 158 175 168 162 153 146 145 -72 -1.0 0.8 0.7
Luxembourg 463 210 42 38 29 26 27 26 25 21 22 -95 4.5 0.7 0.1
Malta 20 20 0.7 13 10.5 9.4 8.5 8.7 8.1 7.8 5.3 -74 -31.4 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 1 142 915 750 722 675 652 619 589 562 569 559 -51 -1.8 1.8 2.8
Poland 3 588 4 367 3 252 3 059 3 069 2 784 2 798 2 664 2 419 2 370 2 506 -30 5.7 5.5 12.4
Portugal 728 788 667 513 400 373 361 342 326 334 322 -56 -3.6 1.1 1.6
Romania 2 369 2 332 685 960 868 792 814 762 766 744 742 -69 -0.2 3.7 3.7
Slovakia 505 405 376 378 277 260 255 247 254 247 240 -52 -2.8 0.8 1.2
Slovenia 306 278 182 150 131 128 124 123 106 107 110 -64 2.4 0.5 0.5
Spain 4 712 3 989 2 877 2 155 1 802 1 757 1 694 1 652 1 663 1 649 1 661 -65 0.7 7.3 8.2
Sweden 1 076 939 679 559 491 479 455 450 437 427 429 -60 0.6 1.7 2.1
United
Kingdom 7 995 6 460 4 369 3 090 2 016 1 835 1 818 1 815 1 726 1 689 1 536 -81 -9.1 12.3 7.6
EU-28 ( ) a
64 804 52 420 37 356 30 288 25 384 22 969 22 343 21 907 20 222 20 254 20 142 -69 -0.6 100 100
EU-28 (b) 64 804 52 420 37 356 30 288 25 384 22 969 22 343 21 907 20 222 20 254 20 131

production without oxygen (see Belgium's IIR, listed in 55 % of the total. Among the top five key categories,
Appendix 5). the highest relative reduction in emissions between
1990 and 2016 was in the second most important key
The slight increase in emissions reported by Finland category, '1A3bi — Road transport: Passenger cars'
between 2015 and 2016 was mainly caused by (-91%) (see Figure 3.11(a)).
increased emissions reported in the category '1A4bi
— Residential: Stationary'. Figure 3.11(b) shows the contribution to total EU
emissions that each aggregated sector group made.
'1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' and '1A3bi — Road For CO, common major emission sources are
transport: Passenger cars' were the most important 'commercial, institutional and households' and 'road
key categories for CO emissions, jointly accounting for transport'.
Figure 3.11 CO emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Gg
14 000 35 000 Agriculture Waste Energy

1% 3% production and
12 000 30 000 distribution
Industrial Other
3%
processes and 0%
10 000 25 000 product use
Energy use
11 %
in industry
8 000 20 000 12 %
Non-road
transport
6 000 15 000 2%
4 000 10 000
Road transport
2 000 5 000 20 % Commercial,
institutional
and
0 0
households
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 48 %

1A2a Stationary comb. in manuf. Ind. and constr.:
Iron and steel
1A3biv Road transport: Mopeds & motorcycles
(c)
Gg
70 000
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
13
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
14
15
16
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.11(a), the right-hand axis gives values for '1A3bi Road transport: Passenger cars'.

3.12 Lead (Pb) emission trends and key Latvia's Pb emissions, in comparison with the year
categories 1990, had decreased by 99 % in 2016. The most
significant emission decrease occurred in 2011, due to
Between 1990 and 2016, Pb emissions dropped in a change of the furnace type used in metal production
the EU by 93 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions (see Latvia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
decreased by 0.7 %, mainly because emissions
decreased in the United Kingdom, Greece (gap-filled Portugal stated that the Pb emissions registered from
data) and Bulgaria (countries ranked according to 1990 to 2016 show a downwards trend, falling by 93 %.
the size of their contribution to the absolute change) This is mainly a result of the reduction in emissions from
(see Table 3.15). The Member States that contributed road transport, due to the phasing out of leaded petrol
most (i.e. more than 10 %) to Pb emissions in 2016 within the EU (see Portugal's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
were Poland, Italy and Germany (countries ranked
according to the percentage of their share in the '2C1 — Iron and steel production', '1A2b — Stationary
EU total). combustion in manufacturing industries and
construction: Non-ferrous metals' and '1A3bvi —
Austria stated that the significant reduction of Pb Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear'
emissions from 1990 to 1995 is linked to emission were the leading key categories for Pb emissions in
limits for cars and trucks, as well as more stringent 2016, together making up 48 % of total Pb emissions
requirements for fuels. In this period, emissions arising (see Figure 3.12(a)).
from the transport sector decreased by nearly 100 %
(see Austria's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). The largest relative reductions in emissions between
1990 and 2016 were from the fifth most important
Belgium explained that the decrease in Pb emissions key category, '1A1a — Public electricity and head
between 1995 and 2000 is mainly due to some production' (-81%), and the most important key
measures taken in two large plants in Flanders. At category, '2C1 — Iron and steel production' (-76 %).
Umicore Hoboken (2C7c), a number of installations The third most important key category, '1A3bvi
were taken out of service at the end of 1997 — Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear',
(electric kiln, agglomeration and roasting) and the ore has increased by 32 % since 1990.
park was evacuated. This led to a significant decrease
in Pb, Cd and Zn emissions. For ArcelorMittal (2C1), The peak in the category '1A2b — Stationary
there were lower mass flows for Pb, possibly caused by combustion in manufacturing industries and
replacement of the electro-filter of the sintering plant construction: Non-ferrous metals' in 2008 was mainly
by a sleeve filter in 1997. Another factory (2A3) that caused by the high emissions reported by Bulgaria
reported Pb emissions in 1997 did not make an annual for that year.
industrial report in 1998 and stopped activities in 1999
(personal communication by Belgium in 2018). EU total emissions of Pb have declined to less than
a 10th of the emissions in 1990. This is primarily
Croatia explained that, between 1990 and 2015, because countries reduced emissions from the 'road
Pb emissions from the transport sector decreased transport' sector. The promotion of unleaded petrol
by 99 % as a result of legislative efforts to remove within the EU through a combination of fiscal and
Pb from petrol. Efforts began in 1996 when the regulatory measures has been a notable success story.
Pb content in leaded petrol was reduced and then EU Member States and other EEA member countries
even more reduced in 2003. Finally, in 2006 leaded have now phased out the use of leaded petrol. In the
petrol was completely removed from use (personal EU, the Directive on the Quality of Petrol and Diesel
communication by Croatia in 2017). Fuels (98/70/EC) regulated that goal (EEA, 2017d).
The Czech Republic explained that a decrease in Figure 3.12(b) shows the contribution that each
Pb emissions since the year 2000 is due to the ban on aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
leaded fuel in 2001 (personal communication by the For Pb, common major emission sources are the
Czech Republic in 2017). sectors 'energy use in industry', 'industrial processes
and product use', 'road transport' and 'commercial,
institutional and households'.

Table 3.15 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Pb
Pb (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 217 17 14 14 16 16 16 17 16 15 16 -93 1.1 1.0 0.9
Belgium 254 187 105 73 39 28 28 25 22 29 27 -89 -7.1 1.1 1.6
Bulgaria 440 366 274 121 61 65 67 70 79 73 67 -85 -8.5 1.9 4.0
Croatia 540 330 277 56 8.1 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.9 8.0 8.0 -99 0.0 2.4 0.5
Cyprus 43 50 49 29 31 30 27 25 25 26 27 -38 4.3 0.2 1.6
Czech
Republic 305 229 95 38 26 22 22 23 23 20 17 -94 -15.0 1.3 1.0
Denmark 129 25 19 16 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 -91 0.7 0.6 0.7
Estonia 205 86 37 36 39 39 34 40 36 28 32 -84 14.2 0.9 2.0
Finland 151 76 34 22 21 20 17 16 17 15 16 -89 6.8 0.7 1.0
France 4 291 1 474 279 170 132 123 122 119 115 108 111 -97 3.0 18.9 6.7
Germany 2 285 742 429 304 238 238 229 225 231 237 234 -90 -1.5 10.1 14.1
Greece 472 371 299 25 19 16 15 14 16 15 8.3 -98 -45.7 2.1 0.5
Hungary 839 305 21 9.9 8.2 9.2 8.9 8.3 7.9 8.2 8.9 -99 8.4 3.7 0.5
Ireland 160 100 20 19 17 16 15 15 14 14 13 -92 -2.9 0.7 0.8
Italy 4 285 2 000 956 287 268 266 268 259 262 259 272 -94 5.2 18.9 16.4
Latvia 235 128 156 170 164 3.5 5.1 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 -99 0.3 1.0 0.2
Lithuania 88 53 5.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.3 -97 -12.1 0.4 0.1
Luxembourg 44 19 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 -97 -4.1 0.2 0.1
Malta 0.4 0.5 0.7 4.0 3.8 2.6 10 3.4 4.5 1.3 0.8 > 100 -44.2 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 332 153 27 30 38 22 16 14 9.0 8.6 8.9 -97 3.7 1.5 0.5
Poland 483 477 408 403 417 417 428 417 427 421 418 -13 -0.6 2.1 25.2
Portugal 578 796 54 44 41 41 41 41 41 41 40 -93 -1.8 2.5 2.4
Romania 15 31 49 67 43 43 40 37 37 40 39 > 100 -2.6 0.1 2.3
Slovakia 76 65 49 59 39 37 35 29 34 39 45 -42 15.8 0.3 2.7
Slovenia 343 192 36 9.0 8.4 8.6 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.9 7.0 -98 1.3 1.5 0.4
Spain 2 631 893 520 174 152 150 150 136 147 157 153 -94 -2.2 11.6 9.2
Sweden 353 32 22 14 13 11 11 10 11 10 11 -97 7.3 1.6 0.7
United
Kingdom 2 909 1 549 167 123 73 72 76 71 78 77 64 -98 -16.3 12.8 3.9
EU-28 ( ) a
22 703 10 749 4 402 2 323 1 929 1 720 1 711 1 647 1 686 1 673 1 661 -93 -0.7 100 100
EU-28 (b) 22 703 10 749 4 402 2 323 1 929 1 720 1 711 1 647 1 686 1 673 1 661

Figure 3.12 Pb emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Mg
Waste Energy
1 400 Other
2% production and
0% distribution
Agriculture
1 200 7%
0%
1 000
Industrial
processes and
800
product use Energy use
29 % in industry
600 32 %
400
200 Non-road
transport
1%
0
Commercial,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 institutional
Road transport
and
17 %
households
2C1 Iron and steel production 12 %
1A2b Stationary comb. in manuf. ind. and constr.:
Non-ferrous metals
1A2a Stationary comb. in manuf. ind. and constr.:
Iron and steel
(c)
Mg
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20


3.13 Cadmium (Cd) emission trends and to Cd emissions in 2016 were Poland and Germany
key categories (countries ranked according to the percentage of their
share in the EU total).
Between 1990 and 2016, Cd emissions decreased
by 65 % in the EU. Between 2015 and 2016, they '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary', '2C1 — Iron and steel
increased by 2 % (Table 3.16), mainly because production' and '2C7a — Copper production' were
emissions increased in Belgium, Poland, France and the principal key categories for Cd emissions, making
Italy (countries ranked according to the size of their up 36 % of total Cd emissions (see Figure 3.13(a)).
contribution to the absolute change). The Member Among the top five key categories, the highest relative
States that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) reductions in emissions between 1990 and 2016
Table 3.16 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Cd
Cd (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 -28 -0.1 0.9 1.7
Belgium 6.2 5.1 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.6 2.8 -56 70.5 3.1 3.9
Bulgaria 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 2.4 1.5 1.7 -69 14.6 2.7 2.4
Croatia 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 -29 -4.8 0.6 1.2
Cyprus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -36 4.1 0.0 0.1
Czech Republic 4.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 -72 -3.9 2.0 1.6
Denmark 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 -39 3.6 0.6 1.0
Estonia 4.5 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 -82 8.4 2.2 1.1
Finland 6.5 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 -85 5.3 3.2 1.4
France 21 18 14 5.9 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.3 -84 18.4 10.3 4.7
Germany 30 20 19 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 -58 0.1 15.1 18.2
Greece 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.4 -25 -27.9 0.9 2.0
Hungary 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 -11 -0.3 0.9 2.1
Ireland 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -49 -0.4 0.3 0.4
Italy 10 9.5 9.0 8.3 7.1 6.8 7.0 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.8 -32 5.8 5.0 9.6
Latvia 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -41 -2.4 0.5 0.8
Lithuania 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -11 -2.1 0.2 0.5
Luxembourg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -13 1.1 0.0 0.1
Malta 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -98 80.5 0.1 0.0
Netherlands 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 -70 2.9 1.1 0.9
Poland 19 23 17 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 13 -32 6.6 9.6 18.5
Portugal 6.4 6.7 6.5 7.3 4.9 3.7 3.3 4.9 4.9 4.6 3.6 -44 -22.7 3.2 5.0
Romania 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3 2.4 1.5 4.3
Slovakia 8.6 9.7 6.9 6.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 -84 17.3 4.3 2.0
Slovenia 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -21 3.2 0.4 0.8
Spain 37 31 20 12 7.4 7.5 7.5 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.0 -81 -1.8 18.6 9.9
Sweden 2.3 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 -77 -0.5 1.2 0.8
United Kingdom 23 12 6.4 4.2 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.5 -85 -7.1 11.6 4.9
EU-28 (a) 201 159 123 94 76 73 71 70 70 70 71 -65 2.0 100 100
EU-28 (b) 201 159 123 94 76 73 71 70 70 70 71

were in the fifth most important, '1A1a — Public for waste water treatment and incinerators have
electricity and heat production' (-80 %), and the second improved, and so have metal refining and smelting
most important, '2C1 — Iron and steel production' facilities (EEA, 2017d).
(-67 %). In the most important key category, '1A4bi
— Residential: Stationary', the values of reported Figure 3.13(b) shows the contribution that each
emissions increased since 1990 (23 %). aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
For Cd, common leading emission sources are the
As they have for Pb, industrial sources of Cd emissions energy sectors, 'industrial processes and product use'
have decreased since the early 1990s in all Member and the 'commercial, institutional and households'
States. This is largely because abatement technologies sector.
Figure 3.13 Cd emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Mg
30 Waste Energy
4% production and
Agriculture Other distribution
25
1% 0% 13 %
Industrial
20 processes and
product use
29 %
15
10
Non-road Energy use
transport in industry
5 0% 29 %
Road
0 transport
3%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Commercial,
institutional
and
households
2C1 Iron and steel production 21 %
2C7a Copper production
1A2b Stationary comb. in manuf. ind. and constr.:
Non-ferrous metals
(c)
Mg
250
200
150
100
50
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20


3.14 Mercury (Hg) emission trends and than 10 %) to Hg emissions in 2016 were Poland,
key categories Germany and Italy (countries ranked according to the
percentage of their share in the EU total).
Between 1990 and 2016, Hg emissions dropped by
71 % in the EU. Between 2015 and 2016, the decrease T'1A1a — Public electricity and heat production'
was 3 % (see Table 3.17), mainly because of reduced and '2C1 — Iron and steel production' and '1A4bi —
emissions in the United Kingdom, Greece (gap-filled Residential: Stationary' were the main key categories
data), France and Italy (countries ranked according to for Hg emissions, making up 53 % of the total
the size of their contribution to the absolute change). (see Figure 3.14(a)). Among the top five key categories,
The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more the highest relative reduction in emissions between
Table 3.17 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Hg
Hg (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 2.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 -56 -5.6 1.1 1.6
Belgium 5.7 3.1 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.4 -76 28.1 2.9 2.4
Bulgaria 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 -68 6.3 1.3 1.4
Croatia 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -57 1.6 0.6 0.9
Cyprus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -2 1.0 0.0 0.2
Czech
Republic 5.0 4.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 -46 -2.1 2.5 4.6
Denmark 3.2 2.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -90 15.4 1.6 0.6
Estonia 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 -47 12.3 0.6 1.1
Finland 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 -46 -4.6 0.6 1.0
France 25 20 12 6.6 4.4 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.4 3.6 3.2 -87 -10.8 12.4 5.6
Germany 36 20 18 14 11 11 10 9.9 9.9 10 9.8 -72 -2.5 17.9 16.9
Greece 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.6 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.7 -38 -24.1 1.3 2.9
Hungary 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 -63 11.5 1.6 2.0
Ireland 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -59 -0.8 0.4 0.6
Italy 15 14 14 12 10 10 11 9.7 10 9.3 8.9 -41 -3.9 7.7 15.4
Latvia 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -65 24.5 0.1 0.2
Lithuania 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -69 -0.8 0.2 0.2
Luxembourg 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 -71 53.6 0.2 0.2
Malta 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -99 -19.9 0.2 0.0
Netherlands 3.6 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 -83 8.6 1.8 1.0
Poland 14 12 10 10 9.5 9.6 9.9 10 9.6 11 10 -25 -2.1 7.0 17.9
Portugal 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.9 -45 -7.8 1.7 3.3
Romania 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 38 -2.8 0.5 2.5
Slovakia 20 5.4 5.7 5.5 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 -91 17.7 10.1 3.0
Slovenia 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -48 3.6 0.2 0.3
Spain 12 14 9 7 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 -67 -1.2 5.8 6.7
Sweden 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 -73 0.7 0.8 0.7
United
Kingdom 38 20 8.4 7.5 6.5 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.4 4.8 4.0 -90 -17.8 19.0 6.9
EU-28 ( ) a
199 136 103 86 68 66 65 62 62 60 58 -71% -3% 100% 100%
EU-28 (b) 199 136 103 86 68 66 65 62 62 60 58

1990 and 2016 was in the fourth most important, '1A2f controls on Hg cells and replacing them with
— Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries diaphragm or membrane cells, and switching from
and construction: Non-metallic minerals' (-68 %).The coal to gas and other energy sources in the power- and
most important key category, '1A1a — Public electricity heat‑generating sectors in many countries (EEA, 2017d).
and heat production' (-66 %) and the third most
important, '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' (-54 %) Figure 3.14(b) shows the contribution that each
also show high reductions. aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
For Hg, principal emission sources are the energy
The decrease in Hg emissions since 1990 in the sectors and the sector 'industrial processes and
industrial sector is mainly due to improving emission product use'.
Figure 3.14 Hg emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Mg
17 70 Waste
Agriculture 7%
60 0% Other
0%
13
50 Energy
Industrial production and
processes and distribution
40
product use 39 %
8 19 %
30
Non-road
20 transport
4
0%
10 Road transport
3%
0 0
Commercial,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 institutional
and Energy use
households in industry
12 % 20 %
1A2f Stationary comb. in manuf. ind. and constr.:
Non-metallic minerals
1A4ai Commercial/institutional: Stationary
(c)
Mg
250
200
150
100
50
0
12
13
14
15
16
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.14(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '1A1a Public electricity and heat production'.

3.15 Arsenic (As) emission trends The Member States that contributed most
(i.e. more than 10 %) to As emissions in 2016 were
Between 1990 and 2016, As emissions in the EU Italy, Slovakia and Poland (countries ranked according
dropped by 67 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions to the percentage of their share in the EU total).
decreased by 4.4 %, mainly because emissions Austria, Luxembourg and Slovenia did not provide
decreased in Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom emission data for As. Therefore, the EU total is an
(countries ranked according to the size of their underestimate.
contribution to the absolute change) (see Table 3.18).
Table 3.18 Member State contributions to EU emissions of As
As (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Belgium 6.3 6.0 3.5 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.9 -85 -18.5 1.2 0.5
Bulgaria 25 15 7.4 16 3.4 4.1 2.9 2.8 4.3 3.0 3.6 -85 21.0 4.7 2.1
Croatia 8.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 -95 -16.7 1.6 0.2
Cyprus 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 7 4.7 0.0 0.1
Czech Republic 69 17 3.8 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.4 -98 -5.3 13.2 0.8
Denmark 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 -78 19.2 0.2 0.2
Estonia 19 10 8.6 9.2 11 11 9.6 11 10 7.8 9.0 -52 15.9 3.6 5.2
Finland 35 5.2 4.3 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 -93 5.0 6.6 1.5
France 17 17 15 12 7.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 5.5 5.3 5.7 -67 6.6 3.3 3.3
Germany 87 11 10 8.8 9.3 9.1 8.9 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.7 -90 -0.5 16.6 5.0
Greece 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2 3.6 3.3 2.5 -5 -23.6 0.5 1.4
Hungary 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.0 -53 -9.0 0.8 1.2
Ireland 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 -23 -0.1 0.3 0.7
Italy 37 27 46 40 45 46 45 44 45 46 38 4 -16.1 7.0 22.3
Latvia 17 8.6 15 17 16 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 -99 19.0 3.2 0.1
Lithuania 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -88 -13.9 0.1 0.0
Luxembourg NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Malta 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -98 -4.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 -45 8.8 0.2 0.4
Poland 36 36 31 33 31 31 30 29 31 31 28 -23 -7.9 7.0 16.4
Portugal 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 -44 -10.6 0.6 0.9
Romania 2.7 4.1 5.7 6.8 5.1 5.7 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.4 61 -1.8 0.5 2.5
Slovakia 78 23 4.5 21 21 22 19 13 24 28 31 -61 11.3 14.9 17.7
Slovenia NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
Spain 15 14 19 18 13 14 15 12 14 15 14 -3 -3.4 2.8 8.2
Sweden 5.6 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 -88 -3.2 1.1 0.4
United
Kingdom 51 38 25 19 16 16 17 18 18 17 15 -71 -9.7 9.8 8.8
EU-28 (a) 524 249 214 222 196 182 175 166 180 181 173 -67 -4.4 100 100
EU-28 (b) 524 249 214 222 196 182 175 166 180 181 173
Notes: Dark-blue shaded cells indicate that no emission values are available. See Appendix 1 for an explanation of the notation keys reported
by Member States.

3.16 Chromium (Cr) emission trends States that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to
Cr emissions in 2016 were Germany and Italy (countries
Between 1990 and 2016, Cr emissions in the EU ranked according to the percentage of their share in
dropped by 72 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions the EU total). Austria, Luxembourg and Slovenia did not
increased by 0.5 % (see Table 3.19), mainly because provide emission data for Cr. Therefore, the EU total is
emissions increased in Finland, Germany, Poland and an underestimate.
Estonia (countries ranked according to the size of their
contribution to the absolute change). The Member
Table 3.19 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Cr
Cr (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 33 28 19 17 13 12 11 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.1 -82 4.7 2.7 1.8
Bulgaria 21 10 7.5 9.8 5.3 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.7 6.3 6.7 -68 6.2 1.7 2.0
Croatia 5.3 3.7 3.1 3.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0 -62 -5.7 0.4 0.6
Cyprus 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 29 4.4 0.0 0.1
Czech
Republic 28 18 13 14 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 -57 1.2 2.2 3.5
Denmark 6.0 3.1 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 -71 2.5 0.5 0.5
Estonia 18 10 8.4 9.1 11 10 9.2 11 9.9 7.6 8.7 -53 14.2 1.5 2.5
Finland 46 29 27 19 25 16 17 17 22 16 17 -63 9.1 3.7 5.0
France 392 190 104 45 28 24 23 23 20 21 21 -95 4.2 32.0 6.3
Germany 170 101 90 83 80 81 80 79 81 82 83 -51 1.7 13.8 24.4
Greece 6.5 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.9 9.4 7.8 15 15 13 96 -18.0 0.5 3.7
Hungary 17 12 12 12 11 12 11 7.9 8.8 11 9.5 -46 -15.9 1.4 2.8
Ireland 4.5 4.5 4.9 3.5 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 -45 1.1 0.4 0.7
Italy 87 69 44 49 43 43 42 39 38 38 39 -56 1.5 7.1 11.3
Latvia 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 -55 -0.1 0.2 0.3
Lithuania 2.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.1 4.9 4.8 75 -2.7 0.2 1.4
Malta 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -91 20.4 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 12 8.5 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 -69 7.6 1.0 1.1
Poland 85 60 38 33 35 35 35 33 32 33 34 -60 3.8 6.9 9.9
Portugal 12 14 14 15 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 -13 -5.1 1.0 3.2
Romania 6.4 10 15 19 13 12 12 11 12 12 12 91 -0.1 0.5 3.6
Slovakia 58 7.4 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.9 -91 3.3 4.7 1.4
Spain 25 27 27 27 19 19 18 16 16 18 17 -32 -2.7 2.0 5.0
Sweden 23 12 7.1 10 5.4 6.8 5.3 5.3 4.9 5.8 6.0 -75 2.1 1.9 1.7
United
Kingdom 164 118 77 40 27 26 25 26 26 26 25 -85 -2.1 13.4 7.3
EU-28 ( ) a
1 226 747 536 432 367 352 344 328 342 340 342 -72 0.5 100 100
EU-28 (b) 1 226 747 536 432 367 352 344 328 342 340 342
by Member States.

3.17 Copper (Cu) emission trends according to the size of their contribution to the
absolute change) (see Table 3.20). The Member State
Between 1990 and 2016, Cu emissions in the EU that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to Cu
increased by 8 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions emissions in 2016 was Germany. Austria, Luxembourg
increased by 0.9 %, mainly because emissions increased and Slovenia did not provide emission data for Cu.
in Germany, Slovakia and Spain (countries ranked Therefore, the EU total is an underestimate.
Table 3.20 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Cu
Cu (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 40 40 39 36 34 33 32 30 29 30 31 -24 1.5 1.1 0.8
Bulgaria 107 77 58 100 22 24 24 23 24 25 26 -76 1.9 3.0 0.7
Croatia 9.0 6.0 7.2 8.9 7.8 7.6 7.4 8.2 7.7 8.1 8.4 -6 4.1 0.3 0.2
Cyprus 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 62 4.1 0.0 0.1
Czech
Republic 65 45 43 63 59 59 58 58 60 61 62 -5 1.6 1.8 1.6
Denmark 33 37 40 42 43 43 42 42 41 43 43 31 -0.6 0.9 1.1
Estonia 11 5.6 4.3 5.4 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.8 -47 6.0 0.3 0.1
Finland 170 130 78 58 50 51 47 47 45 40 41 -76 2.5 4.7 1.1
France 222 217 218 220 211 216 207 209 206 208 208 -6 0.1 6.2 5.3
Germany 1 884 2 023 2 205 2 212 2 271 2 314 2 299 2 309 2 360 2 404 2 443 30 1.6 52.4 62.7
Greece 23 27 30 35 36 33 27 27 32 31 29 23 -5.4 0.7 0.7
Hungary 14 11 12 14 15 14 14 13 14 15 16 12 6.1 0.4 0.4
Ireland 10 11 19 22 19 19 18 18 19 20 20 98 2.9 0.3 0.5
Italy 190 214 215 222 192 193 183 175 182 177 176 -7 -0.2 5.3 4.5
Latvia 2.6 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 -13 4.5 0.1 0.1
Lithuania 9.3 4.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.1 -46 -7.5 0.3 0.1
Malta 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 100 5.2 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 37 38 39 41 45 43 43 43 43 45 41 13 -8.6 1.0 1.1
Poland 300 323 300 331 331 329 324 312 324 330 317 5 -4.0 8.4 8.1
Portugal 23 29 38 39 36 34 31 31 31 32 31 34 -1.0 0.7 0.8
Romania 4.6 4.4 4.8 19 19 20 21 20 20 21 22 > 100 6.2 0.1 0.6
Slovakia 89 50 22 47 49 48 43 30 41 50 57 -36 13.6 2.5 1.5
Spain 130 152 220 236 218 212 216 190 207 215 219 68 1.6 3.6 5.6
Sweden 65 51 46 37 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 -39 1.7 1.8 1.0
United
Kingdom 150 116 86 68 56 60 55 54 55 55 51 -66 -6.6 4.2 1.3
EU-28 ( ) a
3 592 3 616 3 732 3 868 3 769 3 806 3 744 3 693 3 796 3 864 3 897 8 0.9 100 100
EU-28 (b) 3 592 3 616 3 732 3 868 3 769 3 806 3 744 3 693 3 796 3 864 3 897
by Member States.

3.18 Nickel (Ni) emission trends of their contribution to the absolute change) reported
increased emissions (see Table 3.21). The Member
Between 1990 and 2016, Ni emissions in the EU States that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %)
dropped by 72 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions to Ni emissions in 2016 were Germany, the United
increased slightly by 0.2 %, mainly because Slovakia Kingdom and Poland (countries ranked according
and Germany (countries ranked according to the size to the percentage of their share in the EU total).
Table 3.21 Member State contributions to EU of emissions Ni
Ni (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 76 70 34 27 9.2 8.7 6.0 4.5 4.2 4.2 3.9 -95 -6.5 3.5 0.7
Bulgaria 33 28 7.9 24 6.8 7.1 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.8 -82 2.3 1.5 1.0
Croatia 26 20 17 20 15 12 10 7.5 6.6 8.3 7.8 -70 -4.9 1.2 1.3
Cyprus 5.9 7.2 9.9 12 7.1 8.9 9.4 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.7 -3 7.1 0.3 0.9
Czech
Republic 55 28 14 12 8 7 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.1 -91 -5.0 2.6 0.8
Denmark 19 13 7.6 7.2 4.7 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.0 2.9 -84 -3.7 0.9 0.5
Estonia 27 10 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 6.5 6.1 4.7 5.4 -80 14.2 1.3 0.9
Finland 77 46 34 26 23 20 19 17 17 16 16 -80 -2.5 3.6 2.6
France 276 218 178 142 86 75 63 47 43 39 34 -88 -10.8 12.8 5.7
Germany 342 212 169 180 157 145 142 138 131 138 145 -58 4.8 15.8 24.1
Greece 43 48 51 57 61 57 60 50 34 40 37 -13 -7.5 2.0 6.2
Hungary 24 31 21 7.4 6.7 7.6 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.2 -78 -5.1 1.1 0.9
Ireland 22.3 27 34 27 14 11 10 9.5 8.5 8.4 8.5 -62 1.4 1.0 1.4
Italy 115 111 106 111 40 38 36 32 31 31 30 -73 -2.2 5.3 5.1
Latvia 15 8.5 6.8 6.5 5.8 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 -97 11.6 0.7 0.1
Lithuania 28 13 5.9 4.3 3.8 2.7 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.2 -96 -31.5 1.3 0.2
Malta 8.3 13 17 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 -97 131.2 0.4 0.0
Netherlands 73 84 19 10 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 -97 10.8 3.4 0.4
Poland 175 163 121 105 98 92 87 78 75 82 82 -53 0.9 8.1 13.7
Portugal 109 112 100 95 45 38 33 27 23 23 22 -79 -3.7 5.0 3.7
Romania 35 35 31 26 12 13 11 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.0 -77 -5.1 1.6 1.3
Slovakia 33 11 13 14 13 12 12 13 13 13 21 -38 59.7 1.5 3.4
Spain 190 216 228 201 114 99 81 61 57 57 57 -70 0.3 8.8 9.5
Sweden 29 28 16 16 14 11 9.6 8.5 7.1 6.1 6.1 -79 1.1 1.4 1.0
United
Kingdom 324 331 191 153 128 102 119 127 127 92 88 -73 -4.5 15.0 14.7
EU-28 (a) 2 159 1 888 1 438 1 290 880 781 743 668 625 601 602 -72 0.2 100 100
EU-28 ( ) b
2 159 1 888 1 438 1 290 880 781 743 668 625 601 602
by Member States.

Austria Luxembourg and Slovenia did not provide The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
emission data for Ni. Therefore, the EU total is an than 10 %) to Se emissions in 2016 were Portugal,
underestimate. Bulgaria and the Czech Republic (countries ranked
according to the percentage of their share in the
In Bulgaria, Ni emissions in 2000 and 2001 were much EU total). Austria, Luxembourg, Poland and Slovenia
lower than in the years before and after, because did not provide emission data for Se. Therefore,
Ni emissions from primary Cu production decreased the EU total is an underestimate.
(personal communication by Bulgaria in 2012).
In 2005, Belgium reported high Se emissions in the
category '2A3 — Glass production'. This occurred
3.19 Selenium (Se) emission trends because of one glass plant in Wallonia. The plant
gives annual emissions based on measurements,
Between 1990 and 2016, Se emissions in the EU and the concentration of Se was very high in 2005
dropped by 34 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions (personal communication by Belgium in 2014).
decreased by 3 %, mainly because emissions decreased Likewise, Belgium's high emissions in 2010 are
in the United Kingdom and Greece (gap-filled data) mainly attributable to the operations of a particular
(countries ranked according to the size of their company in the glass industry in Wallonia (personal
contribution to the absolute change) (see Table 3.22). communication by Belgium in 2012).

Table 3.22 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Se
Se (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 5.0 6.3 6.4 27 11 3.9 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.1 4.1 -18 0.5 1.9 2.3
Bulgaria 41 12 5.2 13 14 16 15 16 19 20 22 -45 10.7 15.5 12.7
Croatia 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 -23 8.0 0.2 0.2
Cyprus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 11 3.8 0.0 0.1
Czech
Republic 33 29 28 30 26 25 24 23 22 22 22 -31 2.1 12.3 12.7
Denmark 4.2 3.9 2.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 -84 -8.4 1.6 0.4
Estonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74 -1.2 0.0 0.0
Finland 1.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 -77 -11.2 0.6 0.2
France 15 15 16 15 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 -23 -3.5 5.8 6.6
Germany 7.0 12 10 7.6 9.2 9.5 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 33 1.9 2.7 5.3
Greece 14 14 17 17 15 15 16 14 13 11 8.9 -36 -22.3 5.2 5.0
Hungary 6.5 5.8 5.8 4.1 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 -50 -3.9 2.5 1.9
Ireland 8.8 6.5 5.1 4.7 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 -59 -5.5 3.3 2.0
Italy 10 11 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 12 12 16 -0.7 3.8 6.6
Latvia 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -85 5.8 0.2 0.0
Lithuania 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -66 -1.2 0.2 0.1
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 > 100 -25.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.6 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 65 -34.1 0.1 0.4
Poland NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
Portugal 12 17 23 27 30 30 32 32 32 32 32 > 100 0.0 4.6 18.0
Romania 6.0 8.7 12 13 12 14 12 10 10 10 10 68 -2.9 2.3 5.8
Slovakia 11 12 9.8 12 14 13 13 11 11 14 15 38 7.2 4.0 8.3
Spain 9.7 11 13 13 9.8 9.8 10 9.0 9.7 10 10 4 -3.5 3.7 5.7
Sweden 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 15 2.0 0.4 0.6
United
Kingdom 78 50 33 34 17 17 20 17 16 14 8.8 -89 -35.1 29.3 5.0
EU-28 ( ) a
265 217 201 236 196 191 190 178 181 182 176 -34 -3.0 100 100
EU-28 (b) 265 217 201 236 196 191 190 178 181 182 176
by Member States.

3.20 Zinc (Zn) emission trends reported increased emissions (see Table 3.23). The
Member States that contributed most (i.e. more than
Between 1990 and 2016, Zn emissions in the EU 10 %) to Zn emissions in 2016 were Germany, Italy and
dropped by 36 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions Poland (countries ranked according to the percentage
increased by 0.5 %, mainly because Germany, Italy, of their share in the EU total). Austria, Luxembourg
France and Slovakia (countries ranked according to and Slovenia did not provide emission data for Zn.
the size of their contribution to the absolute change) Therefore, the EU total is an underestimate.
Table 3.23 Member State contributions to EU emissions of Zn
Zn (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 235 189 183 131 110 103 89 81 81 84 75 -68 -9.9 2.4 1.2
Bulgaria 181 106 257 141 94 104 104 110 116 110 116 -36 5.2 1.8 1.8
Croatia 39 32 31 37 37 35 35 35 32 35 34 -11 -2.8 0.4 0.5
Cyprus 3.8 4.7 6.0 6.9 5.3 5.8 5.9 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.8 26 5.0 0.0 0.1
Czech
Republic 119 89 76 87 79 77 72 67 68 67 64 -46 -4.9 1.2 1.0
Denmark 72 65 55 59 63 61 58 59 58 61 63 -12 3.1 0.7 1.0
Estonia 106 63 49 53 62 60 54 62 57 46 52 -51 12.2 1.1 0.8
Finland 687 409 135 124 140 136 138 134 140 127 135 -80 6.5 7.0 2.1
France 2 217 1 417 1 004 576 508 500 502 487 473 480 495 -78 3.1 22.4 7.9
Germany 1 687 1 692 1 847 1 854 1 918 1 945 1 929 1 946 1 974 2 015 2 053 22 1.9 17.1 32.7
Greece 52 56 60 60 57 52 49 43 48 47 32 -38 -31.4 0.5 0.5
Hungary 69 51 54 48 55 65 69 64 57 60 60 -13 0.0 0.7 1.0
Ireland 53 48 54 25 20 19 19 19 20 20 20 -62 0.3 0.5 0.3
Italy 940 927 889 960 887 944 913 856 849 834 864 -8 3.6 9.5 13.8
Latvia 29 28 25 30 28 25 29 26 26 24 24 -18 -0.5 0.3 0.4
Lithuania 24 17 17 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 -40 -3.4 0.2 0.2
Malta 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.1 > 100 -19.2 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 224 146 95 88 102 93 94 85 112 103 100 -55 -3.2 2.3 1.6
Poland 1 228 1 136 918 832 848 855 872 837 873 863 837 -32 -3.1 12.4 13.3
Portugal 73 79 95 97 93 97 96 94 95 96 97 34 1.8 0.7 1.6
Romania 79 88 100 133 128 119 122 116 117 116 119 50 2.0 0.8 1.9
Slovakia 108 85 65 77 59 58 61 62 65 67 80 -25 20.0 1.1 1.3
Spain 376 391 424 458 412 415 412 388 397 412 409 9 -0.8 3.8 6.5
Sweden 192 145 100 107 111 102 101 93 96 96 92 -52 -4.2 1.9 1.5
United
Kingdom 1 083 1 047 714 516 460 444 417 451 452 468 441 -59 -5.8 11.0 7.0
EU-28 (a) 9 878 8 311 7 254 6 520 6 298 6 334 6 261 6 138 6 227 6 253 6 283 -36 0.5 100 100
EU-28 (b) 9 878 8 311 7 254 6 520 6 298 6 334 6 261 6 138 6 227 6 253 6 283
by Member States.

Ireland explained the emission decline after 2000 by The decrease of dioxin emissions in France (1990-2012)
the closure of Ireland's only steel plant in 2001. From was due to regulations limiting emissions, especially
1990 to 2001, the main determinant of the trend in in the fields of waste incineration, industrial energy
Zn emissions was metal production. It accounted on processes (steel and metallurgy) and combustion in
average for 48 % of national total emissions throughout manufacturing (see France's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
that period (see Ireland's IIR 2017, listed in Appendix 5). The drop in dioxin emissions between 1995 and 2000
was due to improvements in sinter plants (personal
communication by France in 2013).
3.21 Dioxin and furan (PCDD/Fs) emission
trends and key categories The peak in 2013 represents data reported by Malta
and seems to be a potential erroneous value reported
Between 1990 and 2016, PCDD/F emissions dropped in the category '5C1bv — Cremation'.
in the EU by 67 %. Between 2015 and 2016, the
decrease was 2.8 % (see Table 3.24), mainly because The increased PCDD/F emissions in Slovakia in 2016
Greece (gap-filled data), Bulgaria, the United Kingdom are mainly due to reported emissions in the category
and France (countries ranked according to the '1A2gviii — Stationary combustion in manufacturing
size of their contribution to the absolute change) industries and construction: Other'.
reported decreased emissions. The Member State
that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to PCDD/F In Spain, the decrease in PCDD/F emissions after 1995
emissions in 2016 was Greece (gap-filled data). was related to the adaptation of municipal solid waste
(MSW) incineration facilities with energy recovery
Cyprus explained that its PCDD/F emissions decreased (included under category '1A1a — Public electricity
by 78 % from 1990 to 2016 because a clinical and heat production'), to comply with the maximum
waste incineration plant was terminated in 2003 levels imposed in legislation, and also related to the
and all clinical wastes are subjected to sterilisation implementation of particle and acid gas abatement
(see Cyprus's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). techniques as from 1996 (personal communication by
Spain in 2017).
The Czech republic explained that the decrease between
2007 and 2009 was due to the installation of new fabric
filters in the Třinecké železárny sinter plant (personal
communication by the Czech Republic in 2018).

Table 3.24 Member State contributions to EU emissions of PCDD/Fs
PCDD/Fs (g I-Teq) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 124 60 54 40 43 41 43 47 42 44 44 -65 0.0 1.3 1.5
Belgium 586 406 124 66 54 45 49 41 30 31 32 -95 2.9 6.4 1.1
Bulgaria 118 140 157 156 65 75 64 66 56 56 41 -66 -27.7 1.3 1.4
Croatia 48 42 41 49 33 31 30 26 22 23 20 -58 -11.3 0.5 0.7
Cyprus 2.1 2.4 2.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 -78 10.5 0.0 0.0
Czech
Republic 92 73 62 61 46 38 39 39 41 35 27 -71 -24.8 1.0 0.9
Denmark 69 50 32 27 25 23 22 22 20 22 23 -67 4.4 0.7 0.8
Estonia 8.1 5.6 6.7 5.7 6.4 6.3 4.7 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.0 -50 -2.8 0.1 0.1
Finland 18 19 19 14 16 14 15 15 16 14 16 -13 9.0 0.2 0.5
France 1 782 1 723 557 236 140 131 119 123 117 115 105 -94 -9.2 19.4 3.5
Germany 806 332 253 151 128 124 121 122 118 119 119 -85 0.0 8.8 4.0
Greece 866 888 1 046 1 168 1 262 1 219 1 158 1 070 1 346 1 186 1 125 30 -5.2 9.4 37.6
Hungary 105 67 72 60 78 86 89 83 73 82 81 -23 -1.6 1.1 2.7
Ireland 62 44 34 31 30 27 26 25 22 24 21 -66 -12.4 0.7 0.7
Italy 503 484 404 327 309 268 287 282 269 281 279 -45 -0.8 5.5 9.3
Latvia 26 28 26 29 19 20 23 19 18 16 16 -41 -2.9 0.3 0.5
Lithuania 28 21 22 25 23 24 23 22 21 19 19 -32 -1.7 0.3 0.6
Luxembourg 43 34 5.7 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.6 -94 55.9 0.5 0.1
Malta 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 7.8 1.0 0.2 10 620 0.2 0.1 0.1 -86 30.5 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 744 68 33 31 33 33 26 27 24 23 23 -97 -1.1 8.1 0.8
Poland 328 369 271 282 298 294 307 286 282 290 282 -14 -2.6 3.6 9.4
Portugal 531 530 335 104 171 107 95 77 84 59 83 -84 41.1 5.8 2.8
Romania 104 122 144 182 178 185 192 167 154 156 155 49 -0.5 1.1 5.2
Slovakia 323 244 127 112 70 58 62 59 65 63 83 -74 30.1 3.5 2.8
Slovenia 19 14 13 15 17 18 17 17 15 15 16 -16 2.8 0.2 0.5
Spain 403 444 190 172 166 171 169 168 172 178 171 -58 -3.7 4.4 5.7
Sweden 67 47 40 42 35 30 27 25 24 23 24 -64 4.8 0.7 0.8
United
Kingdom 1 377 887 344 256 220 209 211 209 196 194 181 -87 -6.8 15.0 6.0
EU-28 ( ) a
9 183 7 143 4 416 3 644 3 478 3 280 3 220 13 665 3 234 3 076 2 991 -67 -2.8 100 100
EU-28 (b) 9 183 7 143 4 416 3 644 3 478 3 280 3 220 13 665 3 234 3 076 2 991
I-Teq, international toxic equivalent.

'1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' and '1A1a — Public the fourth most important, '2C1 — Iron and steel
electricity and heat production' were the primary key production' (-69 %).
categories for PCDD/F emissions, together making up
43 % of total PCDD/F emissions (see Figure 3.15(a)). Figure 3.15(b) shows the contribution that each
Among the top five key categories, the highest aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
relative reductions in emissions between 1990 and The 'waste', 'energy production and distribution' and
2016 were in the second most important, '1A1a — 'commercial, institutional and households' sector
Public electricity and head production' (-82 %), and groups are an important source of PCDD/Fs.
Figure 3.15 PCDD/F emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key
(a) (b)
g I-Teq
3 500 300 Other
0%
3 000 Waste Energy
250
28 % production and
2 500 distribution
200 24 %
2 000
150 Agriculture
1 500 0%
100
1 000 Industrial Energy use
processes and in industry
500 50 product use 9%
10 %
0 0
Non-road Commercial,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
transport institutional
0% and
Road transport
1A4bi Residential: Stationary households
3%
26 %
5C1biii Clinical waste incineration
5E Other waste
(c)
g I-Teq
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 15(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '5E — Other waste'.

3.22 Total polycyclic aromatic programmes for the reduction of field burning of
hydrocarbon (PAH) emission trends agricultural waste, particularly between 1999 and 2003
and key categories (personal communication by Spain in 2017).
Between 1990 and 2016, total PAH emissions dropped '2D3g — Chemical products' was the principal key
in the EU by 83 %. Between 2015 and 2016, they category for these emissions in 2016, making up
increased by 3.4 %, mainly because Portugal, Germany, 39 % of total PAH emissions (see Figure 3.16(a)).
Poland and Spain (countries ranked according to the Among the key categories, the largest change could be
size of their contribution to the absolute change) observed for the third most important key category,
reported increased emissions (see Table 3.25). The '3F — Field burning of agricultural residues' (-97 %).
Member State that contributed most (i.e. more than On the other hand the most important key category,
10 %) to total PAH emissions in 2016 was Portugal and '2D3g — Chemical product', shows an increase (65 %)
Spain (countries ranked according to the percentage of compared to the value reported in 1990.
their share in the EU total).
The data Portugal reported in 2018 mainly contributes
Belgium explained that the strong decrease in to the total PAH emissions in the key category '2D3g —
PAH emissions in 2000 is due to the installation of Chemical products'.
dust abatement technology in the pig iron tapping
installations in 1999 in Wallonia (2C1) (personal The sudden decrease of Total PAH emissions in the
communication by Belgium in 2018). category '3F — Field burning of agricultural residues'
from 1999 to 2001 resembles the data reported by the
Spain explained that estimated total PAH emissions Spain.
are mainly driven by '3F — Field burning of agricultural
residues'. This activity and the related emissions have Figure 3.16(b) shows the contribution that each
notably decreased due to a progressive abandonment aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
of this practice, driven by legislation to prevent The 'industrial processes and product use' and the
forest fires, the entry into force of the EU common 'commercial, institutional and households' sector
agricultural policy's conditionality rules and mitigation groups are very important sources of total PAHs.

Table 3.25 Member State contributions to EU total emissions of PAHs
Total PAHs (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 20 12.8 10.5 8.2 8.4 7.8 8.2 8.8 7.7 8.2 8.3 -59 0.8 0.2 0.5
Belgium 55 45 24 18 15 14 12 12 8.1 8.3 9.1 -83 10.2 0.5 0.5
Bulgaria 37 40 29 28 18 20 20 18 16 16 17 -54 6.8 0.4 0.9
Croatia 24 17 15 18 14 12 11 10 8.0 8.2 6.9 -71 -14.9 0.2 0.4
Cyprus 14 11 6.2 3.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 -95 -23.7 0.1 0.0
Czech
Republic 280 179 45 40 47 46 48 49 47 47 46 -84 -2.8 2.7 2.5
Denmark 5.3 5.8 6.0 7.8 8.2 7.3 6.9 7.1 6.5 7.2 7.3 38 2.2 0.1 0.4
Estonia 8.2 10 8.5 7.7 8.3 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 -15 -1.0 0.1 0.4
Finland 7.1 7.6 7.6 8.7 11 9.6 10 9.7 9.8 9.4 10 44 9.2 0.1 0.6
France 46 44 35 26 22 19 20 21 18 19 19 -59 2.0 0.4 1.0
Germany 374 160 153 142 205 180 170 182 157 169 182 -51 7.7 3.5 9.8
Greece 27 27 29 26 21 19 19 17 17 18 11 -59 -39.5 0.3 0.6
Hungary 79 30 25 24 30 34 36 36 29 31 32 -60 2.1 0.7 1.7
Ireland 49 31 23 21 20 18 18 19 16 16 15 -69 -6.0 0.5 0.8
Italy 99 101 68 73 95 73 91 86 76 82 82 -17 -0.2 0.9 4.4
Latvia 19 18 19 14 11 11 12 10 10 8.3 8.3 -56 -0.5 0.2 0.4
Lithuania 20 9.1 9.1 9.6 10 10 10 10 9.2 8.5 8.6 -58 0.4 0.2 0.5
Luxembourg 4.3 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 -86 10.7 0.0 0.0
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -26 10.8 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 20 10 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 -76 0.7 0.2 0.3
Poland 147 211 148 169 157 150 153 152 140 139 146 0 4.9 1.4 7.9
Portugal 590 1 053 1 190 1 721 1 166 924 769 581 595 787 829 41 5.2 5.6 44.9
Romania 67 71 78 77 73 68 77 67 68 69 67 0 -2.9 0.6 3.6
Slovakia 20 2.5 13 20 19 19 19 20 19 20 19 -7 -7.8 0.2 1.0
Slovenia 8.4 5.7 4.7 5.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 5.3 5.3 5.4 -35 2.2 0.1 0.3
Spain 7 174 5 788 2 385 307 261 269 270 260 281 261 271 -96 3.9 67.9 14.7
Sweden 17 17 14 17 13 13 13 13 12 12 13 -26 2.1 0.2 0.7
United
Kingdom 1 354 95 20 18 22 19 22 24 21 22 22 -98 -2.1 12.8 1.2
EU-28 ( ) a
10 563 8 004 4 373 2 817 2 268 1 965 1 834 1 632 1 592 1 784 1 845 -83 3.4 100 100
EU-28 (b) 10 563 8 004 4 373 2 817 2 268 1 965 1 834 1 632 1 592 1 784 1 845

Figure 3.16 Total PAH emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the three most important key
(a) (b)
Mg
1 800 9 000 Other

Energy
Waste 0%
1 600 8 000 production and Energy use
5% distribution in industry
1 400 7 000 2% 1%
1 200 6 000 Agriculture
13 %
1 000 5 000 Commercial,
institutional
800 4 000 and
600 3 000 households
36 %
400 2 000
200 1 000
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Industrial
processes and
Non-road
product use
transport Road transport
2D3g Chemical products 42 %
0% 1%
3F Field burning of agricultural residues
(c)
Mg
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.16(a), the right-hand axis gives values for '3F — Field burning of agricultural residues'.

3.23 Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) emission (see Table 3.26). The Member State that contributed
trends and key categories most (i.e. more than 10 %) to B(a)P emissions in 2016
was Portugal. Austria, Italy and Spain did not provide
Between 1990 and 2016, B(a)P emissions in the EU fell data for B(a)P and gap filling was not possible. The EU
by 19 %. Between 2015 and 2016, they increased by total is therefore an underestimate.
4.4 %, mainly because emissions increased in Portugal
Table 3.26 Member State contributions to EU emissions of B(a)P
Benzo(a)pyrene (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 11 9.7 8.3 6.9 5.3 5.0 4.1 4.0 2.6 2.6 2.9 -74 11.3 1.0 0.3
Bulgaria 7.5 6.4 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.5 -27 7.0 0.7 0.6
Croatia 7.6 5.7 5.1 6.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 -70 -15.3 0.7 0.2
Cyprus 2.4 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -95 -21.7 0.2 0.0
Czech
Republic 91 60 17 14 17 17 17 18 16 16 16 -83 -2.9 7.9 1.7
Denmark 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 43 1.6 0.1 0.2
Estonia 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 -15 -1.0 0.2 0.2
Finland 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 27 0.1 0.0 0.0
France 13 13 9.8 7.3 6.1 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.1 5.2 -60 2.3 1.1 0.6
Germany 139 48 31 23 34 30 28 30 25 27 29 -79 7.9 12.1 3.2
Greece 38 41 41 41 37 37 36 36 34 34 28 -27 -18.7 3.3 3.0
Hungary 26 9.7 8.3 7.8 9.9 11 12 12 9.9 10 11 -59 1.9 2.3 1.1
Ireland 14 8.7 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.2 -70 -6.2 1.2 0.4
Italy NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
Latvia 6.8 6.6 7.4 5.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.0 -56 -0.1 0.6 0.3
Lithuania 6.6 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 -55 0.4 0.6 0.3
Luxembourg 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 -85 12.1 0.1 0.0
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -30 17.6 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 5.2 3.1 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 -68 1.0 0.5 0.2
Poland 35 49 35 39 45 43 44 44 40 40 42 20 4.5 3.1 4.5
Portugal 460 931 1 070 1 624 1 075 831 675 486 500 693 736 60 6.2 40.1 78.8
Romania 25 25 26 22 24 22 26 22 22 22 21 -14 -3.4 2.2 2.3
Slovakia 5.1 1.2 3.7 5.2 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.5 5 1 -7.3 0.4 0.5
Slovenia 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.2 -20 2.7 0.2 0.2
Spain n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Sweden 5.2 5.1 4.3 5.4 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.9 -25 2.0 0.5 0.4
United
Kingdom 241 23 6.8 5.9 7.9 6.8 7.8 8.3 7.3 7.7 7.6 -97 -1.9 21.0 0.8
EU-28 (a) 1 148 1 257 1 297 1 838 1 302 1 049 896 704 700 896 935 -19 4.4 100 100
EU-28 (b) 1 148 1 257 1 297 1 838 1 302 1 049 896 704 700 896 935
by Member States.
(b) Sum of sectors.

'2D3g — Chemical products' was the principal key The data Portugal reported in 2018 mainly contributes
category for B(a)P emissions, accounting for 76 % to B(a)P emissions in the key category '2D3g —
of the total. Among the key categories, the largest Chemical products'.
change could be observed for the most important
key category, '2D3g — Chemical products' (65 %) (see Figure 3.17(b) shows the contribution that each
Figure 3.17(a)). Emissions from the second largest key aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
category '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary' decreased The 'industrial processes and product use' sector
by 50 %. group is the chief emission source of B(a)P.
Figure 3.17 B(a)P emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the two most important key categories,
(a) (b)
Mg
350 1 800 Energy
production and Energy use
1 600 Other distribution
300 in industry
0% 1% 0%
1 400 Waste
250 0%
1 200 Agriculture
6% Commercial,
200 1 000 institutional
and
150 800 households
16 %
600
100 Road transport
400 0%
50
200
Industrial Non-road
0 0 processes and transport
product use 0%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 77 %

2D3g Chemical products
(c)
Mg
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.17(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '2D3g — Chemical products'.

3.24 Benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F) The Member States that contributed most (i.e. more
emission trends than 10 %) to B(b)F emissions in 2016 were Greece,
Poland and Portugal (countries ranked according to
Between 1990 and 2016, B(b)F emissions in the the percentage of their share in the EU total). Austria,
EU decreased by 76 %. Between 2015 and 2016, Italy and Spain did not provide data for B(b)F, and gap
they decreased by 5 %, mainly because emissions filling was not possible. The EU total is therefore an
decreased in Greece (gap-filled data) (see Table 3.27). underestimate.
Table 3.27 Member State contributions to EU emissions of B(b)F
Benzo(b)fluoranthene (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 4.1 3.9 4.1 2.8 2.9 3.2 -60 9.3 0.7 1.2
Bulgaria 10 7.9 5.7 6.2 6.1 7 7 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.8 -43 7.8 1.0 2.3
Croatia 8.1 5.6 4.9 6.0 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.4 -70 -12.9 0.8 1.0
Cyprus 6.6 5.2 3.0 1.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 -95 -24.4 0.6 0.1
Czech
Republic 90 57 11 9.5 11 11 12 12 11 11 11 -88 -2.7 8.4 4.3
Denmark 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.6 53 2.9 0.2 1.0
Estonia 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 -17 -1.4 0.3 0.9
Finland 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 29 0.6 0.0 0.1
France 15 15 12 8.6 7.3 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 -59 1.7 1.4 2.5
Germany 3.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 -57 3.0 0.3 0.5
Greece 92 102 99 101 92 93 92 91 86 85 71 -23 -16.5 8.6 27.8
Hungary 30 11 8.9 8.4 10 12 12 12 9.9 10 11 -65 3.0 2.8 4.2
Ireland 20 13 9.7 9.1 8.3 7.6 7.4 7.8 6.8 6.7 6.3 -69 -5.8 1.9 2.4
Latvia 6.6 5.8 5.9 4.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 2.9 2.8 -57 -0.7 0.6 1.1
Lithuania 7.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.9 -63 0.6 0.7 1.1
Luxembourg 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -83 10.0 0.1 0.1
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -19 3.8 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 7.8 3.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -81 0.9 0.7 0.6
Poland 33 52 38 43 47 46 47 46 42 42 44 34 5.2 3.1 17.3
Portugal 55 51 50 44 41 42 42 43 43 43 42 -23 -1.2 5.1 16.4
Romania 20 21 21.6 21 22 20 23 20 20 21 20 -3 -3.1 1.9 7.8
Slovakia 6.2 1.1 4.5 6.9 6.5 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.2 7 7 -8.4 0.6 2.6
Slovenia 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 -51 1.3 0.2 0.5
Sweden 5.5 5.3 4.5 5.6 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 -23 2.8 0.5 1.6
United
Kingdom 639 40 5.5 5.4 6.9 5.9 6.9 7.4 6.7 7.0 6.8 -99 -2.5 59.5 2.7
EU-28 ( ) a
1 074 414 302 300 291 287 291 288 271 270 256 -76 -5.0 100 100
EU-28 (b) 1 074 414 302 300 291 287 291 288 271 270 256
by Member States.

Sweden explained that the marked decline in its B(b) share in the EU total). Austria, Italy and Spain did not
F emissions between 2005 and 2010 was because provide data for B(k)F, and gap filling was not possible.
aluminium production changed ('2C3 — Aluminium The EU total is therefore an underestimate.
production'). Until 2008, aluminium production at the
only operating plant (Kubikenborg Aluminium AB) in
Sweden was a key source of B(b)F emissions. All the 3.26 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP) emission
pot-lines in the plant that operated using Söderberg trends
technology were shut down in 2008. For this reason,
there was an abrupt decrease in B(b)F emissions Between 1990 and 2016, IP emissions in the EU fell by
between 2008 and 2009 (personal communication 65 %. Between 2015 and 2016, emissions decreased by
by Sweden in 2017). 5.8 %, mainly because Lithuania and Greece (gap-filled
data) (countries ranked according to the size of their
contribution to the absolute change) reported decreased
3.25 Benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)F) emissions (see Table 3.29). The Member States that
emission trends contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to IP emissions in
2016 were Poland, Greece (gap-filled data) and Portugal
Between 1990 and 2016, B(k)F emissions in the EU (countries ranked according to the percentage of their
decreased by 78 %. Between 2015 and 2016, they fell by share in the EU total). Austria, Italy and Spain did not
5.6 %, mainly because emissions decreased in Greece provide data for IP, and gap filling was not possible.
(gap-filled data) (see Table 3.28). The Member States The EU total is therefore an underestimate.
that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to B(k)F
emissions in 2016 were Greece, Portugal and Poland Lithuania reported increased IP emissions in 2015 in
(countries ranked according to the percentage of their the category '5C1bii — Hazardous waste incineration'.

Table 3.28 Member State contributions to EU emissions of B(k)F
Benzo(k)fluoranthene (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 5.0 4.3 3.7 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 -71 9.0 1.0 1.3
Bulgaria 4.1 3.7 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.3 -44 6.8 0.8 2.1
Croatia 3.4 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.9 -73 -13.0 0.7 0.8
Cyprus 2.8 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 -95 -24.6 0.6 0.1
Czech
Republic 50 32 7.6 6.6 7.6 7.6 7.8 8.0 7.5 7.5 7.3 -85 -2.8 9.9 6.6
Denmark 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 46 2.4 0.1 0.9
Estonia 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 -23 -0.9 0.3 1.1
Finland 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 21 1.9 0.0 0.1
France 9.4 9.1 7.3 5.5 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.9 -58 1.8 1.9 3.5
Germany 1.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 -45 3.0 0.4 1.0
Greece 40 44 43 44 40 41 40 39 38 37 31 -22 -16.0 7.9 28.3
Hungary 12 4.5 3.6 3.4 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 -64 2.9 2.4 3.9
Ireland 7.8 5.0 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.4 -69 -6.0 1.6 2.2
Latvia 2.5 2.3 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 -61 -0.6 0.5 0.9
Lithuania 3.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 -64 0.6 0.6 1.0
Luxembourg 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -90 10.2 0.2 0.1
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -30 14.9 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 4.0 2.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -80 -0.7 0.8 0.7
Poland 33 52 38 43 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 -64 3.7 6.6 10.9
Portugal 27 25 24 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 21 -22 -2.2 5.4 19.2
Romania 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.2 9.2 8.6 9.9 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.5 -5 -3.5 1.8 7.7
Slovakia 3.0 1.1 2.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.8 -7 -7.3 0.6 2.5
Slovenia 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 -20 3.0 0.3 1.1
Sweden 2.7 2.6 2.3 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 -43 2.1 0.5 1.4
United
Kingdom 277 20 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.8 -99 -3.0 55.1 2.6
EU-28 ( ) a
502 228 163 162 124 124 125 124 117 117 110 -78 -5.6 100 100
EU-28 (b) 502 228 163 162 124 124 125 124 117 117 110
by Member States.
(b) Sum of sectors.

Table 3.29 Member State contributions to EU emissions of IP
Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene (Mg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Belgium 4.2 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.6 -61 11.3 1.0 1.1
Bulgaria 4.0 4.5 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 -20 5.3 1.0 2.2
Croatia 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.7 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.3 -67 -16.0 1.0 0.9
Cyprus 2.0 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -95 -23.0 0.5 0.1
Czech
Republic 49 31 10 9.4 11 11 12 12 12 12 11 -77 -2.3 11.9 7.9
Denmark 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 8 1.6 0.3 1.0
Estonia 1.6 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 -5 -0.4 0.4 1.0
Finland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8 1.0 0.0 0.1
France 8.1 7.8 6.3 4.8 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 -57 2.1 1.9 2.4
Germany 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -44 2.5 0.3 0.6
Greece 28 32 31 31 29 29 28 28 27 26 22 -23 -16.7 6.9 15.2
Hungary 11 4.6 4.6 4.2 5.7 6.5 6.9 7.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 -44 0.6 2.6 4.2
Ireland 6.7 4.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.1 -69 -5.9 1.6 1.4
Latvia 3.1 3.3 3.5 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 -52 -0.2 0.7 1.0
Lithuania 2.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 7.3 1.6 -43 -77.8 0.7 1.1
Luxembourg 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -87 10.4 0.2 0.1
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -32 17.6 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -71 0.8 0.7 0.6
Poland 45 59 37 45 53 49 50 50 46 45 48 5 5.4 11.0 33.1
Portugal 20 19 18 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 -21 -2.9 4.8 10.8
Romania 12 12 12.1 11 12 11 13 11 11 11 11 -6 -2.3 2.9 7.7
Slovakia 5.7 2.6 3.1 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 -33 -7.7 1.4 2.6
Slovenia 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 -50 0.5 0.2 0.3
Spain NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
Sweden 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 -15 1.2 0.6 1.5
United
Kingdom 197 13 3.9 3.5 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.4 4.3 -98 -1.4 47.5 3.0
EU-28 ( ) a
414 212 153 154 162 157 161 159 148 153 144 -65 -5.8 100 100
EU-28 (b) 414 212 153 154 162 157 161 159 148 153 144
by Member States.
(b) Sum of sectors.

3.27 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) emission category '2B10a — Chemical industry: Other', which
trends and key categories is responsible for 88 % of Finland's national total.
Between 1990 and 2016, HCB emissions in the EU fell France reported a pronounced decrease in HCB
by 95 %. Between 2015 and 2016, the increase was emissions between 1990 and 1995. The decrease
3.5 %, mainly because emissions increased Finland in the category '1Ab2 — Stationary combustion in
(see Table 3.30). The Member States that contributed manufacturing industries and construction: Non-ferrous
most (i.e. more than 10 %) to HCB emissions in 2016 metals' was mainly due to the aluminium industry,
were Finland, Portugal, Austria and the United Kingdom which used chlorine to refine aluminium by eliminating
(countries ranked according to the percentage of their magnesium traces. Until the early 1990s, it used
share in the EU total) . hexachloroethane (HCE) as a core source, which resulted
in HCB emissions. This was the main HCB source within
Austria explained that the increase in HCB emissions the national inventory. In 1993, France banned HCE for
from 2012 to 2014 reflects the data reported secondary aluminium refining. Following this ban, the
in the category '1A2f — Stationary combustion secondary aluminium industry no longer emits HCB
in manufacturing industries and construction: (personal communication by France in 2015).
Non-metallic minerals'. Due to unintentional releases
in 2012, 2013 and 2014, the emissions rose to a very Ireland reported a marked decrease in HCB emissions
high level: HCB-contaminated material (lime) was between 1995 and 2000. HCB emissions from
co‑incinerated in a cement plant at temperatures '2C2 — Ferroalloys production' dominated the
that were too low and failed to destroy the HCB. The inventory for the period up to and including 1996,
sharp decrease in emissions between 2014 and 2015 with a contribution of 40 kg per year. This is no longer
by 71 % therefore marks a return to usual levels (see a source of HCB emissions within Ireland due to the
Austria's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). banning of HCE-based cover gas use (HCB was present
as a contaminant in such cover gases) (see Ireland's IIR
The peak in HCB emissions (the increase between 1990 from 2017, listed in Appendix 5).
and 1995 and the decrease between 1995 and 1999)
reported by Belgium is mostly due to higher amounts Spain stated in its IIR that the sudden reduction of
of burned sludge (personal communication by Belgium HCB emissions between 2005 and 2006 and the
in 2017). The strong decrease in HCB emissions from further decrease from 2008 to 2010 is due to a new
1999 to 2000 is because the sewage sludge incineration regulation in line with the framework of the 'Stockholm
sector used a lower emission factor from 2000 onwards Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants'. The
(personal communication by Belgium in 2016). fluctuations before reflect variations in the productions
of POPs in Spain (see Spain's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
The Czech Republic explained that the increase from
2009 to 2010 was due to the implementation of The United Kingdom explained that the largest source
new statistical data on hard coal consumption, and of HCB emissions for the years 1990-1998 was the use
the increase between 2011 and 2012 was because of HCE as a degassing agent in secondary aluminium
of an increase in hard coal consumption (personal smelting reported in the category '2C3 — Aluminium
communication by the Czech Republic in 2018). production'. Specific regulation controlling the use of
HCE led to emissions from this sector being zero from
The data reported by Finland shows an increase from 1999 onwards, and thus led to an overall sharp decrease
2015 to 2016 by 216 % for HCB emissions. The main in HCB emissions between 1998 and 1999 (personal
reason is the reporting of increased emissions in the communication by the United Kingdom in 2017).

Table 3.30 Member State contributions to EU emissions of HCB
HCB (kg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 76 55 47 42 44 41 67 149 147 42 43 -44 0.8 1.4 15.3
Belgium 41 116 22 20 15 30 20 8.7 7.8 5.9 5.6 -86 -6.2 0.8 2.0
Bulgaria 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -29 1.4 0.0 0.1
Croatia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 9 -0.2 0.0 0.1
Cyprus 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -82 0.6 0.0 0.0
Czech
Republic 106 44 19 14 22 19 25 22 22 23 22 -79 -4.0 2.0 7.9
Denmark 27 8.3 5.6 3.7 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.3 -92 6.8 0.5 0.8
Estonia 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 47 1.4 0.0 0.1
Finland 37 35 38 32 8.3 26 9.0 17 21 16 59 62 > 100 0.7 21.3
France 1.196 70 43 11 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.8 -100 4.3 22.5 2.1
Germany 112 23 23 14 9.9 10 8.8 9.4 14 12 15 -87 21.9 2.1 5.4
Greece 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.3 2.8 2.5 18 -10.8 0.0 0.9
Hungary 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 -42 19.4 0.0 0.5
Ireland 41 41 1.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 -96 -0.4 0.8 0.6
Italy 43 38 25 21 17 22 27 22 22 22 22 -50 1.6 0.8 7.9
Latvia 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 42 3.7 0.0 0.1
Lithuania 11 4.7 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 -96 2.7 0.2 0.1
Luxembourg 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 34 -3.1 0.0 0.2
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 > 100 -9.3 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 45 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.4 -93 3.7 0.9 1.2
Poland 6.3 6.1 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.9 -22 1.9 0.1 1.8
Portugal 59 74 100 108 112 113 130 112 84 88 49 -17 -44.8 1.1 17.5
Romania 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 80 -1.0 0.0 0.8
Slovakia 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 -44 9.7 0.0 0.5
Slovenia 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 17 7.0 0.0 0.2
Spain 327 151 178 133 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 -100 23.5 6.2 0.5
Sweden 16 17 11 4.6 6.6 4.3 3.8 4.3 3.4 3.8 2.7 -84 -29.7 0.3 1.0
United
Kingdom 3 155 4 130 81 71 34 24 23 20 24 27 31 -99 12.2 59.4 11.1
EU-28 ( ) a
5 309 4 825 613 497 300 320 344 394 374 269 278 -95 3.5 100 100
EU-28 (b) 5 309 4 825 613 497 300 320 344 394 374 269 278
(b) Sum of sectors.

'1A4bi — Residential: Stationary', '2B10a — Chemical Figure 3.18(b) shows the contribution that each
industry: Other' and '2C3 — Aluminium production' aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
were the chief key categories for HCB emissions in For HCB, the primary emission source is the 'industrial
2016, together accounting for 57 % of the total (see processes and product use' sector group.
Figure 3.18(a)). Among the top five key categories,
the highest relative reduction in emissions between The drop in HCB emissions between 1998 and 1999
1990 and 2016 was in the third most important '2C3 visible in Figure 3.18(a) and Figure 3.18(c) is due to
— Aluminium production' (-98 %). a considerable reduction reported by the United
Kingdom in the category '2C3 — Aluminium production'
(for an explanation see above).
Figure 3.18 HCB emissions in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the five most important key categories,
(a) (b)
kg
1 200 5 000 Other

Waste 0% Energy
4 500
7% production and
1 000
4 000 distribution
16 %
3 500 Agriculture
800 9% Energy use
3 000 in industry
600 2 500 3%
2 000
400 Commercial,
1 500 institutional
1 000 and
200 households
500 Industrial 23 %
0 0 processes and
product use
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 41 %
Non-road
transport Road transport
1A4bi Residential: Stationary 0% 1%
2B10a Chemical industry: Other
3Df Use of pesticides
2C3 Aluminium production
(c)
kg
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20


3.28 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) The United Kingdom explained that the strong
emission trends and key categories decrease of PCB emissions between 1995 and 2000
was because of measures to end use of PCBs in
Between 1990 and 2016, PCB emissions dropped in the capacitors and dielectric fluid transformers, etc.,
EU by 74 %. Between 2015 and 2016, they decreased resulting in a sharp drop in activity data between 1999
by 2 %, mainly because of large reductions reported and 2000 (personal communication by the United
by the United Kingdom (see Table 3.31). The Member Kingdom in 2017).
States that contributed most (i.e. more than 10 %) to the
emissions of PCBs in 2016 were Portugal, Poland, the '2K — Consumption of POPs and heavy metals
United Kingdom and Croatia (countries ranked according (e.g. electrical and scientific equipment)' was the chief
to the percentage of their share in the EU total). key category for PCB emissions, making up 52 % of the
total. Among the top four key categories, the highest
Belgium stated that PCB emissions reported in the relative reductions in emissions between 1990 and
category '2A1 — Cement production' from one of the 2016 were in the third most important key category,
plants were very high in 2010 and 2011 because of '2C1 — Iron and steel production' (-83 %), and the
the use of an alternative raw material containing high principal key category, '2K — Consumption of POPs and
concentrations of PCBs. After the removal of the raw heavy metals (e.g. electrical and scientific equipment)'
material causing high PCB emissions at the end of 2011, (-76 %) (see Figure 3.19(a)).
emissions decreased significantly (see Belgium's IIR,
listed in Appendix 5). The large decrease in emissions from '2K —
Consumption of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical
Denmark explained that the strong decrease of PCB and scientific equipment)' between 1999 and 2000 is
emissions between 1990 and 1995 in the category '1A3bi due to reductions reported by the United Kingdom
— Road transport: Passenger cars' was due to the phase (for an explanation see above).
out of leaded petrol, which has a high PCB emission
factor (see Denmark's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). The strong decrease of PCB emissions between 2000
and 2002 in '2C1 — Iron and steel production' is
The emission peak in Ireland in 2003 (not shown in mainly caused by data reported from Portugal. This
Table 3.31) was caused by an increase of household decrease can be explained by the significant changes
waste reported in the category '5E — Other waste' in the only integrated iron and steel plant that existed
(see Ireland's IIR from 2017, listed in Appendix 5). in Portugal, particularly the end of the production of
coke and sinter and the closure and dismantling of the
Lithuania explained that the high PCB emissions blast furnace (see Portugal's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
in 2005 occurred because emissions from The decrease from 2008 to 2009 can be explained by
electrical transformer oil were estimated (personal the economic recession, which negatively affected the
communication by Lithuania in 2017). volume of production.
The national total of PCBs reported by Portugal is Figure 3.19(b) shows the contribution that each
strongly linked to the development of emissions in the aggregated sector group made to total EU emissions.
category '2C1 — Iron and steel production'; therefore, For PCBs, the common important emission source
this category is also a main driver for the emission drop is the 'industrial processes and product use' sector
from 2000 to 2002. group.

Table 3.31 Member State contributions to EU emissions of PCBs
PCB (kg) Change (%) Share in

EU-28 (%)
Member 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1990- 2015- 1990 2016
State 2016 2016
Austria 47 29 30 35 35 35 35 37 37 36 35 -27 -2.8 0.4 1.0
Belgium 107 89 93 72 96 58 9.6 5.2 11 3.1 5.9 -94 90.4 0.8 0.2
Bulgaria 14 16 11 10 4.3 5.0 4.7 4.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 -78 1.9 0.1 0.1
Croatia 483 468 441 436 434 433 431 430 429 425 422 -13 -0.7 3.6 12.2
Cyprus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9 0.6 0.0 0.0
Czech
Republic 3.7 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 -52 0.0 0.0 0.1
Denmark 111 40 39 43 42 43 41 40 41 41 43 -61 3.9 0.8 1.2
Estonia 8.4 4.1 2.6 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 -50 -0.9 0.1 0.1
Finland 33 36 40 41 39 40 37 36 37 36 37 11 3.6 0.2 1.1
France 177 152 97 67 54 47 51 50 43 42 41 -77 -1.5 1.3 1.2
Germany 1 736 1 483 948 198 232 235 223 226 228 229 228 -87 -0.7 12.9 6.6
Greece 22 22 22 35 43 39 38 36 37 37 30 38 -17.1 0.2 0.9
Hungary 26 12 9.9 11 8.9 9.7 8.7 7.0 7.3 11 9.8 -62 -9.0 0.2 0.3
Ireland 41 34 33 36 14 12 12 11 10 15 12 -69 -14.4 0.3 0.4
Italy 289 302 266 279 211 219 226 206 200 195 190 -34 -2.6 2.1 5.5
Latvia 4.3 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 2.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 -95 -10.5 0.0 0.0
Lithuania 6.2 1.8 0.7 37 10 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 -78 5.6 0.0 0.0
Luxembourg 40 36 11 12 19 26 9.1 4.3 5.1 3.1 3.7 -91 22.0 0.3 0.1
Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 > 100 -34.7 0.0 0.0
Netherlands 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -100 0.0 0.0 0.0
Poland 761 894 539 597 707 673 687 693 635 627 634 -17 1.1 5.6 18.4
Portugal 2 306 2 666 2 687 1 214 1 112 1 134 1 160 1 110 1 105 1 093 1 095 -52 0.2 17.1 31.7
Romania 3.7 14 28 38 21 20 18 17 18 20 19 427 -4.3 0.0 0.6
Slovakia 66 38 25 21 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 -73 -3.2 0.5 0.5
Slovenia 417 290 213 135 76 51 44 41 41 39 39 -91 0.0 3.1 1.1
Spain 26 40 32 37 33 31 27 26 27 27 24 -6 -10.1 0.2 0.7
Sweden 9.0 9.4 9.9 9.5 9.2 9.8 8.8 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.2 3 1.3 0.1 0.3
United
Kingdom 6 744 4 915 1 355 1 038 768 745 708 679 645 609 547 -92 -10.1 50.0 15.8
EU-28 (a) 13 480 11 598 6 937 4 408 3 991 3 892 3 805 3 695 3 594 3 524 3 454 -74 -2.0 100 100
EU-28 ( ) b
13 480 11 598 6 937 4 408 3 991 3 892 3 805 3 695 3 594 3 524 3 454
(b) Sum of sectors.

Figure 3.19 PCB emissions from key categories in the EU: (a) trend in emissions from the four most
important key categories, 1990-2016; (b) share by sector group, 2016; (c) sectoral trends in
emissions
(a) (b)
kg
3 000 9 000 Other Energy
0% production and
8 000 Waste distribution
2 500 0% Energy use
10 %
7 000 in industry
2%
2 000 6 000 Agriculture
0% Commercial,
5 000
1 500 institutional
4 000 and
households
1 000 3 000 16 %
2 000
Road
500
1 000 transport
1%
0 0 Industrial
processes and
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 product use Non-road
66 % transport
0%
2K Cons. of POPs and heavy metals
(e.g. electr. and scient. equipm.)
(c)
kg
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Note: In Figure 3.19(a), the right-hand axis shows values for '2K — Consumption of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical and scientific
equipment)'.

Sectoral analysis and emission trends for key pollutants
4 Sectoral analysis and emission trends for

key pollutants
Chapter 4 sets out emission trends and detailed The sector is an important source of SOx, Hg, PCDD/Fs
methodologies of the key pollutants, aggregated into and NOx. The following ranking of the countries is
the following main sector groups: according to the size of the absolute values they
reported. Poland, Germany and Spain contributed most
• energy production and distribution; (in absolute terms) to the emissions of SOx for this
sector in 2016. Germany, Poland and Spain reported
• energy use in industry; the highest emissions of Hg. Germany, Poland and
the United Kingdom contributed most to the NOx
• industrial processes and product use; emissions. The United Kingdom reported the highest
emissions of HCB in this sector in 2016.
• commercial, institutional and households;
For emissions of the main pollutants (see Figure 4.1),
• road transport; the highest absolute and relative reduction within this
sector group was for SOx (-93 %) between 1990 and
• non-road transport; 2016. NOx and NMVOC emissions dropped between
1990 and 2016 by 69 % and 68 %, respectively. PM2.5
• agriculture; and PM10 emissions have decreased notably since 2000,
PM2.5 by 63 % and PM10 by 67 %.
• waste.
The strong decrease in NOx emissions between 2007
Appendix 4 of this report provides a conversion chart and 2008 is mainly because of emission reductions
showing how the aggregated sector groups include reported by Spain and the United Kingdom in
the individual NFR source categories (see Table A4.1). the category '1A1a — Public electricity and heat
Box 4.1 gives some general explanations relevant to the production'. The United Kingdom remarked that, since
figures and tables in this chapter. 1988, electricity generators have adopted a programme
of progressively fitting low NOx burners to their
Sectoral analysis and emission trends for 'energy 500 MWe (megawatt electric) or larger coal-fired units,
production and distribution' and since 2007 a programme of fitting over-fire-air
burners has further reduced NOx emissions from
The 'energy production and distribution' sector the sector (see the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in
grouping comprises emissions from a number of Appendix 5). Furthermore, emission reductions
activities that employ fuel combustion to produce reported for the same category in Spain are mainly
energy products and electricity, for instance. It is a responsible for the strong decrease in SOx emissions in
primary source of many pollutants, especially SOx. the same year. Spain explained that the dramatic drop
Despite considerable past reductions, this sector group in both NOx and SOx emissions in 2008 was due to the
contributes 51 % of the total EU emissions of this closure of the main brown coal mine in Spain in 2007
pollutant.
Box 4.1 Explanations of the figures in this chapter
• The LRTAP Convention formally requests Parties to report emissions of PM for 2000 and thereafter. The figures in this
chapter show only data from 2000 onwards.
• he figures showing indexed values (in percentages) use 1990 as the index year (1990 = 100 %), with the exception of
T
PM10 and PM2.5, for which the index year is 2000 (2000 = 100 %).

and the necessary retrofitting in 2008 of the adjacent CO emissions were mainly caused by the regeneration
thermal plant (see Spain's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). of catalytic crackers. In 2013, a plant was equipped with
a CO boiler and, since then, emissions have decreased.
The peak in CO emissions in 2012 is because between (see France's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
2011 and 2012 Estonia and Italy reported increases in
the category '1A1c — Manufacture of solid fuels and The peak in PM2.5 and PM10 emissions in 2011 comes
other energy industries'. The United Kingdom reported a from high emission values that Estonia reported
steep increase in the category '1A1a — Public electricity in the category '1A1a — Public electricity and heat
and heat production' in 2012. Furthermore, between production'. The Member State explained that the
2012 and 2013 Croatia, France and Portugal reported significant growth of PM2.5 emissions in 2011 was due
decreases in the category '1B2aiv — Fugitive emissions to an increase in electricity production by 34 % in Balti
oil: Refining/storage' and Italy and Poland reported Power Plant (Eesti Energia Narva Elektrijaamad plc) and
decreases in the categories '1A1a — Public electricity that it is a result of the incorrect operation of electric
and heat production' and '1A1c — Manufacture of solid precipitators on two power units of this power plant
fuels and other energy industries'. France reported that (see Estonia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
Figure 4.1 EU emission trends in the sector 'energy production and distribution' for NOx, NMVOCs,
SOx, PMs and CO between 1990 (2000) and 2016
Gg Index (1990 = 100)
5 000 18 000 120

4 500 16 000
100
4 000 14 000
3 500
12 000 80
3 000
10 000
2 500 60
8 000
2 000
6 000 40
1 500
1 000 4 000
20
500 2 000
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
NOx NMVOCs PM2.5 NOx NMVOCs PM2.5

PM10 CO SOx PM10 CO SOx
Note: In the left panel, the right-hand axis gives values for SOx.
Figure 4.2 EU emission trends in the sector group 'energy production and distribution' (a) for the HMs
(Pb, Cd and Hg), and (b) for POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB) between 1990 and 2016
(a) (b)
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 140
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg PCDD/Fs PCBs HCB

Of the three main HMs, Pb shows the highest reduction Table 4.1 Number of Member States reporting
in relative terms (-80 %) (see Figure 4.2(a)). Since 2000, notation keys within the key
the trend of the Hg emissions mainly follows Italy's categories of the sector group 'energy
reported emissions in the category '1B2d — Other production and distribution'
fugitive emissions from energy production'.
Key categories NA NO NR NE
For emissions of POPs, the highest relative reduction NOx 1A1a 0 0 0 0
was in PCDD/Fs (-77 %) (see Figure 4.2(b)). The peak in
1B2ai 1 5 0 0
HCB emissions in 1995 reflects high emission values
reported by Belgium in the category '1A1a — Public NMVOC 1B2aiv 0 0 0 0
electricity and heat production'. The Member State 1B2av 0 2 0 2
explained that the reason for high HCB emissions is 1A1a 0 0 0 0
higher levels of sludge burning in Flanders in 1995 SOx 1A1b 0 6 0 0
(personal communication by Belgium in 2017). HCB
1B2aiv 2 4 0 1
emission data from the United Kingdom reported
PM2.5 1A1a 0 0 0 0
for the category '1A1a — Public electricity and heat
production' also show an increasing trend in recent PM10 1A1a 0 0 0 0
years. The United Kingdom reported that the HCB Pb 1A1a 0 0 0 0
emissions are from burning municipal solid waste, and 1A1a 0 0 0 0
that increasing emissions reflect changes in quantities Cd
1A1b 0 6 0 2
of waste burnt (see the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in
Hg 1A1a 0 0 0 0
Appendix 5).
1A1a 0 0 0 0
PCDD/Fs
In Table 4.1, the number of Member States reporting 1B2aiv 9 4 0 3
the notation keys 'NA', 'NO', 'NR' and 'NE' within HCB 1A1a 1 0 0 0
the key categories are shown. Table 4.2 shows PCB 1A1a 1 0 0 0
the recalculations within the sector group 'energy
production and distribution'. For explanations of EU
recalculations, see Section 5.1.

Table 4.2 Relative difference in reported emissions when comparing the 2017 and 2018 submissions of
the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'energy production
and distribution'
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
NMVOCs 1 1 4 -2 -3 -4 -5 -4 -5 -5 -5 -6 -5 -5
SOx 2 2 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 -1 1
NH3 123 162 264 245 219 132 130 115 111 102 73 91 73 81
TSPs 6 5 3 15 15 16 20 24 15 15 16 16 19 19
CO 2 2 2 7 7 7 5 5 6 4 4 3 2 4
Pb 0 0 -1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 2 0 2 4
Cd -7 -10 -13 -14 -15 -17 -17 -17 -11 -9 -7 -1 0 0
Hg -10 -11 -3 -6 -6 -9 -5 -3 4 6 12 9 11 7
As 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 8 8
Cr 1 -1 -8 -12 -13 -13 -14 -13 -11 -10 -8 -7 4 3
Cu 1 -1 -3 -5 -7 -7 -6 -7 -6 0 0 0 6 8
Ni 0 1 1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 2 4 3 3 -3 2
Se 5 8 19 21 20 21 21 25 24 25 22 28 27 27
Zn 3 2 4 0 -3 -3 -2 -4 -5 1 1 0 1 1
PCDD/Fs 6 20 116 522 816 891 849 1 011 876 867 890 853 803 735
B(a)P 195 165 -2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B(b)F 470 424 5 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -4 -4
B(k)F 307 271 2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -3 -3 -2 -2 -3 -3
IP 251 218 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Total PAHs 118 99 -6 -2 -2 -2 -3 -1 -3 -4 -3 0 2 3
HCB 5 3 16 13 11 12 11 11 10 11 10 11 10 5
PCBs -19 -16 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM2.5 6 25 26 25 31 32 23 24 22 17 17 13
PM10 10 26 26 25 32 35 24 24 24 19 18 13
BC 13 22 25 20 24 22 18 16 -4 12 20 16
4.2 Sectoral analysis and emission The strong decrease in CO emissions between 2008
trends for 'energy use in industry' and 2009 results from emission reductions reported by
several countries, especially Belgium, France, Germany
The 'energy use in industry' sector is a primary and Italy, and might have been caused by the economic
source for HMs. According to the size of the absolute crisis.
values the countries reported, Poland, Italy and Spain
contributed most to the emissions of Pb in this sector The dip in PM2.5 and PM10 emissions in 2009 is due to
in 2016. For Cd, Poland, Spain and Italy reported the data reported by several countries, and might have
highest emissions. Poland, Italy and France contributed been caused by the economic crisis. Data reported by
most to the emissions of Hg. Estonia, Spain and the United Kingdom in the category
'1A2gviii — Stationary combustion in manufacturing
Energy use (fuel combustion) in industry is an industries and construction: Other' mainly caused the
important source of many pollutants. For the increase of the PM2.5 and PM10 in 2015.
main pollutants, the highest absolute and relative
reduction (-88 %) between 1990 and 2016 was for SOx Of the three HMs, Hg shows the highest reduction in
(see Figure 4.3). relative terms (-66 %) (see Figure 4.4(a)).

Figure 4.3 EU emission trends in the sector group 'energy use in industry' for NOx, SOx, PMs and CO
between 1990 (2000) and 2016
Gg Index (1990 = 100)
6 000 120
5 000 100
4 000 80
3 000 60
2 000 40
1 000 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
NOx SOx PM2.5 PM10 CO NOx SOx PM2.5 PM10 CO
Figure 4.4 EU emission trends in the sector group 'energy use in industry' (a) for the HMs
(Pb, Cd and Hg), and (b) for POPs (PCDD/Fs and HCB) between 1990 and 2016
(a) (b)
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg PCDD/Fs
Pb emissions decreased between 1996 and reported, especially Italy and Slovakia, and might have
1997, peaked in 2008, decreased considerably been caused by the economic crisis in 2009.
between 2008 and 2009, and increased between
2013 and 2014. This pattern is mainly because of The high Cd emissions from 1995 to 1997 reflect
Bulgaria's data for '1A2b — Stationary combustion high levels reported by Poland. The decrease in
in manufacturing industries and construction: Cd emissions between 2008 and 2009 is caused by
Non-ferrous metals', accentuated by drops in Pb reductions that several countries reported.
emissions in the categories '1A2a — Stationary
combustion in manufacturing industries and Among POPs, PCDD/Fs are key pollutants in the sector
construction: Iron and steel' and '1A2b — Stationary group 'energy use in industry'. Figure 4.4(b) presents
combustion in manufacturing industries and trends for these pollutants.
construction: Non-ferrous metals' reported by Italy
from 1996 to 1997 as well as between 2008 and 2009. The trend in PCDD/F emissions from 1990 until 2000
is mainly attributable to the data reported by France,
The strong decrease in Hg emissions between 2008 with PCDD/F emissions peaks from 1994 to 1995
and 2009 is due to reductions that several countries in the categories '1A2a — Stationary combustion

Table 4.3 Number of Member States reporting in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron
notation keys within the key and steel' and '1A2b — Stationary combustion
categories of the sector group 'energy in manufacturing industries and construction:
use in industry' Non‑ferrous metals'. The dip 2009 is due to data
reported by several countries, and might have been
Key categories NA NO NR NE caused by the economic crisis.
1A2f 0 1 0 0
In Table 4.3, the number of Member States reporting
NOx 1A2gvii 0 0 0 0
the notation keys 'NA', 'NO', 'NR' and 'NE' within
1A2gviii 1 0 0 1 the key categories are shown. Table 4.4 shows the
1A2a 0 2 0 0 recalculations within the sector group 'energy use
1A2c 0 1 0 0 in industry'. For explanations of EU recalculations,
SOx see Section 5.1.
1A2f 0 1 0 0
1A2gviii 1 0 0 1
1A2f 0 1 0 0 4.3 Sectoral analysis and emission
PM2.5
1A2gviii 1 0 0 1 trends for 'industrial processes and
1A2f 0 1 0 0 product use'
PM10
1A2gviii 1 0 0 1
The 'industrial processes and product use' sector
1A2a 0 2 0 0
grouping refers to emissions from industrial sources
CO 1A2f 0 1 0 1
other than those arising from fuel combustion within
1A2gvii 0 0 0 0 the industrial sector. This is the primary sector group
1A2a 0 2 0 2 for NMVOC, B(a)P, total PAH, HCB and PCB emissions,
Pb 1A2b 0 4 0 1 and makes significant contributions to emissions of
1A2f 0 1 0 2 HMs, PMs, and PCDD/Fs. The following ranking of the
countries is according to the size of the absolute values
1A2a 1 2 0 2
they reported. Of all the countries that reported data,
1A2b 1 4 0 1
Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy contributed
Cd 1A2c 1 1 0 1 most to NMVOC emissions. The largest contributions
1A2f 0 1 0 1 to B(a)P and total PAH emissions were reported by
1A2gviii 1 0 0 1 Portugal. For HCB emissions, the largest contributions
1A2a 1 2 0 1
were reported by Finland, Portugal and Austria.
Portugal, the United Kingdom and Italy contributed
Hg 1A2b 1 4 0 2
most to PCB emissions in the 'industrial processes
1A2f 0 1 0 2 and product use' sector in 2016. Figure 4.5 shows past
PCDD/Fs 1A2gviii 0 2 0 1 trends in emissions of the relevant main pollutants.

Table 4.4 Relative difference in reported emissions when comparing the 2017 and 2018 submissions
of the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'energy use in
industry'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 1 -1 0 -5 -6 -4 -4 -4 -5 -4 -5 -5 -6 -5
NMVOCs 23 32 32 20 20 22 22 22 22 23 25 23 23 27
SOx -11 -11 -1 -1 -3 -4 -7 -16 -20 -20 -16 -4 0 2
NH3 56 56 78 61 55 72 69 75 79 51 54 50 44 63
TSPs 3 4 -5 1 0 2 1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -1 -1 2
CO 4 5 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -6 -5 -6 -7 -2
Pb -2 -3 -7 -7 -7 -9 -8 -10 -10 -12 -11 -11 -11 -11
Cd -3 -6 -4 -6 -5 -5 -5 -6 -6 -7 -6 -6 -7 -6
Hg -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -1 -1 -1
As 3 0 -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2
Cr 3 -8 -23 -16 -17 -15 -16 -18 -12 -19 -20 -19 -21 -18
Cu 2 0 -2 -1 -1 -3 -3 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -3
Ni -9 -11 -13 -15 -11 -7 -10 -10 -9 -9 -9 -12 -11 -16
Se -36 -52 -64 -68 -64 -65 -63 -62 -64 -61 -61 -60 -60 -36
Zn 0 -2 -5 -5 -7 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -10 -10 -10 -7
PCDD/Fs -52 -45 -13 4 2 -1 3 -1 -2 -5 -5 -4 -5 -7
B(a)P 36 82 138 102 95 93 105 111 92 67 69 67 78 71
B(b)F 92 164 256 68 53 64 69 72 62 45 47 45 51 48
B(k)F 65 131 244 79 73 72 80 83 70 49 51 48 57 52
IP 60 128 255 79 72 73 81 85 72 51 55 52 61 57
Total PAHs -49 -46 -19 -18 -20 -21 -23 -30 -32 -40 -41 -45 -43 -43
HCB -8 -78 -75 -23 -24 -28 -29 -40 -42 -37 -15 -4 -4 -37
PCBs -49 -44 13 16 15 12 13 16 12 -1 -2 -5 -3 -7
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM2.5 22 24 23 27 26 24 25 25 27 29 28 32
PM10 9 13 12 15 15 12 13 12 13 15 15 19
BC 8 10 9 11 11 11 11 11 13 11 7 17
Data from France for the category '2C1 — Iron and The decrease in SOx emissions from 1990 to 1991,
steel production' have a great influence on the trend the increase from 1999 to 2000 and the decrease
in emissions of CO. In France, the emissions of CO from 2008 to 2009 mainly reflect emission data
from category 2C1 fluctuate over the years, depending from Germany reported for several categories. The
on the amount of blast furnace gas that is produced, decrease in SOx emissions from 1990 to 1991 is
reused or flared. The amounts depend on the operating caused by reductions in categories '2H1 — Pulp and
conditions and how feasible it is for iron and steel paper industry', '2B10a — Chemical industry: Other',
or colliery plants to reuse the gas that blast furnaces '2C1 — Iron and steel production' and '2A6 — Other
continuously produce. This may fluctuate a great deal mineral products'. The increase from 1999 to 2000
from one year to another, resulting in peaks (1995, 2004 and the decrease from 2008 to 2009 in SOx emissions
and 2010) or troughs (1992, 2001 and 2009) (personal mainly reflect emission data reported in the category
communication by France in 2013). The CO emissions '2C1 — Iron and steel production'. The decrease in
peak in 2013 follows the peak reported by Belgium in the SOx emissions from 1995 to 1996 is due to reductions
category '2A2 — Lime production'. Belgium reported that in the category '2B10a — Chemical industry: Other'
the sudden increase in 2013 was due to a plant where that Italy reported.
the lime production occurred without oxygen (reducing
atmosphere) (see Belgium's IRR, listed in Appendix 5).

In 2009, many countries reported a decrease in the Hungary reported peaks in the PM10 emissions in the
PM10 emissions, for instance France, Germany and the categories '2D3b — Road paving with asphalt' and
United Kingdom. The high PM10 emissions between '2A5b — Construction and demolition', respectively.
2010 and 2012 mainly reflect the data reported
by Greece and Portugal in the category '2A5b — 'Industrial processes and product use' make
Construction and demolition'. In 2015, Bulgaria and a considerable contribution to the total EU emissions
of HMs, despite seeing considerable reductions
since 1990. Figure 4.6(a) shows past emission trends
for these pollutants. Hg shows the highest relative
Figure 4.5 EU emission trends in the sector
group 'industrial processes' for reduction in emissions between 1990 and 2016 (81 %).
NMVOCs, SOx CO and PM between
1990 (2000) and 2016 The trend in Cd emissions between 1990 and 2007
mainly reflects emission data from Slovakia reported
Gg in the category '2A3 — Glass production'. In 2007,
most Slovak glass operators ceased production.
800 7 000
(see Slovakia's IRR, listed in Appendix 5). In following
700 6 000 years, the trend in Cd emissions is due to data reported
600
5 000 by several countries. The decrease in Pb emissions
500 between 2008 and 2009 is caused by reductions that
4 000
400 several countries reported, presumably due to the
300
3 000 economic crisis in 2009. The reduction in Pb emissions
2 000 between 2010 and 2011 reflects the significant
200
emission decrease in Latvia in the category '2C1 — Iron
100 1 000
and steel production' due to change of furnace type
0 0 in metal production. Overall, between 2010 and 2011,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Latvia's total emissions of Pb (national total) decreased
SOx PM2.5 PM10 by 98 % (see Latvia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
NMVOCs CO
Among POPs, the highest relative reduction between
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for CO and NMVOCs. 1990 and 2016 occurred for HCB (97 %) (Figure 4.6(b)).
Figure 4.6 EU emission trends in the sector group 'industrial processes and product use' (a) for the HMs
(Pb, Cd, Hg), and (b) for the POPs (PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, HCB and PCBs) and B(a)P between
1990 and 2016
(a) (b)
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 300 400
350
100 250
300
80 200
250
60 150 200
150
40 100
100
20 50
50
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg PCDD/Fs Total PAHs HCB
PCBs B(a)P
Notes: The right-hand axis gives values for B(a)P.
For B(a)P, data from Austria, Italy and Spain could not be gap-filled, as the countries did not report values for any year. To enable
presentation of provisional EU emission trends, the emissions have been aggregated without including data for these Member States.

The considerable change in HCB emissions is mainly the Table 4.5 Number of Member States reporting
result of an increase in '2C3 — Aluminium production' notation keys within the key
in the United Kingdom until 1998. The largest source of categories of the sector group
HCB emissions for the years 1990‑1998 in the United 'industrial processes and product use'
Kingdom was the use of HCE as a degassing agent in
secondary aluminium smelting. Specific regulation Key categories NA NO NR NE
controlling the use of HCE led to emissions from this 2B10a 1 5 0 0
sector being zero from 1999 onwards, and thus led to
2D3a 0 0 0 0
an overall sharp decrease in HCB emissions between
1998 and 1999 (personal communication by the United 2D3d 0 0 0 1
Kingdom in 2017). 2D3e 0 2 0 0
NMVOC
2D3g 0 0 0 0
The steep drop in PCBs from 1999 to 2000 is caused by 2D3h 0 0 0 0
falls in emissions from the category '2K — Consumption
2D3i 0 2 0 1
of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical and scientific
2H2 0 0 0 0
equipment)' that the United Kingdom reported. This
Member State explained that there was a sharp SOx 2B10a 1 5 0 1
decrease in PCB emissions generated by capacitors 2C1 0 4 0 0
PM2.5
between 1999 and 2000 (personal communication by 2G 0 0 0 0
the United Kingdom in 2017). 2A5a 1 1 0 4
2A5b 0 0 0 5
The changes in the total PAHs follow the data reported
PM10 2C1 0 4 0 0
by Portugal in the category '2D3g — Chemical
products'. For 2016, 76 % of the total B(a)P emissions 2D3b 3 0 0 2
can be attributed to the sector group 'industrial 2L 6 13 0 1
processes and product use' due to data reported by CO 2C1 0 4 0 2
Portugal in the category '2D3g — Chemical products'. Pb 2C1 0 4 0 0
2C1 1 4 0 0
the notation keys 'NA', 'NO', 'NR' and 'NE' within Cd 2C7a 3 10 0 0
the key categories are shown. Table 4.6 shows the 2G 0 0 0 0
recalculations within the sector group 'industrial 2B10a 5 5 0 3
processes and product use'. For explanations Hg
2C1 1 4 0 0
of EU recalculations see Section 5.1.
PCDD/Fs 2C1 1 4 0 1
Total PAHs 2D3g 17 0 0 10
B(a)P 2D3g 16 0 1 10
2B10a 11 5 1 6
HCB
2C3 8 7 0 8
2C1 2 4 0 0
PCB
2K 9 7 0 4

the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'industrial processes
and product use'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 4 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 5 6 6 5 6 5
NMVOCs 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
SOx 13 7 4 6 7 6 5 6 10 11 10 9 10 10
NH3 38 30 32 37 28 18 27 38 28 34 26 30 32 43
TSPs 14 16 19 29 31 26 30 31 36 36 40 25 25 27
CO 2 -4 1 4 4 5 5 7 6 7 8 8 -3 -2
Pb -8 -11 -7 -8 -10 4 4 5 5 7 7 7 7 7
Cd 14 16 21 23 27 36 39 52 58 54 58 62 61 63
Hg 0 -1 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 3 3 5 7 4
As 34 13 7 6 6 7 6 11 10 14 15 19 13 12
Cr -3 -4 0 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 4 3 2 5
Cu 28 60 66 56 49 51 50 63 60 58 63 73 65 62
Ni 11 10 8 10 11 13 12 12 13 17 20 17 16 25
Se 29 31 24 58 30 35 27 28 33 20 21 21 23 22
Zn 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
PCDD/Fs -29 -22 -6 10 9 8 6 7 6 7 8 8 11 9
B(a)P 1 331 4 308 26 652 14 869 11 726 10 370 9 425 17 813 14 319 9 812 8 953 6 338 6 810 9 123
B(b)F 3 2 18 -59 -61 -59 -65 -70 -74 -71 -72 -71 -71 -71
B(k)F 12 14 81 -48 -49 -49 -58 -71 -74 -71 -71 -71 -70 -71
IP 7 7 47 -37 -47 -35 -46 -15 -33 -29 -34 -38 -38 -41
Total
PAHs 152 372 1 055 1 530 1 266 1 127 1 174 2 396 1 720 1 202 1 056 781 809 1 151
HCB -15 -21 13 39 84 55 85 114 230 121 257 257 150 204
PCBs 18 31 80 28 29 27 29 46 40 43 50 50 49 50
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM 2.5 11 15 15 14 14 16 16 15 15 11 12 14
PM10 16 23 24 21 24 24 26 28 32 19 19 21
BC 45 67 58 41 59 106 117 47 72 49 52 61
4.4 Sectoral analysis and emission emissions. Poland, Italy and Romania emitted the
trends for 'commercial, institutional largest proportion of PM10 in 2016. Poland, Italy and
and households' France contributed most to CO emissions.
As indicated in Chapter 2, fuel combustion by Of the main pollutants, the highest relative reduction
commercial and institutional facilities and households between 1990 and 2016 for the sector grouping was
makes an important contribution to the total emissions again in SOx (86 %). In contrast, PM emissions have
of many pollutants. changed little since 2000 (see Figure 4.7).
The 'commercial, institutional and households' sector The decrease of CO emissions between 1990 and
is the primary sector group for PM2.5, PM10 and CO, and 1992 reflects data from Germany in the categories
an important sector group for NOx, NMVOC, SOx, B(a)P, '1A4ai — Commercial/institutional: Stationary' and
Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, total PAH, HCB and PCB emissions. '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary'. The Member State
The following ranking of the countries is according explained that the main driver of the CO emission
to the size of the absolute values they reported. For trends is decreasing lignite consumption. Since 1990,
PM2.5, Italy, Romania and France reported the highest fuel use has changed from solid fuels, causing high

CO emissions, to gaseous fuels, producing much lower Figure 4.7 EU emission trends in the sector
emissions (see Germany's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). group 'commercial, institutional and
The increase in CO emissions from 1992 to 1993 households' for NOx, NMVOCs, SOx,
reflects data from Poland in the category '1A4bi — PMs and CO between 1990 (2000)
Residential: Stationary'. The peak in 1996 reflects data and 2016
from France and Poland. The low CO emissions in 2002
and the decreases in 2011 and 2014 reflect data from Gg
Italy and France for the category '1A4bi — Residential: 3 000 18 000
Stationary'. 16 000
2 500
14 000
The decreases in SOx and NMVOC emissions between 2 000 12 000
1990 and 1992 are because Germany reduced 10 000
emissions. Germany explained that SO2 emissions 1 500
8 000
decreased due to the fuel switch from coal (especially 1 000 6 000
lignite with a high emission factor) to natural gas with a 4 000
lower emission factor. A further reduction in emissions 500
2 000
of SO2 from 2008 onwards can be explained by the
0 0
increasing use of fuel oil with low sulphur content. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
The main driver of the NMVOC emissions reported
NOx NMVOCs SOx
by Germany is decreasing lignite consumption. In the
PM2.5 PM10 CO
residential sector the emission trend is also affected
by the increasing use of firewood with high emission
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for CO.
factors, which counteracts the reduction in SO2
emissions. Since 1990, fuel use has changed from solid
fuels causing high NMVOC emissions to gaseous fuels
producing much lower emissions (see Germany's IIR, Of the three HMs in the sector 'commercial, institutional
listed in Appendix 5). and households', Pb shows the highest reduction, both
absolutely and relatively (52 %) (see Figure 4.8(a)).
The data reported by Italy in the category '1A4bi —
Residential: Stationary' caused the dip in NMVOC The trend in emissions of Cd largely reflects data
emissions in 2011. from Italy, whereas Italy and Poland contribute most
Figure 4.8 EU emission trends in the sector group 'commercial, institutional and households' (a) for the
HMs (Pb, Cd and Hg), and (b) for the POPs (PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, B(a)P, HCB and PCBs) between
1990 and 2016
(a) (b)
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb Cd Hg PCDD/Fs Total PAHs HCB
PCBs B(a)P
Notes: For B(a)P, data from Austria, Italy and Spain could not be gap-filled, as the countries did not report values for any year. To enable
presentation of provisional EU emission trends, the emissions have been aggregated without including data for these Member States.

Table 4.7 Number of Member States reporting 2010 in the Pb emissions relates to the emission data of
notation keys within the key Poland in the category '1A4bi — Residential: Stationary'.
categories of the sector group
'commercial, institutional and The trend for Hg largely reflects data from Italy for the
households' category '1A4ai — Commercial/institutional: Stationary'.
Italy's emissions of Hg from non-industrial combustion
Key categories NA NO NR NE plants reported in the sector group 'commercial,
institutional and households' represent 32 % of the
1A4ai 0 0 0 0
national total emissions of Hg in 2016 (see Italy's
NOx 1A4bi 0 0 0 0
IIR from 2017, listed in Appendix 5). The Hg peak in
1A4cii 0 0 0 0 1991 reflects data from France for the category '1A4bi
NMVOC 1A4bi 0 0 0 0 — Residential: Stationary'.
1A4ai 0 0 0 0
SOx Among POPs relevant to the 'commercial, institutional
1A4bi 0 0 0 0
and households' sector, the highest absolute
1A4ai 0 0 0 0
and relative reduction occurred for HCB (61 %)
PM2.5 1A4bi 0 0 0 1
(see Figure 4.8(b)).
1A4cii 0 0 0 0
1A4bi 0 0 0 0 The trend in emissions of PCB largely reflects data
PM10 1A4ci 0 0 0 0 from Poland for the category '1A4bi — Residential:
1A4cii 0 0 0 0
Stationary'. Poland's emissions of PCB from
non‑industrial combustion plants reported in the sector
1A4bi 0 0 0 0
CO group 'commercial, institutional and households' are
1A4bii 0 0 0 1 the dominant source of PCB emissions making up
1A4ai 0 0 0 0 73 % of the national total emissions of PCB in 2016.
Pb
1A4bi 1 0 0 0 Compared with 2015, national total emissions in
1A4ai 0 0 0 0 2016 increased by about 1 %. The main reason for
Cd this change was a higher consumption of hard coal
1A4bi 1 0 0 0
in the residential sector (see Poland's IIR, listed in
1A4ai 0 0 0 0
Hg Appendix 5).
1A4bi 1 0 0 0
PCDD/Fs 1A4bi 1 0 0 0 Further, the trend for HCB largely reflects data from
B(a)P 1A4bi 1 0 0 0 Austria and the Czech Republic for the category
Total PAHs 1A4bi 1 0 0 0
'1A4bi — Residential: Stationary'. The increase in the
emission data from 2001 to 2003 also results from
HCB 1A4bi 1 0 0 0
high emissions reported by Italy in the category '1A4ai
PCB 1A4bi 1 0 0 2 — Commercial/institutional: Stationary'.
The trend in total emissions of PAHs between 1990 and

2000 largely reflects data from the Czech Republic and
to the Pb emission trend. The Cd emissions mainly Poland. The strong decrease of total PAHs and B(a)P from
relate to Italy's category '1A4ai — Commercial/ 1990 to 1992 and the peaks in 2010 and 2013 reflect
institutional: Stationary'. Concerning the positive data that Germany reported in the category '1A4bi —
trend in Cd emissions in 2008, Romania also reported Residential: Stationary'. Emissions from Poland reported
an increase in the category '1A4bi — Residential: in the same category are the reason for the peak in total
Stationary'. The decrease in Pb emissions from PAHs and B(a)P total emissions in 1993.
1990 to 1992 is the result of emission reductions
reported by several countries, especially Germany In Table 4.7, the number of Member States reporting
and Italy, which reduced their emissions considerably the notation keys 'NA', 'NO', 'NR' and 'NE' within
in the categories '1A5b — Other, mobile (including the key categories are shown. Table 4.8 shows the
military, land based and recreational boats)' and recalculations within the sector group 'commercial,
'1A4cii — Agriculture/forestry/fishing: Off-road vehicles institutional and households'. For explanations
and other machinery', respectively. The peak visible in of EU recalculations see Section 5.1.

Table 4.8 Relative difference in reported emissions when comparing the 2017 and 2018 submissions
of the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'commercial,
institutional and households'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
NMVOCs 5 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 5 5
SOx -5 3 2 1 0 -1 -1 -2 0 1 1 1 2 3
NH3 111 117 110 111 107 104 99 100 104 102 104 110 111 110
TSPs 2 8 4 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 2 1
CO 4 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Pb -19 -30 -30 -34 -36 -31 -32 -33 -33 -33 -33 -31 -29 -27
Cd -9 -17 -4 -1 -2 0 0 -2 -2 0 1 1 3 5
Hg 14 14 25 22 21 17 17 14 14 18 10 10 6 12
As -49 -53 -48 -58 -62 -60 -61 -62 -64 -63 -63 -63 -63 -63
Cr -10 -12 -8 -15 -18 -17 -18 -18 -20 -18 -19 -18 -18 -16
Cu -32 -35 -32 -37 -39 -38 -38 -38 -39 -38 -38 -37 -36 -35
Ni -25 -26 -16 -22 -27 -25 -27 -29 -43 -40 -40 -39 -37 -36
Se 84 59 50 55 54 54 60 65 58 62 62 62 54 73
Zn -43 -48 -34 -43 -47 -44 -44 -44 -46 -44 -44 -43 -43 -41
PCDD/Fs -45 -41 -25 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
B(a)P 15 12 6 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 4
B(b)F 26 17 17 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 3
B(k)F 24 15 10 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 2 2 2 3 2
IP 30 19 17 1 1 0 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5
Total PAHs -45 -65 -3 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 3
HCB 145 48 4 1 7 3 5 13 28 31 46 33 61 57
PCBs -9 -7 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM 2.5 5 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 2 1
PM10 5 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 2 1
BC 8 5 5 4 5 4 5 6 5 4 6 5
4.5 Sectoral analysis and emission France, Germany and Italy contributed most
trends for 'road transport' (in absolute terms) to NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions
in the 'road transport' sector in 2016. The following
The individual NFR sources that make up the ranking of the countries is according to the size of
'road transport' sector group together contribute the absolute values they reported. For CO, Germany,
considerably to emissions of a number of pollutants, Poland and Italy reported the highest emissions.
including NOx, CO, Pb, PM2.5, PM10 and NMVOCs. Germany, France and Spain contributed most to the
Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10 show the past emission emissions of Pb, and Italy, Germany and Poland most
trends for these pollutants in this sector. to the emissions of NMVOCs in this sector in 2016.

Figure 4.9 EU emission trends in the sector group 'road transport' for NOx, NMVOCs, PMs and CO
between 1990 (2000) and 2016
Gg Index (1990 = 100)
9 000 40 000 120

8 000 35 000
100
7 000 30 000
6 000 80
25 000
5 000
20 000 60
4 000
15 000
3 000 40
2 000 10 000
20
1 000 5 000
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
NOx NMVOCs PM2.5 NOx NMVOCs PM2.5

PM10 CO PM10 CO
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for CO.
Figure 4.10 EU emission trends in the sector group 'road transport' (a) for the priority HM Pb, and (b) for
PCDD/Fs between 1990 and 2016
(a) (b)
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Pb PCDD/Fs

For the 'road transport' sector, the main HM is Pb, Table 4.9 Number of Member States reporting
showing a high relative reduction in emissions (98 %) notation keys within the key
between 1990 and 2016 (see Figure 4.10(a)). However, categories of the sector group 'road
in recent years, little progress has been made in further transport'
reducing emissions from road transport, and in the
last 3 years total emissions of Pb have even slightly Key categories NA NO NR NE
increased. The promotion of unleaded petrol within 1A3bi 0 0 0 0
the EU and in other EEA member countries through
NOx 1A3bii 0 0 0 0
a combination of fiscal and regulatory measures
has been a success story. For example, EU Member 1A3biii 0 0 0 0
States have completely phased out the use of leaded 1A3bi 0 0 0 0
petrol. Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of NMVOC 1A3biv 0 0 0 0
petrol and diesel fuels (EU, 1998) regulated that goal. 1A3bv 0 0 0 0
Nevertheless, the 'road transport' sector remains a
1A3bi 0 0 0 0
key source of Pb, contributing around 17 % of total
1A3bii 0 0 0 0
Pb emissions in the EU.
PM2.5 1A3biii 0 0 0 0
Of the POPs, PCDD/Fs are the most important in the 1A3bvi 0 0 0 0
'road transport' sector group. Figure 4.10(b) shows 1A3bvii 0 0 0 2
past emission trends for this group of pollutants. Its 1A3bi 0 0 0 0
reduction from 1990 to 2016 was 72 %.
1A3biii 0 0 0 0
PM10
The trend in emissions of PCDD/Fs reflects mainly 1A3bvi 0 0 0 0
data reported by the United Kingdom in the category 1A3bvii 0 0 0 2
'1A3bi — Road transport: Passenger cars'. The United 1A3bi 0 0 0 0
CO
Kingdom reported that the emissions are associated 1A3biv 0 0 0 0
with compounds previously added to leaded petrol.
1A3bi 0 0 0 0
Consequently, the emissions of PCDD/Fs decreased in Pb
1A3bvi 4 0 0 1
line with Pb emissions from the 'road transport' sector
(see the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

the key categories are shown. Table 4.10 shows the
recalculations within the sector group 'road transport'.
For explanations of EU recalculations see Section 5.1.

the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'road transport'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
NMVOCs 1 1 -3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1
SOx 0 -1 -7 -1 1 -2 -2 -6 -5 -2 -7 -7 -7 -6
NH3 2 5 2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0
TSPs -4 1 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3
CO 3 2 2 5 3 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
Pb 1 6 14 0 0 -1 -2 -1 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
Cd -25 -23 -20 -17 -17 -17 -18 -18 -19 -20 -20 -20 -20 -22
Hg 19 21 27 29 29 30 30 31 26 30 29 28 29 -8
As 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -2 -2 0 -8
Cr 4 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -5 -5 -6 -6 4 3
Cu 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Ni 85 20 17 17 17 16 14 15 12 11 10 10 12 8
Se 19 19 17 17 17 16 15 16 14 13 12 12 13 9
Zn -6 -6 -7 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
PCDD/Fs -3 -9 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -3
B(a)P 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
B(b)F 7 6 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 9 8
B(k)F 7 6 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 9 9
IP 7 6 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 8
Total PAHs -35 -39 -8 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -4 -1 -4
HCB -24 -27 -35 -42 -45 -48 -52 -56 -58 -59 -58 -61 -62 -62
PCBs -36 -63 -74 -80 -81 -82 -83 -83 -84 -84 -84 -79 -76 -76
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM 2.5 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
PM10 2 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4
BC 4 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4.6 Sectoral analysis and emission Figure 4.11 EU emission trends in the sector
trends for 'non-road transport' group 'non-road transport' for NOx,
PM2.5, SOx and CO between 1990
Within this report, emissions from and 2016
international/domestic aviation and shipping are
reported as a simple sum of the emissions from each Gg
of the Member States. Accordingly, emissions from 400 1 200

international/domestic aviation and shipping are
350 1 050
not divided into those occurring within the EU and
300 900
those that cross the geographical boundaries of the
EU. However, the guidelines (UNECE, 2014a) define 250 750
international emissions as those that start in one 200 600

country and finish in another. Thus, the reporting 150 450
matches the guidelines.
100 300
50 150
An important pollutant in the 'non-road transport'
sector group is NOx. The following ranking of the 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
countries is according to the size of the absolute values
they reported. The United Kingdom, Italy and Spain
SOx PM2.5 CO NOx
contributed most (in absolute terms) to the emissions
of NOx, Italy, the United Kingdom and Greece most to Notes: The right-hand axis gives values for NOx.
the emissions of SOx and France, Italy and the United
Kingdom most to the CO emissions in 2016.
The increase in SOx emissions reflects the gap-filled

Table 4.11 Number of Member States reporting
data for Greece in 2016 in the category '1A3dii —
notation keys within the key
National navigation (shipping)'.
categories of the sector group
'non-road transport'
The 'non-road transport' sector group does not
contribute a great deal to HM and POP emissions.
Therefore, trends for pollutants from these two Key categories NA NO NR NE
groups of substances are not shown. NOx 1A3dii 0 0 0 0
PM2.5 1A3dii 0 0 0 0
For B(a)P, data from Austria, Italy and Spain could not
be gap-filled, as the countries did not report values
for any year. To enable presentation of provisional EU
emission trends, the emissions have been aggregated
without including data for these Member States.

recalculations within the sector group 'non-road
transport'. For explanations of EU recalculations
see Section 5.1.

the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'non-road transport'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 9 13 14 12 10 12 9 12 9 9 10 9 14 13
NMVOCs -6 -1 -2 -2 -3 -2 -3 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -6 -8
SOx 18 20 18 18 3 3 3 -16 8 -1 3 -5 -3 -14
NH3 1 8 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 8
TSPs 24 26 25 30 33 30 27 32 30 26 28 27 30 29
CO -4 -3 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 1 1 0 0 2 0
Pb 9 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Cd -20 -20 -19 -19 -18 9 6 12 10 8 10 11 12 9
Hg 37 45 50 44 42 48 41 50 49 47 44 47 63 66
As 52 69 87 107 88 104 96 120 105 87 104 91 107 60
Cr 2 075 1 845 2 366 2 499 2 393 2 733 2 840 2 501 2 696 2 738 3 133 3 043 3 719 3 821
Cu 139 132 117 119 126 133 130 122 129 127 132 132 150 155
Ni 136 138 184 214 191 253 248 252 249 233 274 252 305 258
Se 15 21 21 22 20 22 18 27 22 19 19 18 23 22
Zn 48 63 67 67 65 71 70 83 78 76 79 85 97 95
PCDD/Fs -18 -16 -14 -14 -23 -11 -13 -10 -8 -13 -13 -14 5 1
B(a)P 2 3 2 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2
B(b)F 11 14 13 15 15 14 13 13 11 10 8 8 8 7
B(k)F 6 6 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
IP 18 22 20 17 17 18 16 17 16 16 12 12 12 12
Total PAHs -31 -38 -7 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 7 8
HCB 23 31 37 34 32 37 31 44 39 33 33 32 44 33
PCBs 8 13 17 21 20 21 19 26 21 17 18 16 17 11
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM2.5 21 26 29 25 22 27 25 20 21 20 23 21
PM10 29 34 38 34 26 -12 -2 13 24 10 19 22
BC 10 12 13 11 8 14 11 8 7 6 8 9
4.7 Sectoral analysis and emission cattle' and '3B1a — Manure management — Dairy
trends for 'agriculture' cattle'. The emissions of NMVOCs increased in 2000
because Romania started to report data in this year.
The 'agriculture' sector group is responsible for the Between 1990 and 1999, data for Romania could not be
vast majority of NH3 emissions in the EU. According to gap-filled.
the size of the absolute values the countries reported
Germany, France and Spain contributed most (in During the period 2000-2016, PM10 emissions decreased
absolute terms) to emissions of NH3 in 2016. by merely 13 %. Data, reported by Spain in the category
'3F — Field burning of agricultural residues', reflect the
Agricultural emissions of NH3 have decreased by 24 % decrease of PM10 emissions in 2001.
since 1990 (see Figure 4.12).
For the POPs, the sector 'agriculture' contributes
In addition, the 'agriculture' sector causes considerable considerably to emissions of total PAHs and HCB
NMVOCs and PM10 emissions. emissions.Figure 4.13 shows past emission trends for
these pollutants.
The decrease in emissions of NMVOCs between 1990
and 1991 reflects data reported by Germany mainly in The trend in emissions of total PAHs largely reflects
categories '3B1b — Manure management — Non-dairy data that Spain reported for the category '3F — Field

Figure 4.12 EU emission trends in the sector Figure 4.13 EU emission trends in the sector
group 'agriculture' for NMVOCs, group 'agriculture' for POPs
NH3 and PM10 between 1990 (2000) (total PAHs and HCB) between
and 2016 1990 and 2016
Gg Index (1990 = 100)
1 200 6 000 120
1 000 5 000 100
800 4 000 80
600 3 000 60
400 2 000 40
200 1 000 20
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
PM10 NMVOCs NH3 Total PAHs HCB
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for NH3.
burning of agricultural residues'. Spain explained that

Table 4.13 Number of Member States reporting
high emissions of total PAHs have notably decreased, notation keys within the key
particularly between 1999 and 2003. This is due to a categories of the sector group
progressive decrease in field burning of agricultural 'agriculture'
residues, which has been restricted by a combination of
legislation aimed at preventing forest fires, the fact that
the EU's common agricultural policy's conditionality rules
NOx 3Da1 2 0 0 1
entered into force and national mitigation programmes
aimed at the reduction of field burning of agricultural NMVOC 3B1a 1 0 0 2
waste (personal communication by Spain in 2017). 3B1b 1 0 0 2
NH3 3B1a 0 0 0 0
The trend in emissions of HCB largely reflects data that 3B1b 0 0 0 0
the United Kingdom reported for the category '3Df
3B3 0 0 0 0
— Use of pesticides', but in 1991 also the emissions
3B4gi 0 0 0 0
reported by Germany in the same category. HCB occurs
as an impurity or a by-product in the manufacture 3Da1 0 0 0 0
of several pesticides currently in use in the United 3Da2a 0 0 0 0
Kingdom (chlorothalonil and chlorthal-dimenthyl) or 3Da3 0 1 0 0
used in the past (quintozene). Following the application PM10 3B4gi 0 0 0 0
to agricultural land, pesticides would volatilise
3B4gii 0 0 0 0
from deposits on plant or soil into the atmosphere.
Estimates for HCB assume that more than 70 % of the 3Dc 1 1 0 0
new HCB is emitted into the atmosphere. Over 95 % Total PAHs 3F 1 12 0 3
of the HCB emission into the atmosphere is through HCB 2Df 21 2 0 4
the use of chlorthalonil (see the United Kingdom's IIR,

recalculations within the sector group 'agriculture'.
For explanations of EU recalculations see Section 5.1.

the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'agriculture'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx 27 31 9 34 33 33 32 32 32 28 30 29 28 29
NMVOCs 17 29 39 22 21 22 23 22 22 22 23 23 21 22
SOx 15 2 7 53 49 42 65 57 53 53 52 53 48 43
NH3 -3 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -3 -4 -4 -4
TSPs -1 4 8 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
CO -4 -1 -82 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -5 -3
Pb 1 1 3 10 9 9 12 11 10 11 10 10 9 7
Cd 2 014 1 723 679 169 142 201 138 135 130 137 135 130 134 119
Hg 1 1 5 51 54 38 64 59 52 53 50 52 46 39
As 1 1 3 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 5
Cr 1 1 5 34 35 28 42 37 35 35 34 35 32 26
Cu 1 1 5 22 22 19 27 25 23 23 22 23 21 18
Ni 1 1 5 41 42 32 51 44 41 41 39 41 37 30
Se 1 1 5 21 21 18 24 22 21 21 20 21 20 18
Zn 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 -29 2
PCDD/Fs -13 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 4 63 2
B(a)P 383 156 150 164 163 179 186 185 166 156 163 144 139 144
B(b)F 816 174 181 207 200 204 242 236 214 214 212 205 196 193
B(k)F 719 157 163 193 187 188 218 206 185 183 182 175 169 166
IP 612 160 163 188 183 189 214 207 186 181 183 172 166 165
Total
PAHs 14 -2 -1 4 6 6 6 6 5 5 8 5 5 -4
HCB 44 12 32 11 13 13 13 17 19 44 47 29 40 32
PCBs -97 -98 -98 -97 -97 -97 -97 -97 -97 -97 -97 -97 -96 -96
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM 2.5 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -4 -4 -4 -5
PM10 8 13 13 12 13 13 13 12 11 11 10 10
BC 4 10 10 9 12 12 11 11 10 11 10 8
4.8 Sectoral analysis and emission industrial incineration plants. Portugal explained that
trends for 'waste' the fluctuations of industrial waste incineration results,
at least partially, from the variation of fluxes to other
The 'waste' sector group is an important source of treatments (landfilling, shipping abroad and recycling)
certain pollutants, including PCDD/Fs, Hg , HCB, PM2.5, as a consequence of the annual waste market demand
PM2.5 and PCBs. Figure 4.14 shows the past emission (see Portugal's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). The slight
trends for these pollutants. increase in 1993 reflects the data reported by France in
the category '5C1bii — Hazardous waste incineration'.
Between 1990 and 2006 the decrease in PCB emissions
mainly reflects the data reported by the United The trend in PCDD/F emissions from 1990 until 2001
Kingdom in the categories '5C2 — Open burning of contributed to the decrease reported by several
waste' and '5E — Other waste' and from 2006 onwards countries. From 2009 onwards, the PCDD/F emission
data mainly reflects PCB emissions reported by Portugal trend reflects the data of Greece in the category '5C1biii
in the category '5C1bi — Industrial waste incineration'. — Clinical waste incineration'. The peak in PCDD/F
PCB emissions reported by this Member State closely emissions in 2013 is reflects data reported by Malta in
correspond with the amount of waste burnt in the category '5C1bv — Cremation'.

Figure 4.14 EU emission trends in the sector group 'waste' for the HM Hg, for the POPs PCDD/Fs, HCB and
PCBs, and for PM2.5 between 1990 and 2016
Index (1990 = 100) Index (1990 = 100)
120 120 600
100 100 500
80 80 400
60 60 300
40 40 200
20 20 100
0 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Hg PCBs PM2.5 PCDD/F HCB
Note: The right-hand axis gives values for PCDD/F.
The decrease in emissions of HCB between 1990 and Table 4.15 Number of Member States reporting
2005 largely reflects data for the category '5C1biv notation keys within the key
— Sewage sludge incineration' from France. However, categories of the sector group 'waste'
high HCB emissions between 1993 and 1999 are due
to data reported in the same category by Belgium.
This Member State commented that this category
disappears as key source for HCB, because nearly 5C2 0 14 0 3

PM2.5
all incineration plants have energy recuperation and 5E 1 0 0 1
emissions are now allocated to the category '1A1a 5C2 0 14 0 3
— Public electricity and heat production') see Belgium's PM10
5E 1 0 0 1
IIR, listed in Appendix 5). The trend in emissions
CO 5C2 1 14 0 4
of HCB from 2005 onwards reflects data reported
5C1biii 2 6 0 0
by Italy in the category '5C1biv — Sewage sludge Hg
incineration'. 5C1bv 0 0 0 3
5C1biii 1 6 0 1
PCDD/Fs
The United Kingdom contributed most to decreasing 5E 0 2 0 2
Hg emissions from 1990 until 2004. This is because
controls introduced for the incineration of waste were
improved. In addition, there was a general decline in
ferrous and non-ferrous metal production, and the
use of coal as a fuel in all sectors decreased (see the
United Kingdom's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). From 2005
onwards, the Hg emission trend mainly reflects the
data reported by Slovakia in the category '5C1biii —
Clinical waste incineration'. Slovakia reported that the
highs and lows were a result of economic progress and
the strengthening of national legislation (see Slovakia's
IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

recalculations within the sector group 'waste'. For
explanations of EU recalculations see Section 5.1.

the EU (relative data, percentage of EU national totals) for the sector group 'waste'
%
Pollutant 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2
NMVOCs -3 2 0 7 2 5 9 9 9 7 7 4 5 7
SOx -11 -5 -6 -1 -1 3 0 0 0 1 2 2 -9 -9
NH3 -33 -28 -28 -11 -11 -12 -12 -14 -16 -17 -17 -15 -16 -20
TSPs 28 32 32 32 36 36 38 38 39 38 36 36 27 29
CO 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pb -1 -2 1 17 6 10 15 8 14 5 1 3 6 3
Cd -1 -1 3 29 3 10 30 21 18 10 -2 -1 8 7
Hg -1 1 11 57 20 31 56 26 42 19 12 7 25 15
As -3 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 -7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cr 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -10 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1
Cu 7 8 11 44 22 24 39 23 34 12 10 6 16 11
Ni -1 -4 -2 3 1 2 3 1 4 0 -1 -2 0 -2
Se -5 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1
Zn -3 -4 -3 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -3
PCDD/Fs -17 -13 -2 79 65 74 91 200 122 128 91 3 715 225 196
B(a)P 39 38 34 24 32 50 46 42 39 39 37 37 34 34
B(b)F 23 25 22 15 17 24 22 17 16 16 15 14 13 12
B(k)F 7 8 7 4 2 9 8 5 6 6 6 5 4 4
IP 22 23 17 15 17 24 20 12 10 9 9 8 4 1 011
Total PAHs 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HCB -3 -3 -7 -20 -16 -18 -19 -24 -29 -23 -19 -19 -20 -24
PCBs -34 -32 -13 -3 -4 -2 1 -2 -9 -9 -9 -13 -16 -19
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM2.5 31 29 37 37 40 39 41 39 37 36 34 36
PM10 38 38 41 41 42 42 43 41 41 40 33 35
BC 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7

Recalculations, and implemented or planned improvements
5 Recalculations, and implemented or

planned improvements
5.1 Recalculations Recalculations due to gap filling: the high

recalculations for Romania for the years 1990-1999
Recalculations are changes made to past emission are due to improvements in gap filling. This concerns
estimates (for one or more years) to eliminate errors, especially the pollutants NH3, TSP, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, Zn,
consider additional factors and to incorporate new PCDD/Fs, Total PAHs, HCB and PCB. For the Czech
data. The Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016) Republic, high recalculations for the years 1990-1999
stipulates that it is good practice to change or refine are as the Czech Republic submitted this year for the
data and/or methods when: first time data for these years, whereas in previous
years these data were gap-filled. This concerns almost
• available data have changed; all pollutants. In addition, for Greece data for gap
filling are now available where no data have been
• the previously used method is not consistent with available before. Therefore, for some pollutants the
good practice for a certain category; EU total changed considerably due to gap-filled data
from Greece. This concerns especially NMVOC, SOx,
• an emission source category has become a key PM2.5, PM10, TSPs, BC, Hg, Cr, Ni, Se, Zn, PCDD/Fs, B(b)F,
category; B(k)F, and IP.
• the previously used method does not reflect Recalculations for the main pollutants and CO:
mitigation activities transparently; the highest recalculations for NOx, NMVOCs, SOx
and CO that are relevant for the EU recalculations
• the capacity (resources) for inventory preparation were done by the United Kingdom, especially in
has increased; the transport and shipping sectors. The United
Kingdom stated in its IIR that, among other reasons,
• new inventory methods become available; the recalculations for NOx and CO emissions were
carried out because of improved activity data from
• the correction of errors is necessary. vessel movement, while emissions from NMVOCs
were recalculated in the 'road transport' sector due
It is important to identify inventory recalculations and to the availability of revised estimates. SOx emissions
to understand their origin, in order to evaluate officially were also recalculated due to improvements made
reported emission data properly. Member States often in the shipping inventory (see the United Kingdom's
do not document why they report different numbers IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Further, new reported data
compared with the previous year. from Romania for NOx and CO in the years 2000‑2004
differed from the earlier gap-filled data. Greece and
Italy made extensive recalculations of the whole time
5.1.1 Recalculations of the EU inventory series of NMVOCs, which are relevant for the EU
recalculations. Italy's recalculations concern especially
Table 5.1 compares total emissions from the EU the agriculture sector. Italy mentioned in its IIR that
according to the submissions in 2017 with those in 2018. NMVOC emissions for the category '3B' have been
updated on the basis of the emission factors provided
Details of recalculations that influenced the EU in the Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016);
recalculations are given below. In some cases, NMVOC emissions for poultry and other animals,
recalculations reflect changes in gap filling (see also such as rabbits, have also been included (see Italy's
Section 1.4.5) rather than 'true' recalculations by the IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Spain reported EU-relevant
countries themselves. Often, high recalculations for recalculations of SOx emissions from 1997 to 2003,
Member States were compensated by recalculations of especially in the category '1A2gviii — Stationary
other Member States, and therefore EU recalculations combustion in manufacturing industries and
are only moderate. construction: Other'.

Table 5.1 Comparison of data submitted in 2017 and 2018 by Member States (relative data, percentage of
EU national total)
Pollutant Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
NOx Gg 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
NMVOCs Gg 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
SOx Gg -1 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 -4 -4 -4 -3 0 0 1
NH3 Gg -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3
TSPs Gg 5 8 9 13 14 12 13 13 14 14 15 11 11 12
CO Gg 3 2 -5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Pb Mg -2 -3 -8 -23 -24 -21 -21 -6 -7 -8 -7 -7 -7 -6
Cd Mg 8 6 4 -2 -1 0 0 4 7 8 9 10 10 11
Hg Mg -10 -12 -11 -12 -13 -14 -13 2 6 5 7 6 8 5
As Mg 7 -5 -6 -6 -7 -6 -7 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -4 -4
Cr Mg 0 -2 -4 -3 -4 -4 -4 -3 -2 -3 -2 -1 3 4
Cu Mg 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4
Ni Mg -5 -7 -6 -9 -9 -7 -9 -1 0 2 1 0 0 0
Se Mg -6 -9 -15 -16 -18 -17 -17 -15 -16 -17 -16 -15 -17 1
Zn Mg -6 -9 -7 -10 -11 -10 -11 -12 -12 -11 -11 -11 -11 -10
PCDD/Fs g I-Teq -24 -20 8 59 54 57 58 84 64 68 64 619 78 66
B(a)P Mg 188 404 565 830 725 637 624 682 518 418 342 244 276 375
B(b)F Mg 242 69 70 45 40 42 47 51 43 45 45 44 45 43
B(k)F Mg 200 56 51 29 26 26 39 43 36 37 38 37 38 36
IP Mg 155 49 45 26 23 24 27 28 24 26 27 26 27 31
Total PAHs Mg 8 -6 29 128 115 89 102 113 86 68 55 38 43 57
HCB kg -9 -19 6 22 36 24 35 40 57 51 64 40 31 52
PCBs kg 4 12 42 10 10 9 10 17 15 16 17 19 19 19
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
PM2.5 Gg 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 6
PM10 Gg 9 11 11 11 11 9 9 10 11 8 9 9
BC Gg 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6
Recalculations for PMs, TSPs and BC: the highest reason for the reporting of increased emissions
recalculations for PM2.5, PM10, TSPs and BC that are (see the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
relevant for the EU recalculations were done by Greece Poland made some PM2.5 recalculations in categories
and the United Kingdom. The high recalculations by belonging to the 'energy use in industry' sector. Those
Greece arose in 2017 because no data for Greece recalculations were mainly due to the implementation
were available for gap filling. The recalculations of new emission factors from the Inventory guidebook
by the United Kingdom occurred especially in the (see Poland's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Recalculations
categories '1A3dii — National navigation (shipping)' from Poland for PM10 and TSPs are mainly because data
and '2A5b — Construction and demolition'. The are now reported in the category '3Dc — Farm-level
United Kingdom explained in its IIR that the emissions agricultural operations including storage, handling and
in '2A5b — Construction and demolition' increased transport of agricultural products', which was not the
due to the revision of emission factors for some case in 2017. Poland stated that this is due to a new
sources (fireworks, quarrying and construction); emission source for this category (see Poland's IIR,
furthermore, the methodology for the calculation listed in Appendix 5). Portugal made recalculations
of PM from construction has been updated. For the for PM10 and TSPs mainly in the industry sector. Spain
category '1A3diii — National navigation (shipping)' made recalculations for PM10, especially in the category
an improvement in the method applied is the main '3Dc — Farm-level agricultural operations including

storage, handling and transport of agricultural residues' because updated emission factors were used
products', where activity data have been updated, and to calculate the emissions (see the United Kingdom's
for BC in several categories. Those recalculations were IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Further EU recalculations are
mainly carried out due to the implementation of new because of gap-filled data from Greece, which were not
estimates from the Inventory guidebook (see Spain's available last year. Romania reported data for the years
IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Ireland reported TSP 2000-2004 for the first time. These data differed from
emissions in the category '2D3b — Road paving with the earlier gap-filled data, and thus gap-filled data for
asphalt', which were not reported in 2017. the years 1990-1999 changed as well. Only for B(a)P,
there are very conspicuously high levels reported by
Recalculations for HMs: new gap-filled data for Portugal in the category '2D3g — Chemical products'
Greece are now available, which were not available in 2018, which were not reported in 2017. Data values
last year. Therefore, several recalculations for Greece from Portugal are extraordinarily high.
were made, which for some pollutants, such as Hg, Cr,
Ni, Se and Zn, are rather high, and strongly influence Recalculations of total PAHs: high recalculations by
the EU recalculations. For Pb, high recalculations the EU were caused by changed data from the United
that are relevant for the EU were made by Slovenia Kingdom for the years 1990-1992 in the category '3F —
in the category '2C5 — Lead production', performed Field burning of agricultural residues' because updated
due to the use of the new Inventory guidebook (see emission factors were used to calculate the emissions
Slovenia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5), and by Hungary, in (see the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
the category '1A3bi — Road transport: Passenger cars', There are very conspicuously high levels reported by
performed due to updated fuel consumption data and Portugal in the category '2D3g — Chemical products'
the use of the latest COPERT model (see Hungary's IIR, in 2018, which were not reported in 2017. The levels in
listed in Appendix 5). Germany made recalculations these data are extraordinarily high. High recalculations
for all HMs, influencing the EU recalculations especially of data for the Czech Republic for the years 1990-1999
of Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni, mainly due to changes in the are due to the change from gap-filled to reported data.
categories '1A3c — Railways' (Cr, Cu, Ni) and '2C7a Romania reported data for the years 2000-2004 for the
— Copper production' (Cd, Cu). Germany stated in first time. These data differed from the earlier gap-filled
its IIR that recalculations were carried out due to the data.
application of new emission factors (see Germany's IIR,
listed in Appendix 5). Spain made recalculations for all Recalculations of HCB: the United Kingdom reported
HMs, influencing the EU recalculations especially for results for the years 1990-1998 in the category '2D3
Cd, Ni and Se due to changes mainly in the category — Aluminium production' that were much lower than
'3F — Field burning of agricultural residues' (Cd) and in in 2017. The reason for this was the implementation
the sector 'energy use in industry' (Ni, Se) and 'energy of revised activity data from aluminium production.
production and distribution' (Ni). Further recalculations This recalculation happened because activity data for
that have an impact on EU recalculations were made by aluminium production were revised downwards (see
Poland for all HMs, especially for Pb, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and the United Kingdom's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
Zn due to changes in the category '1A4bi — Residential:
Stationary'. Romania reported data for the years Recalculations of PCBs: there are very conspicuously
2000‑2004 for the first time. These data differed from high values reported by Portugal in the categories
the earlier gap-filled data, and thus gap-filled data for '2C1 — Iron and steel production' and '2K —
the years 1990-1999 changed as well, especially for Pb, Consumption of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical
Hg, As and Cr. For Cu, recalculations by Italy in the 'road and scientific equipment)' in 2018, which were not
transport' and 'energy use in industry' sectors also reported in 2017. High recalculations of data for
influenced the EU recalculations. the Czech Republic for the years 1990-1999 are due
to the change from gap-filled to reported data. In
Recalculations of PCDD/Fs: the highest recalculations 2017, Finland reported data for '5E — Other waste'
for the EU are because of gap-filled data from Greece, and in 2018 'NA' was reported for this category
which were not available last year. Further, changes in for the complete time series. This resulted in high
gap-filled data from Romania, and changes due to the recalculations. The reason for this was that the method
availability of reported data from the Czech Republic used to calculate PCB emissions in earlier submissions
resulted in considerable recalculations for the EU. was considered uncertain and therefore the emissions
were removed from the current submission (see
Recalculations of B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F and IP: high Finland's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Austria made high
recalculations by the EU were caused by changed data recalculations in the category '2C5 — Lead production',
from the United Kingdom for the years 1990-1992 and reported in 2018 'NA' for category '2C7c — Other
in the category '3F — Field burning of agricultural metal production', which led to high recalculations

Table 5.2 Recalculations of EU countries (gap-filled inventory) that have a significant impact on the EU
recalculations
EU countries with significant recalculations

Pollutant Countries for which recalculations had a Countries for which recalculations had a 'positive' effect
'negative' effect
NOx RO 2000-2004, 2006; ES 1990-2015; CZ 1993, 1996-1999 GB 1990-2015
NMVOCs RO 2005-2015; PT 1990-2015, BG 1990-1991; FI 1990-1999; GR 1990-2015; IT 1990-2015; CZ 2000-2015;
LT 1990-1997; ES 1990-2001 PL 1995-2015; GB 1990-1997
SOx CZ 1990-1994, 1997; ES 1990-2012; SK 1990-1991; GB 1990-2015; GR 2000-2002, 2005;
GR 1991-1996, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2013-2015; RO 2003-2004, 2013
NH3 RO 1990-2000, DE 1990-2015; FR 1997-2015; IT 2012-2015 ES 1990-1999, 2009; CZ 1990-1999
PM2.5 RO 2001-2002 GR 2000-2015; PL 2000-2015; GB 2000-2015;
CZ 2000-2015
PM10 RO 2001-2002 GR 2000-2015; GB 2000-2015; PL 2000-2015;
PT 2011-2012; ES 2000-2015;
TSPs RO 2000-2004, 2007, 2015; FI 2012 GB 2000-2015; GR 2000-2015; PT 2000-2014;
IE 2000-2015; HU 2008-2009; PL 2000-2015
BC FR 2006 GR 2000-2015; GB 2000-2015; BG 2000-2015;
RO 2000, 2004; ES 2000-2015
CO RO 2000-2004; FR 2014-2015 CZ 2000-2015; GB 1990-2008; FR 1990-2000;
HU 2000-2005
Pb GR 1994-2008, SI 1990-2006; LT 1998; FI 1990-1992; HU 1990-1998; BG 1990
RO 1990-1995; HU 1999; PL 1990-1997, 2006-2015
Cd PL 1990-1999; ES 2001-2011 ES 1990-1999; DE 1990-2015
Hg GR 1990-2008; RO 1990-2004 IT 1990-2003; GR 2009-2011
As PL 1990-2015; RO 1990-2000, SK 1990-1995 CZ 1990-1995, SK 2003
Cr RO 1990-2002; PL 1990-2015; ES 1990-2015; IT 2003-2015 DE 1990-2015; GR 2014-2015, FI 1990-1999;
CZ 1990-1993
Cu PL 1990-2015 DE 1990-2015; IT 1990-2015; CZ 1990-1991
Ni ES 1990-2005; PL 1990-2015; GR 1990-2008 GR 2009-2015; DE 1990-2015
Se ES 1990-2015 GR 1990-2015
Zn PL 1990-2015 GR 2009-2015, FI 1990-2003
PCDD/Fs RO 1990-2003; CZ 1990-1999 MT 2013; GR 1990-2015
B(a)P PT 1990-2015
B(b)F RO 2005-2015 GB 1990-1992; GR 1990-2015; CZ 1990-1995
B(k)F RO 2005-2015 GB 1990-1992; GR 1990-2015; CZ 1990-1991
IP GB 1990-1992; GR 1990-2015; CZ 1990-1996
Total PAHs CZ 1990-1999; RO 1990-1998; ES 1990-2000 PT 1990-2015, GB 1990-1992
HCB GB 1990-1998; RO 1990-1996 DE 1990-1992, 1999; CZ 1990-1996; PT 1990-2015
PCBs CZ 1990-1999; FI 1990-2015, SI 1990-2015, AT 1990-2015; PT 1990-2015
RO 1990-1996, 2005-2008; GB 1990-2001; PL 2003-2015
Notes: EU countries with significant recalculations are listed in descending order, reflecting the impact on recalculated emissions for the EU as
a whole.
Recalculations concern the gap-filled inventory.

because data were reported in 2017. The calculations Croatia provided detailed information on its
on non-ferrous metals have been improved, partly recalculations for all pollutants. The main reason for
due to available facility data and partly due to the recalculations was that improved methodologies had
application of the 2016 EMEP/EEA Inventory guidebook been applied. Table ES4-1 in Croatia's IIR offers an
(see Austria's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Slovenia overview of the recalculations (see Croatia's IIR, listed
made recalculations in the categories '2C5 — Lead in Appendix 5).
production' and '2C7a — Copper production'. These
recalculations were performed due to the introduction Cyprus stated that it had made some methodological
of the methodologies described in the Inventory improvements to the national emission inventory. This
guidebook (see Slovenia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). resulted in recalculations of the time series from 1990
Further recalculations that were relevant for the EU to 2015 according to methodologies proposed in the
recalculations were done by the United Kingdom Inventory guidebook and the TERT 2017 suggestions.
for the categories '2C1 — Iron and steel production', Other reasons for recalculations include the update
'3Da2b — Sewage sludge applied to soils' and '5E — from COPERT 4 to COPERT 5, new activity data and the
Other waste'. The United Kingdom explained that correction of erroneous formulas (see Cyprus's IIR,
emissions have been revised downwards for all years, listed in Appendix 5).
primarily affected by revisions to the emission factors
used, which are now following the 2016 EMEP/EEA The Czech Republic stated that recalculations were
Inventory guidebook (see the United Kingdom's IIR, carried out because of error correction, updated
listed in Appendix 5). Romania made recalculations methodology and the implementation of new estimates
for the years 2005-2008 mainly for metal production (see the Czech Republic's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
('2C5 — Lead production', '2C6 — Zinc production'
and '2C7a — Copper production'), which influenced Denmark provided detailed information on its
the EU recalculations. recalculations. It had put considerable work into
improving the inventory. The submission includes
recalculated inventories for the whole time series. The
5.1.2 Member States' recalculations reasons for recalculation were changed methodology,
updated activity data, new data, correction of errors
Under the revised reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a), and updated emission factors. The sector‑specific
all countries should submit explanatory IIRs, which chapters provide additional information on
should include details addressing any recalculations recalculations (see Denmark's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
made. Some Member States provide very detailed
explanations for their recalculations of parts of or the Estonia provided detailed information on its
whole time series (e.g. methodological improvements, recalculations for the period from 1990 to 2015. The
revisions of emission factors, reallocations, revisions of reasons for recalculating were the correction of data,
activity data and corrections of errors). activity data and emission factors, newly available
and additionally calculated data, new methodology,
Austria provided detailed information concerning more detailed allocation of data and more detailed
its recalculations, which were carried out due to calculation methods (see Estonia's IIR, listed in
revisions, updates of activity data, updated models, and Appendix 5).
improvements of methodologies and emission factors
(see Austria's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Finland provided detailed information on
recalculations. The country is recalculating the time
Belgium provided detailed information on its series for several subcategories and is waiting for the
recalculations for all of its regions (Flanders, Wallonia finalisation of recalculations for the 'energy' sector.
and Brussels) for the 'energy' sector. The main reasons At present, the country is checking basic data, methods
for recalculations on the sectoral level were the and underlying assumptions on an ad hoc basis. Once
application of emission factors from the Inventory the recalculations are done, systematic checks and
guidebook, the availability of new data (including reallocations of emissions will be carried out (see
activity data) tools, and error corrections and revision Finland's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
of data (see Belgium's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
France stated that recalculations were due to
Bulgaria reported that it made recalculations in several methodological improvements, correction of errors
sectors for 2016 according to the recommendations of and the availability of new information (see France's IIR,
the Technical Expert Review Team (TERT) (see Bulgaria's listed in Appendix 5).
IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

Germany provided detailed information. Recalculations Poland reported that recalculations were carried out
were carried because of several reasons, namely mainly due to revised methodologies, updated activity
revision of activity data, revision of the entire model, data and the correction of data (see Poland's IIR, listed
newly implemented emission factors, revision of in Appendix 5).
emission factors, and reallocation of activity data and
emissions (see Germany's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Portugal provided detailed information on its
recalculations. Since the last submission, recalculations
Hungary provided information on recalculations in the were mainly carried out due to revised data/emission
sector-specific chapters. Recalculations were carried factors/estimates, error correction and the
out due to the update of the methodology for the implementation of emission factors from the Inventory
category '5A', the reallocation of data and the revision guidebook (see Portugal's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
of activity data, as well as the availability of new activity
data (see Hungary's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). Romania noted that, following the emission inventory
review, recalculations of emissions from 2005-2015
Italy provided detailed information on its have been carried out due to updated statistics and
recalculations. The main reasons for recalculations corrected activity data. Emission factors have been
were updated activity data and new estimates. Other updated as well to be in line with the ones provided in
reasons were updates of methodology and emission the Inventory guidebook (see Romania's IIR, listed in
factors in line with the Inventory guidebook, revised Appendix 5).
model parameters, a new emission factor and the use
of the COPERT 5 model for calculations (see Italy's IIR, Slovakia provided detailed information and tables
listed in Appendix 5). on its recalculations. The main reasons were error
correction and improved methodology. Other reasons
Ireland provided information on recalculations in its were the reallocation of emissions and the modification
sector specific chapters. Recalculations were mainly of emissions (see Slovakia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
carried out due to revised emission data, included
new emission data, updated emission factors, error Slovenia provided detailed information on its
correction, the reallocation of emissions and revised recalculations. They were carried out due to
methodology (see Ireland's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). methodological changes, error correction, an improved
calculation model, the reallocation of emission data,
Latvia provided detailed information on recalculations. the availability of new data and updated activity data,
Recalculations were carried out due to updated activity which were mainly due to the implementation of
data, corrected emission factors, updated calculation emission factors from the Inventory guidebook. Many
methods/methodologies, corrected/new data (see of these recalculations were carried out following
Latvia's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). recommendations from the TERT (see Slovenia's IIR,
Lithuania stated that it had recalculated emissions due
to improved data, enhanced methodology and error Spain provided detailed information on its
corrections (see Lithuania's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). recalculations. The main reasons were changes in
estimation methods as well as new estimations,
Luxembourg presented the main revisions and updates of emission factors, new methodologies and
recalculations in a table in its IIR (p. 336). Reasons for error correction (see Spain's IIR, listed in Appendix 5).
recalculations were updated activity data, methodology
and emission factors, as well as error correction for Sweden provided detailed information on its
the category '3B'. For the category '2G', the reason recalculations. The reasons were the revision and
for recalculation was a new emission source (see update of emission factors, reallocation of emissions,
Luxembourg's IIR, listed in Appendix 5). availability of new data, updated models and the
correction of emissions (see Sweden's IIR, listed in
Malta provided no information about recalculations in Appendix 5).
its IIR.
The United Kingdom provided detailed information
The Netherlands provided detailed information on on recalculations made since its last LRTAP Convention
the recalculations carried out. The main reasons for submission. Reasons were improved emission
recalculations were the inclusion of new emission estimates, new or additional data sources, the use of
sources, the revision of data, changed emissions updated emission factors, revision/reallocation of data
factors, as well as the use of improved activity data. and methodological changes (see the United Kingdom's
(see the Netherlands' IIR, listed in Appendix 5). IIR, listed in Appendix 5).

The annual joint EMEP/EEA inventory review report especially the case for pollutants where reporting is
(EMEP/EEA, forthcoming) presents a summary of the not obligatory (see Figure 1.5 and Figure 1.6).
individual recalculations that Member States reported.
This report will be available from the CEIP website in • Updating of emission data by Member States,
July of each year (EMEP CEIP, 2018b). including for past years: the ETC/ACM has also
identified a problem with gap filling by using
data submitted several years ago. In a number of
5.2 Member States' emission changes cases, because countries have not since submitted
due to review improvements corrected or updated data sets, the EU inventory
unavoidably contains inconsistencies. The quality
In addition, EMEP CEIP has the task of reviewing of the EU's inventory will thus be enhanced if the
the submitted emissions, to help Parties improve consistency and completeness of Member States'
national inventories (EMEP CEIP, 2018a; EMEP/EEA, submissions improves. Such improvements would
forthcoming). These yearly reviews should help help reliable trend analysis to inform policy. Within
Member States to prepare and improve their the 2018 gap-filled inventory, some inconsistencies
inventories. Member States compile their individual caused by this problem were corrected manually as
emission estimates and submit their inventories an interim solution.
together with their IIRs.
• Reviewing current gap-filling procedures to
The stage 1 review — an automated test — happens ensure that they use the best approach, reflecting
every year to assess timeliness, completeness and real emissions: the improved inventory gap-filling
format. The stage 2 review assesses recalculations, procedure performed in 2011 has helped develop
KCA, inventory comparison, trends and time series. a more complete EU emission inventory, but there
Stage 3 is an in-depth review by experts whom the is room for improvement (e.g. by including manual
Parties nominate. Each year, the plan is for two teams changes in the procedure).
to review 10 Parties' inventories.
• Reducing the need for gap filling: this is achievable
In 2017, EMEP CEIP reviewed Albania, Austria, the if Member States report complete time series as far
EU, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Malta and as possible, and also if they have already provided
Monaco. The results are in individual country-specific the data in earlier submissions under the LRTAP
reports (EMEP CEIP, 2018c). In their IIRs, some of these Convention. Current gap-filling procedures first use
countries refer explicitly to improvements planned as a submissions received in the current reporting years
consequence of these reviews. In 2018, it is planned to under various reporting mechanisms, and then use
review Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Finland, Moldova, older LRTAP submissions.
Montenegro and Ukraine.
• More explanatory information on trends and
recalculations: this would be possible if the IIRs
5.3 Planned improvements at EU level contained such information.
The EEA and ETC/ACM have noted that the main future • Further research on outliers in Member States'
challenge for EU Member States remains improving the emission data to help ensure that they reflect
quality of data submissions, to obtain more complete real emissions: a comparison of Member States'
and timely UNECE LRTAP Convention emission contributions to the EU total reveals extraordinarily
inventories. Improvements cannot be implemented high proportions in some instances, e.g. for Pb in
at EU level alone; the Member States themselves also Poland (25 %), Cu in Germany (63 %), Zn in Germany
need to develop and prioritise reliable and timely (33 %), PCDD/Fs in Greece (gap-filled data, 38 %),
inventory reporting systems. B(a)P in Portugal (79 %), B(b)F in Greece (gap-filled
data, 28 %), B(k)F in Greece (gap-filled data, 28 %),
• Further progress concerning completeness of IP in Poland (33 %), total PAHs in Portugal (45 %),
reporting: although clear progress has been made and PCB in Portugal (32 %). Future investigation
in recent years on making reporting complete, a full could determine whether these high proportions
set of emission inventory data for air pollutants is reflect actual emissions or they are ascribable to
still not available for all Member States, as noted incomplete reporting (or underestimates) by other
earlier in this report. Further, for certain pollutants Member States.
(including PM, HMs and POPs), data could not be
fully gap-filled, because some Member States had • More attention to data quality: in several
not reported emission values in any years; this is submissions from Member States and as a result

of the gap-filling procedure, values of BC exceed States are encouraged to nominate reviewers for the
PM2.5 values, values of PM2.5 exceed PM10 values, or EMEP roster of emission review experts; nomination
values of PM10 exceed TSP values — which should process details are available on the CEIP website. In
be impossible. Changes in the gap-filling results 2017, the EU emission inventory report (1990-2015)
and improved Member State emission data should under the UNECE LRTAP Convention (EEA, 2017c)
resolve these problems. was reviewed (UNECE/CEIP, 2017). The findings and
their implementation are summarised in Table 5.3,
and Table 5.4 shows the findings that have not been
5.4 Implemented improvements implemented or cannot be implemented.
The joint EMEP/EEA annual review of inventory data

helps improve Member States' inventories. The review 5.4.1 Improvements as response to the stage 3 review
of data reported under the LRTAP Convention happens of the EU inventory in 2012
jointly with the review of data reported by Member
States under the NEC Directive. Since 2009, there has Table 5.3 and Table 5.4 list the improvements
been a centralised stage 3 review process. Two teams implemented or not implemented in response to the
of emission experts perform the reviews. Member stage 3 review by an expert review team (ERT) in 2017.
Table 5.3 EU stage 3 review results 2017 and improvements implemented
Review findings (2017)

Topic Finding Implemented Comment
Transparency
Gap-filling More detailed information at a sectoral level Partly Already given in Annex D
procedure
Notation keys The ERT encourages the EU to create a summary for Yes Analysis given in the new Annex K
each subsector on how many Member States reported
emissions and how many used notation keys; the ERT
encourages adding an explanation in the IIR about the
use of notation key 'NE'
Under-reporting The IIR sections on General assessment of completeness Yes Analysis changed (see Section 1.8)
and Underestimations, and the graphs present
a somewhat misleading picture of the level of
under-reporting in the EU inventories; the ERT
strongly encourages the EU to revise and expand
these sections of the IIR
Key categories The ERT encourages the EU to include information on Partly Analysis included in Chapter 4
reported/not reported sectors and pollutants for the
key categories for each year and each Member State
Member State The ERT encourages the EU to conduct a more detailed Partly Inconsistency checks were
comparisons analysis of the Annex D information to identify and made (compare Section 1.6) and
communicate potential outliers and inconsistencies communicated to the Member
between Member States in their methods and States; comparisons between
emission factor(EF) selection Member States were not made,
as such checks would mean
considerable effort and there is
only a limited time frame
Member State The IIR could contain more information on the Partly Analysis included in Chapter 4,
comparisons consistency of reporting across countries and could see also the new Annex K
indicate the number of countries that do not provide
estimates for each NFR category
Sector The ERT encourages the EU to continue improving Partly Sectoral emission trends are
descriptions the transparency of the inventory by including more described to the greatest possible
information and detail in sector and subsector extent in Chapter 4
descriptions and an explanation of emission trends

Table 5.3 EU stage 3 review results 2017 and improvements implemented (cont.)

Completeness
Gap-filling Further improvement in the gap-filling procedures, Yes Manual changes have been
procedure such as the development of more manual conducted in 2018 (compare
interventions Section 1.4.5)
Gap-filling The ERT encourages the EU to strengthen its QA/QC Partly Manual changes have been
procedure of the gap-filling procedures to minimise the risk of conducted in 2018 (compare
(1) under-reporting in the EU submission; and (2) the Section 1.4.5) to correct
gap-filling process itself introducing implausible implausible step-changes in the
step-changes in the reported trends trends
Assessment after It would be useful to include details at the level Partly Analysis included in Chapter 4,
gap filling of individual NFR categories (assessment of the see also the new Annex K
significance of the remaining gaps after gap filling) for
the sectors
Completeness The ERT encourages the EU to provide sector-specific Partly Analysis included in Chapter 4 see
assessment assessments of completeness also the new Annex K
Consistency
Recalculations The main recalculations are explained in the IIR of Partly Recalculations and their
each Member State; the ERT encourages the EU to also implications for trends are
explain the rest of the recalculations including their explained to the greatest possible
implications for the trends, and especially to explain extent, including recalculations
recalculations due to changes in the EU gap-filling that are caused by the gap-filling
method procedure (compare Section 5.1)
Sector-specific The ERT encourages EU to provide sector-specific Yes Analysis included in Chapter 4
recalculations recalculation information wherever possible (similar
to that in Table 5.1)
Time series checks The ERT encourages the EU to conduct time series Yes Time series checks have been
consistency checks on Member State submissions performed for many years already
Comparability
Consistent The ERT encourages the EU to continue with its efforts Partly Checks on the allocations to
reporting to develop more consistent reporting (regarding specific NFR sectors would mean
allocations to specific NFR sectors) by Member States considerable effort; such an
analysis is not feasible within the
limited time frame
Notation keys There are many instances where some countries Yes Analysis included in Annex K, see
report emissions for a particular NFR category and also Section 1.8
pollutant, while other countries use the notation key
'NA'; the ERT believes that it would be immensely
useful for this type of issue to be highlighted in the
IIR at the level of individual NFR categories: it would
highlight issues in the inventories of Member States
that could then be addressed by those countries
Accuracy
Emission basis The EU inventory for road transport was based on a Yes In 2018, the whole EU inventory
mixture of fuel sold and fuel used (one Member State) is based on fuel sold (compare
Section 1.4.4)

Table 5.4 EU stage 3 review results 2017, not implemented findings and rationale

Transparency
Notation keys The EU data inventory uses notation keys 'NE' and No Further improvement required
'NR'; the ERT recommends improving the use of
notation keys in the inventory
Key categories More detailed information to highlight key data No Such checks would mean considerable
and information deficiencies in the Member effort; such an analysis is not feasible
State submissions, including (1) data gaps for key within the limited time frame
categories; (2) outlier level and trend emission
data from Member States for key categories; and
(3) identifying where lower-tier methods are used
by Member States that contribute significantly to
the reported EU total for a key category
Key categories The ERT encourages the EU to summarise No Information on methods and data
information about methodologies used by the used by Member States to calculate
different Member States for specific pollutants emissions from the individual sectors
for the key categories have been provided for some years in
the EU inventory report (2012-2015);
however, providing this information was
a considerable effort and was hardly
feasible within the limited time frame
Activity data No activity data are provided; the ERT recommends No Further improvement required
further enhancing the gap-filling procedure to
finally provide activity data at EU level: for example,
gap filling by utilising data from Eurostat statistics,
or data from another country (e.g. with a similar
population, gross domestic product or other
indicator) that could be an interim solution to
overcome the difficulties
Completeness
EU-level The ERT recommends developing the EU-level No Political decision
inventory inventory improvement programme, which
improvement should include actions at the EU level to target
programme improvements of the completeness of reporting
from the Member States; the ERT encourages the
EU to include more detailed information about
QA/QC procedures used by Member States
Relations The ERT encourages the EU to implement No As the inventory is an aggregation of the
between procedures to assess relations between different Member State inventories, this is not
pollutants and pollutants and sectors an easy task and would mean too much
sectors effort in the limited time frame
Gridded data, The ERT recommends the EU to provide full No Data are already available via the CEIP
LPSs and assessment of the gridded data, LPSs and and CDR websites; it is a huge amount
projections projections submitted by Member States in its of data and there is no need to provide
future submission such large annexes when data are
available easily at these websites
Accuracy
Gap-filling In some cases, the gap-filling procedure does not No Further improvement required
procedure generate a reliable representation of the emissions
from the source categories
Uncertainty The EU clarified that uncertainty analysis is in No Not in 2018; further improvement
analysis the improvement plan for the near future, since, required
under the new NEC Directive Member States shall
provide information on uncertainties; it is therefore
planned to assess and evaluate if the uncertainty
analysis for the EU can be generated
Uncertainty The ERT recommends that the EU assess the No Further improvement required
linked to gap impact of the gap-filling procedure on inventory
filling uncertainty, e.g. assessment of uncertainties linked
to the EU gap-filling process and its combination
with Member States' inventory uncertainties

5.4.2 Further improvements undertaken in 2018 5.4.3 Improvements at Member State level
• The figure showing KCA results for 2016 (Figure 1.2) Improvements at Member State level also automatically
has been improved to show sector affiliation. improve the EU inventory. For this reason, it is of
interest to note which countries have planned to
• Again, explanations on unusual trends, peaks and improve their inventories. Table 5.5 provides an
troughs were improved. overview of these. However, it is not easy to gain a
systematic overview of the overall situation, as Member
• Manual corrections for BC improved the gap-filled States provide varying amounts of information.
inventory.
The updated reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a)
• An overview of the findings from the early and request that Parties to the LRTAP Convention provide
extended data checks on submitted Member State emission data using the new NFR14 format. All EU
inventories was included (see Table 1.6). Member States that submitted data used the new
template.
• Analysis of the reporting of notation keys within
the key categories of each sector group were made
(see Section 4).
• Sector recalculations were included (see Section 4).

Table 5.5 Overview of improvements planned at Member State level
Member Improvements planned

State
Austria The corresponding sector analysis chapters describe required methodological changes and planned
improvements (Appendix 5, Austria's IIR)
Belgium Belgium's IIR lists planned improvements in Sections 8.1-8.4. The relevant sectoral chapters also describe them
(Appendix 5, Belgium's IIR)
Bulgaria Planned improvements:
• application of higher tier method for estimation of emissions
• incorporation of ETS and E-PRTR databases into the emission inventory in NFR sector 1 'energy'
and NFR sector 2 'industrial processes and other solvents and product use'
• incorporation of data provided by branch business associations
• revision of activity data in NFR sector 3 'agriculture', in line with agro-statistical data from
the Ministry of Agriculture and Food
• improving the accuracy of the estimates
• improving transparency, completeness and consistency, including recalculations of time series
and comparability of national emission inventory (Appendix 5, Bulgaria's IIR)
Croatia Table ES6-1 of Croatia's IIR lists planned improvements in detail, including recalculations, updating of emission
factors and collection of new data (Appendix 5, Croatia's IIR)
Cyprus The 2018 IIR reports no planned improvements
Czech For the sectors 'road transport' and 'agriculture', improvements are planned (Appendix 5, the Czech Republic's
Republic IIR)
Denmark The relevant sectoral chapters describe sector-specific planned improvements (Appendix 5, Denmark's IIR)
Estonia Estonia's IIR lists source-specific planned improvements; the correction of activity data, recalculation of POP
emissions from the energy sector, the inclusion of more detailed vehicle subsectors, a more detailed emission
estimation, correction of allocations and obtaining new activity data for some categories in the 'industrial
processes and product use' sector, the introduction of higher tier methods and the improvement of activity data
are priorities for future inventory improvement (Appendix 5, Estonia's IIR)
Finland Table 8.3 of Finland's IIR sets out sector-specific improvement needs and the sectoral chapters describe the
source-specific planned improvements (Appendix 5, Finland's IIR)
France There are some planned and ongoing improvements mentioned in the French IIR:
• conducting research to improve accuracy, especially for key categories
• establishing measures to determine uncertainties
• reducing the number of non-considered or poorly determined pollutants; there are still plans to improve the
estimation of emissions from heating boilers in the residential sector, which could strongly influence NOx
emissions
• introducing further splits for energy consumption in the industry sector
• adopting the recent developments of EMEP/EEA
• strengthening all activities for better QA and QC of the system, especially towards the implementation
of procedures and tools, cooperation with experts from different fields and maintaining the ISO 9001
certification system (Appendix 5, France's IIR)
Germany Germany is planning to prioritise improvements on the basis of results of the uncertainty analysis; planned
improvements for the source category 'stationary combustion' include revision of the reporting structure, new
measurements, improvement of the emission factor for waste incineration plants, revision of emission factors
for SO2, further comparison with other inventory data (namely E-PRTR and ETS), as well as the calculation of a
complete time series for two subsectors. For the category 'mobile combustion', planned improvements include
the implementation of new emissions, as well as the validation and revision of the approach for abrasive
emissions from railways (Appendix 5, Germany's IIR)
Greece No IIR available
Hungary Hungary plans to further improve the coordination with E-PRTR reporting and the reporting process, as well
as to execute a quantitative uncertainty analysis; another planned improvement is the improvement of QA/QC
actions (Appendix 5, Hungary's IIR)
Ireland The sectoral chapters of Ireland's IIR describe the source-specific planned improvements (Appendix 5,
Ireland's IIR)

Table 5.5 Overview of improvements planned at Member State level (cont.)
Member Improvements planned

State
Italy For the 'energy' and 'industrial processes' sectors, significant progress is planned to harmonise information
reported under different obligations; this collates data collected under different obligations (Large Combustion
Plant Directive, E-PRTR and ETS), to highlight major discrepancies and to detect potential errors
For the sectors 'agriculture' and 'waste', improvements related to the availability of new information on
emission factors, activity data, etc., are planned
Further work is planned to update/change emission factors for PAHs, dioxins and HMs in order to increase
accuracy (Appendix 5, Italy's IIR)
Latvia For the 'industrial processes and product use' sector, planned improvements include the review of already
submitted data for the year 2016 in order to consider delayed submissions from enterprises and the research
of the export impact of solvent use emission; planned improvements in the 'agriculture' sector include the
continued quantification of abatement strategies and the inclusion of emission data from the use of pesticides
(Appendix 5, Latvia's IIR)
Lithuania There are no source-specific planned improvements listed in the IIR, but the country sees a priority in
the estimation of KCA categories using a tier 2 or higher approach (Appendix 5, Lithuania's IIR)
Luxembourg The IIR lists planned improvements (Luxembourg's IIR, p. 337); they mainly concern the updating of the
methodology, activity data and emission factors, as well as notation key correction, reallocation of emissions
and new emission sources (Appendix 5, Luxembourg's IIR)
Malta Malta provided a short paragraph on planned improvements. It is planned to improve the methodology for
the sectors 5.A and 5.E (Appendix 5, Malta's IIR)
Netherlands Some source-specific improvements are planned. These are described in the sectoral chapters of the
Netherlands' IIR (Appendix 5, the Netherland's IIR)
Poland The planned programme of improvement focuses on the following tasks: verifying NMVOC emissions from
solvent use; gathering additional activity data to verify the trends for 1990-2000; and further methodology
development by applying higher tier methods of estimation methodology (Appendix 5, Poland's IIR)
Portugal Each source-specific section presents a detailed explanation of the planned sectoral improvements
(Appendix 5, Portugal's IIR)
Romania The country plans to harmonise data trends over the whole time series, in order to remove inconsistencies
in the data trends (Appendix 5, Romania's IIR)
Slovakia Slovakia's IIR mentions an improvement plan for the sector 'agriculture', and Table 5.3 in the IIR provides details
about implemented recommendations. Several sector specific chapters also provide information on planned
improvements, for example the collection of more detailed data.
Further, Slovakia is planning an uncertainty analysis (Appendix 5, Slovakia's IIR)
Slovenia Planned improvements relate to sectors 1 and 2. The main aims are to estimate new emissions, find the correct
emission factors and undertake error correction in order to improve time series data. A detailed list of the
planned improvements can be found in Slovenia's IIR (Appendix 5, Slovenia's IIR)
Spain The principal areas of improvement are:
• provision of more detailed sector-specific information on QA/QC procedures
• more detailed documentation in relation to the inventory preparation
• harmonising the inventory with other registries and inventories (e.g. E-PRTR, large combustion plants
• continuing to update emission factors and methodologies based on guidance in the Inventory guidebook
• carrying out quantitative estimations of uncertainty and improvements in the methodology for identifying
key categories
• continuing with the development of the external audit
• Sections 8.6.2-8.6.5 list planned improvements at sectoral level (Appendix 5, Spain's IIR)
Sweden For a number of sectors, planned improvements will be decided after the finalisation of the submission as part
of the national QA/QC plan; other than that, there is no information about planned improvements (Appendix 5,
Sweden's IIR)
United A number of improvements to the inventory are planned and described in detail in the relevant sector chapters;
Kingdom planned improvements are relevant for the sectors 'energy', 'industrial processes', 'agriculture', 'waste' and
'other' (Appendix 5, the United Kingdom's IIR)
Note: Grey text indicates those countries that did not submit an IIR in 2018.

References
References
EEA, 2009, Proposed gap-filling procedure for the EEA, 2018a, 'Air pollutant emissions data viewer
European Community LRTAP Convention emission (Gothenburg Protocol, LRTAP Convention)', European
inventory, Technical paper for the meeting of the Air and Environment Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-
Fuels Committee under Directive 96/62/EC, concerning and-maps/dashboards/air-pollutant-emissions-data-
'Information on the Member States' reporting under viewer) accessed 16 March 2018.
the National Emission Ceilings Directive 2001/81/EC',
28 September 2009, Brussels, European Environment EEA, 2018b, 'Emissions of primary PM2.5 and PM10
Agency (available upon request). particulate matter (CSI 003)', European Environment
Agency (https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/
EEA, 2014, Effect of air pollution on European indicators/emissions-of-primary-particles-and-5/
ecosystems, EEA Technical Report No 11/2014, assessment-3) accessed 16 March 2018.
European Environment Agency (http://www.eea.
europa.eu/publications/effects-of-air-pollution-on) EEA, forthcoming, Reporting by Member States under
accessed 16 March 2018. Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of national
emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending
EEA, 2015, SOER 2015 — The European environment — Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC,
State and outlook 2015, European briefings, The air and Briefing, European Environment Agency.
climate system, European Environment Agency (http://
www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/the-air-and- Eionet, 2017, 'Eionet — European Environment
climate-system) accessed 16 March 2018. Information and Observation Network', European
Environmental Information and Observation Network
EEA, 2017a, Air quality in Europe — 2017 report, EEA (http://eionet.europa.eu/) accessed 16 March 2018.
Report No 13/2017, European Environment Agency
(https://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/air-quality- Eionet, 2018, 'Eionet — Central Data Repository',
in-europe-2017) accessed 16 March 2018. European Environmental Information and Observation
Network (http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/) accessed
EEA, 2017b, 'Emissions of the main air pollutants in 16 March 2018.
Europe (CSI 040)', European Environment Agency
(https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ EMEP CEIP, 2018a, 'Introduction to the review process'
main-anthropogenic-air-pollutant-emissions/ (http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/review_
assessment-5) accessed 15 March 2018. process/) accessed 16 March 2018.
EEA, 2017c, European Union emission inventory report EMEP CEIP, 2018b, 'Review reports' (http://www.ceip.
1990-2015 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/review_results/review_
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), EEA Report reports/) accessed 16 March 2018.
No 9/2017, European Environment Agency (https://
www.eea.europa.eu/publications/annual-eu-emissions- EMEP CEIP, 2018c, 'Review results' (http://www.
inventory-report) accessed 6 March 2018. ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/review_results/)
accessed 15 March 2018.
EEA, 2017d, 'Heavy metal emissions (APE 005)',
European Environment Agency (https://www. EMEP/EEA, 2016, EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission
eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32- inventory guidebook — 2016, EEA Technical
heavy-metal-hm-emissions-1/assessment-8) Report No 21/2016, European Environment Agency
accessed 15 March 2018. (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-
guidebook-2016) accessed 16 March 2018.

References
EMEP/EEA, forthcoming, Inventory review 2018: Review Commission for Europe (https://www.unece.org/
of emission data reported under the LRTAP Convention fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full text/1979.CLRTAP.e.pdf)
and NEC Directive Stage 1 and 2 review, EEA and CEIP, accessed 15 March 2018.
Technical Report CEIP.
UNECE, 1984, The 1984 Geneva Protocol on Long-term
ETC/ACM, 2015, Proposed unification of the gap-filling Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
procedures for the EU LRTAP Convention emission and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air
inventory and the EMEP LRTAP Convention emission Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), United Nations Economic
inventory, Technical paper, European Topic Centre on Commission for Europe (http://www.unece.org/env/
Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (available lrtap/emep_h1.html) accessed 16 March 2018.
upon request).
UNECE, 1985, The 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction
EU, 1998, Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at
and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the least 30 per cent, United Nations Economic Commission
quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council for Europe (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/sulf_
Directive 93/12/EEC (OJ L 350, 28.12.1998, p. 58) (http:// h1.html) accessed 16 March 2018.
eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:9cdbfc9b-
d814-4e9e-b05d-49dbb7c97ba1.0008.02/ UNECE, 1988, The 1988 Sofia Protocol concerning the
DOC_1&format=PDF) accessed 16 March 2018. Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
EU, 1999, Council Regulation (EC) No 933/1999 of (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/nitr_h1.html) accessed
29 April 1999 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 16 March 2018.
on the establishment of the European Environment
Agency and the European Environment Information UNECE, 1991, The 1991 Geneva Protocol concerning the
and Observation Network (OJ L 117, 5.5.1999, p. 1-4) Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. their Transboundary Fluxes, United Nations Economic
do?uri=OJ:L:1999:117:0001:0004:EN:PDF) accessed Commission for Europe (http://www.unece.org/env/
16 March 2018. lrtap/vola_h1.html) accessed 16 March 2018.
EU, 2013, Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European UNECE, 1994, The 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further
Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, United Nations
mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse Economic Commission for Europe (http://www.unece.
gas emissions and for reporting other information at org/env/lrtap/fsulf_h1.html) accessed 16 March 2018.
national and Union level relevant to climate change
and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (OJ L 165/13, UNECE, 1998a, The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent
18.6.2013) (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ Organic Pollutants (POPs), United Nations Economic
TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R0525&from=EN) accessed Commission for Europe (http://www.unece.org/env/
16 March 2018. lrtap/pops_h1.html) accessed 16 March 2018.
EU, 2016, Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of UNECE, 1998b, The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy
national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, Metals, United Nations Economic Commission for
amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive Europe (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/hm_h1.html)
2001/81/EC (OJ L 344, 17.12.2016, p. 31) (http://eur-lex. accessed 16 March 2018.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2016:34
4:FULL&from=EN) accessed 15 March 2018. UNECE, 1999, The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate
Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone,
TFEIP, 2018, '19th Joint EIONET & UNECE Task Force on United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Emission Inventories & Projections Meeting — Sofia', (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/multi_h1.html)
Task Force on Emission Inventories & Projections accessed 15 March 2018.
(http://tfeip-secretariat.org/meetings/future-
meetings/2018-meeting/) accessed 3 April 2018. UNECE, 2006, Implementation Committee, its structure
and functions and procedure for review, United
UNECE, 1979, The 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE/
Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Economic EB.AIR/2006/2) (http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/

References
env/documents/2006/eb/EB/EB Decisions/Decision UNECE, 2014b, Review of adjustment applications

2006.2.pdf) accessed 16 March 2018. — Report by the Centre on Emission Inventories and
Projections, United Nations Economic Commission
UNECE, 2012a, Decision 2012/2: Amendment of the text for Europe (ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2014/10) (http://www.
of and annexes II to IX to the 1999 Protocol to Abate ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/emep/pdf/2015/ece.eb.air.
Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone and ge.1.2014.10.edited.ae_formatting_accepted.ko.pdf)
the addition of new annexes X and XI (http://www.unece. accessed 16 March 2018.
org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full text/ECE_EB.AIR_111_
Add1_2_E.pdf) accessed 16 March 2018. UNECE, 2015, Review of adjustment applications —
Report by the Centre on Emission Inventories and
UNECE, 2012b, Decision 2012/3: Adjustments under the Projections, United Nations Economic Commission
Gothenburg Protocol to emission reduction commitments for Europe (ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2015/10- ECE/EB.AIR/
or to inventories for the purposes of comparing total WG.1/2015/13) (http://www.ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/
national emissions with them, United Nations Economic emep/Adjustments/ece.eb.air.ge.1.2015.10_ece.eb.air.
Commission for Europe (ECE/EB.AIR/111) (http://www. wg.1.2015.13.AV.pdf) accessed 16 March 2018.
unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2013/
air/ECE_EB.AIR_111_Add.1__ENG_DECISION_3.pdf) UNECE, 2016, Review of adjustment applications —
accessed 16 March 2018. Report by the Centre on Emission Inventories and
Projections, United Nations Economic Commission
UNECE, 2012c, Decision 2012/12: Guidance for for Europe (ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2016/10-ECE/EB.AIR/
adjustments under the 1999 Protocol to Abate WG.1/2016/18) (http://www.ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/
Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone to emep/pdf/2016/ECE_EB.AIR_GE.1_2016_10_E.pdf)
emission reduction commitments or to inventories for accessed 16 March 2018.
the purposes of comparing total national emissions with
them, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE, 2017, Review of adjustment applications — Report
(ECE/EB.AIR/113) (http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/ by the Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections,
DAM/env/documents/2012/EB/Decision_2012_12.pdf) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
accessed 16 March 2018. (ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2017/10-ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2017/20)
(http://www.ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/emep/pdf/2017/
UNECE, 2014a, Guidelines for reporting emissions and Advance_ece_eb_air_ge_1_2017_10_ece_eb_air_
projections data under the Convention on Long-range wg_1_2017.pdf) accessed 5 March 2018.
Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (ECE/EB.AIR/125) (http://www. UNECE/CEIP, 2017, Report for the Stage 3 in-depth review
ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/emep/2014_Guidelines/ of emission inventories submitted under the UNECE
ece.eb.air.125_ADVANCE_VERSION_reporting_ LRTAP Convention and EU National Emissions Ceilings
guidelines_2013.pdf) accessed 14 March 2018. Directive for: European Union, CEIP/S3.RR/2017/EU,
United Nations (http://www.ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/
emep/pdf/2017_s3/EU-Stage3ReviewReport-2017.pdf)
accessed 6 March 2018.

Appendix 1
Appendix 1 Notation keys
Where methodological or data gaps in inventories exist, not presented separately for the relevant source.
information on these gaps should be presented in a Where it uses 'IE', the Party should indicate where
transparent manner. Parties should clearly indicate the the inventory includes the emissions from the
sources they have not considered in their inventories, displaced source category, and should give the
although the Inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2016) reasons for deviating from the expected category.
includes them, and explain the reason for the
exclusion. Similarly, each Party should indicate if it C 'Confidential' is for aggregated emissions that the
has excluded part of its territory, and explain why. inventory includes elsewhere, because reporting at
In addition, each Party should use the notations a disaggregated level could lead to the disclosure
presented below to fill the blanks in all the tables of of confidential information. Where an inventory
the NFR inventory. This approach helps assess how uses 'C', it should make reference to the protocol
complete emission data reports are. The notations are provision that authorises it.
as follows (12).
NR 'Not relevant' eases reporting where different
NO 'Not occurring' means an emission source or protocols do not strictly require details of
process does not exist within a country. emissions. According to Article III, paragraph 9,
in the emission-reporting guidelines, emission
NE 'Not estimated' means emissions occur, but inventory reporting should cover all years from
have not been estimated or reported. Where an 1980 onwards if data are available. However,
inventory uses 'NE', the Party should indicate why some Parties, for example, do not need to report
it could not estimate emissions. emissions of NMVOCs prior to 1988.
NA 'Not applicable' means a source exists, but If a Party estimates emissions from country-specific
relevant emissions are considered never to occur. sources, it should explicitly describe which source
categories these are, as well as which methodologies,
IE 'Included elsewhere' is for emissions that are emission factors and activity data it has used to
estimated and included in the inventory, but are estimate them.
(12) Further explanation and guidance concerning the use of these notation codes are in the EMEP emission-reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a).

Appendix 2
Appendix 2 L
RTAP Convention emission-
reporting programme for 2018
Emission data should be submitted to EMEP to process emission information and prepare useful
CEIP by 15 February 2018. IIRs should reach the documentation about technical analysis and synthesis.
centre no later than 15 March 2018. Table A2.1
summarises information contained in the revised The new NFR14 format covers:
emission-reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a).
• national annual emissions and national annual
sector emissions (Annex I);
Reporting format
• total and aggregated sector emissions for reporting
Each Party should use the reporting format in Annex IV emissions of NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, PM, BC, CO, Pb,
of the reporting guidelines (UNECE, 2014a) for its annual Cd, Hg, PCDD/Fs, PAHs, HCB and PCBs, for the EMEP
submissions. It should submit the information to the 0.1° × 0.1° grid cell and from LPSs (Annexes V and VI);
CEIP formally, preferably in electronic form, and notify
the UNECE secretariat. The reporting format, including • for 2020, 2025, 2030, 2040 and 2050, projected
the NFR, is standardised for reporting estimates activity data and projected national total emissions
of emissions. It includes activity data, projected of NOx, NMVOCs, sulphur and NH3, which Parties are
activity data, projected emissions and other relevant to report for the source categories listed in Annex IV
information. The reporting format aims to facilitate (A- with measures (WM), B-WM, A- with additional
electronic submissions. This should make it simpler measures (WaM), B-WaM).

Appendix 2
Table A2.1 Summary of the information requested in the EMEP emission-reporting guidelines
Description of contents Pollutant(s) Reporting years (a)

Yearly: minimum (and additional)
A. National total emissions
1. Main pollutants NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO 1990-2016
2. Particulate matter ( ) b
PM2.5, PM10 (TSPs, BC) 2000-2016
3. Heavy metals (b) Pb, Cd, Hg, (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn) 1990-2016
4. Persistent organic pollutants ( ) b
PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, PCBs, HCB 1990-2016
(PAHs: B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F, IP)
B. Emissions by NFR source category
1. Main pollutants NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO 1990-2016
2. Particulate matter (b) PM2.5, PM10, (TSPs, BC) 2000-2016
3. Heavy metals (b) Pb, Cd, Hg, (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn) 1990-2016
4. Persistent organic pollutants (b) PCDD/Fs, total PAHs, PCBs, HCB 1990-2016
(PAHs: B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F, IP)
C. Activity data NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO 1990-2016
4-yearly: minimum reporting (from 2017 onwards to the next reporting year: 2021)
D. Gridded data in the EMEP 0.1 ° × 0.1 ° long/lat NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO, 2015 (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005,
grid — sector emissions (GNFR14) (c) and national PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, 2010 if not reported before)
totals (optional) PAHs, HCB, PCBs
E. Emissions from LPSs NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, CO, 2015 (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005,
PM2.5, PM10, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, 2010 if not reported before)
PAHs, HCB, PCBs
F. Projected emissions and projected activity data
1. National total emission projections NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, 2020, 2025, 2030, where
BC available 2040 and 2050
2. Emission projections by NFR14 NOx, NMVOCs, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, 2020, 2025, 2030, where
BC available 2040 and 2050
3. Projected activity data by NFR14 2020, 2025, 2030, where
available 2040 and 2050
5-yearly: additional reporting for review and assessment purposes
Volatile organic compound (VOC) speciation/height distribution/temporal distribution Parties are encouraged to
Land-use data/Hg breakdown review the information used
for modelling at http://www.
Percentage of toxic congeners of PCDD/F emissions
ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_
Pre-1990 emissions of PAHs, HCB, PCDD/Fs and PCBs home/webdab_emepdatabase/
Information on natural emissions emissions_emepmodels/
online (accessed 9 March 2018)
Note: (a) As a minimum, data for the base year of the relevant protocol and from the year of entry into force of that protocol and up to the
latest year (i.e. the second-last before the current year) should be reported.
(b) Parties report the pollutants listed in brackets voluntarily.
(c) Gap-filled NFR14.
Table A2.2 European Union: country grouping
EU-9 refers to the nine Member States up to 31 December 1980: Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK), France (FR), Germany (DE),
Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Luxembourg (LU), the Netherlands (NL) and the United Kingdom (GB)
EU-12 refers to the 12 Member States from 1 January 1981 to 31 December 1994: the EU-9 plus Greece (EL), Portugal (PT) and
Spain (ES)
EU-15 refers to the 15 Member States from 1 January 1995 to 30 April 2003: the EU-12 plus Austria (AT), Finland (FI) and Sweden (SE)
EU-27 refers to the 27 Member States from 1 May 2003 to 30 June 2013: the EU-15 plus Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), the Czech
Republic (CZ), Estonia (EE), Hungary (HU), Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Malta (MT), Poland (PL), Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK) and
Slovenia (SI)
EU-28 refers to the 28 Member States from 1 July 2013: the EU-27 plus Croatia (HR)

Appendix 3
Appendix 3 S
tatus of reporting and
timeliness
Table A3.1 Member State inventory submissions 2018: date received by the EEA, years covered and
information provided (as of 8 May 2018)
Annual reporting Minimum 4-year reporting

Resubmission
Gridded data
Activity data
adjustments
information
adjustment
Projections
Submission
submission
Date of IIR
Projection
emissions
Approved
template
Member
date (a)
State
2017
date
date
date
date
date
date
New
NFR
LPS
(b)
Austria 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Belgium 15.02.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Bulgaria 15.02.2018 14.03.2018 14.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016 30.03.2018
Croatia 13.02.2018 14.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016 02.05.2018
Cyprus 15.02.2018 14.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Czech 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016

Republic 16.03.2018
Denmark 15.02.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1980-2016
Estonia 13.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Finland 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.02.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016 2020, 06.05.2018
13.04.2018 15.03.2018 03.05.2018 2025,
06.05.2018 2030a)
07.05.2018
08.05.2018
France 15.02.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1980-2016
Germany 13.02.2018 13.02.2018 14.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Greece
Hungary 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016

15.03.2018
Ireland 14.02.2018 15.03.2018 20.04.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016 15.03.2018
Italy 22.02.2018 15.03.2018 16.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016 22.02.2018
Latvia 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Lithuania 15.02.2018 23.02.2018, 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016

08.03.2018
Luxembourg 08.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016 2020,
2025,
2030a) b)
Malta 27.04.2018 03.05.2018 NFR 2014-1 2000-2016
Netherlands 28.12.2017 13.4.2018 13.04.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016
Poland 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016
Portugal 15.02.2018 15.02.2018, 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016

15.03.2018
Romania 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 2000-2016 27.04.2018 27.04.2018

Appendix 3
Table A3.1 Member State inventory submissions 2018: date received by the EEA, years covered and
information provided (as of 8 May 2018) (cont.)
Annual reporting Minimum 4-year reporting
Resubmission
Gridded data
Activity data
adjustments
information
adjustment
Projections
Submission
submission
Date of IIR
Projection
emissions
Approved
template
Member
date (a)
State
2017
date
date
date
date
date
date
New
NFR
LPS
(b)
Slovakia 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
13.04.2018
Slovenia 13.02.2018 14.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Spain 23.01.2018 07.03.2018 23.01.2018 7.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016
Sweden 14.02.2018 13.03.2018 NFR 2014-1 1990-2016
United 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 15.02.2018 15.03.2018 NFR 2014-2 1990-2016 2020,

Kingdom 15.03.2018 2025,
2030
Notes: Red-coloured dates indicate that data were submitted after the formal deadline for submissions (submissions: 15 February;
resubmissions: 15 March; IIR: 15 March), or time series reporting is not complete.
(a) Refers to the first submission of inventory data to the CDR; submission of other data is possible at later dates.
(b) Activity data reported in 2018.

Appendix 3
Table A3.2 Member State LRTAP Convention submissions of 2017 (as of 8 May 2018)
Member SO2, NOx, CO, Cd, Hg, Pb Additional PM2.5, PM10, POPs Comments
State NH3, NMVOC HMs (a) TSP (b), BC
Austria 1990-2016 1990-2016 - 1990, 1995, 1990-2016 (b) (a) no BC
2000-2016 (a) (b) no individual
PAHs
Belgium 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 2000-2016 1990-2016 (a) (a) Individual PAHs:
only 2010-2016
Bulgaria 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Croatia 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Cyprus 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 2000-2016 1990-2016
Czech Republic 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 ( )

a
1990-2016 (a) BC: 2000-2016
Denmark 1985-2016 ( )
a
1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) SOx: 1980-2016
Estonia 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 2000-2016 (a) 1990-2016 (a) TSP: 1990-2016
Finland 1980-2016 (b) 1990-2016 1990-2016 (c) 1990-2016 1990-2016 (d) (a) BC only 2030;
NH3 also 2050
(b) NMVOC: only
1987-2016;
CO: only 1990-2016
(c) no Se (only a few
sector data
(d) no individual
PAHs (only a few
sector data
France 1980-2016 (a) 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) NMVOC:
only 1988-2016
Germany 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) 1990-2016 (a) PM2.5, PM10:
only 1995-2016;
BC: only 2000-2016
Greece
Hungary 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 2000-2016 1990-2016
Ireland 1990-2016 (a) 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) NOx, NMVOC,
SOx: also 1987
Italy 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016(a) (a) no individual
PAHs
Latvia 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Lithuania 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 Resubmission only

for the year 2013
Luxembourg 1990-2016 1990-2016 - 1990-2016 (a) 1990-2016 (a) no BC
(b) WaM projetions
only
Malta 2000-2016 2000-2016 2000-2016 2000-2016 (a) 2005-2016 (a) BC: 2005-2016
Netherlands 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 ( )

a
(a) PCB: only
1995-1998, 2002,
2004-2005
Poland 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) no Se
Portugal 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Romania 2000-2016 2000-2016 2000-2016 2000-2016 2000-2016
Slovakia 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Slovenia 1980 - 2016 (a) 1990-2016 - 2000-2016 1990-2016 (a) NH3: only
1986-2016;
NMVOC: only
1990-2016
(a) no individual
Spain
1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 2000-2016 1990-2016(a) PAHs
(a) BC: only
Sweden
1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 (a) 1990-2016 2000-2016
United
Kingdom 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016 1990-2016
Notes: Reporting of additional HMs is not mandatory.
Member States do not have to report TSPs if they report PM emissions.

Appendix 3
Figure A3.1 Dates of first data submissions

received from Member States
(as of 8 May 2018)
Netherlands
Spain
Luxembourg
Germany
Estonia
Slovenia
Croatia
Ireland
Sweden
Latvia
Cyprus
United Kingdom
Denmark
Poland
France
Bulgaria
Portugal
Finland
Czech Republic
Romania
Hungary
Belgium
Austria
Lithuania
Slovakia
Italy
Malta
Greece
18
18
17
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
3.
2.
4.
1.
2.
2.
4.
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
15
25
24
14
23
03
04

Appendix 4
Appendix 4 C
onversion chart for
aggregated sector groups
To enable the presentation of sectoral emission trends • road transport;

(Chapter 3), individual NFR source categories for the
EU-28 inventory were aggregated into the following • non-road transport;
main sector groups:
• agriculture;
• energy production and distribution;
• waste.
• energy use in industry;
Table A4.1 provides a conversion chart showing which
• industrial processes and product use; of the individual NFR source categories was in each of
the aggregated sector groups.
• commercial, institutional and households;
Table A4.1 Conversion chart for aggregated sector groups
NFR code Full name EEA aggregated sector name

1A1a Public electricity and heat production Energy production and distribution
1A1b Petroleum refining Energy production and distribution
1A1c Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries Energy production and distribution
1A2a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Iron and steel Energy use in industry
Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-ferrous
1A2b
metals Energy use in industry
1A2c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Chemicals Energy use in industry
Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Pulp, paper and
1A2d
print Energy use in industry
Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Food processing,
1A2e
beverages and tobacco Energy use in industry
Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Non-metallic
1A2f
minerals Energy use in industry
1A2gvii Mobile combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Energy use in industry
1A2gviii Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction: Other Energy use in industry
1A3ai(i) International aviation LTO (civil) Non-road transport
1A3aii(i) Domestic aviation LTO (civil) Non-road transport
1A3bi Road transport: Passenger cars Road transport
1A3bii Road transport: Light duty vehicles Road transport
1A3biii Road transport: Heavy duty vehicles and buses Road transport
1A3biv Road transport: Mopeds and motorcycles Road transport
1A3bv Road transport: Gasoline evaporation Road transport
1A3bvi Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear Road transport
1A3bvii Road transport: Automobile road abrasion Road transport
1A3c Railways Non-road transport
1A3di(ii) International inland waterways Non-road transport
1A3dii National navigation (shipping) Non-road transport
1A3ei Pipeline transport Non-road transport

Appendix 4
Table A4.1 Conversion chart for aggregated sector groups (cont.)

1A3eii Other Non-road transport
1A4ai Commercial/institutional: Stationary Commercial, institutional and households
1A4aii Commercial/institutional: Mobile Commercial, institutional and households
1A4bi Residential: Stationary Commercial, institutional and households
1A4bii Residential: Household and gardening (mobile) Commercial, institutional and households
1A4ci Agriculture/forestry/fishing: Stationary Commercial, institutional and households
1A4cii Agriculture/forestry/fishing: Off-road vehicles and other machinery Commercial, institutional and households
1A4ciii Agriculture/forestry/fishing: National fishing Non-road transport
1A5a Other stationary (including military) Commercial, institutional and households
1A5b Other, mobile (including military, land-based and recreational boats) Commercial, institutional and households
1B1a Fugitive emission from solid fuels: Coal mining and handling Energy production and distribution
1B1b Fugitive emission from solid fuels: Solid fuel transformation Energy production and distribution
1B1c Other fugitive emissions from solid fuels Energy production and distribution
1B2ai Fugitive emissions oil: Exploration, production, transport Energy production and distribution
1B2aiv Fugitive emissions oil: Refining/storage Energy production and distribution
1B2av Distribution of oil products Energy production and distribution
Fugitive emissions from natural gas (exploration, production, processing,
1B2b
transmission, storage, distribution and other) Energy production and distribution
1B2c Venting and flaring (oil, gas, combined oil and gas) Energy production and distribution
1B2d Other fugitive emissions from energy production Energy production and distribution
2A1 Cement production Industrial processes and product use
2A2 Lime production Industrial processes and product use
2A3 Glass production Industrial processes and product use
2A5a Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal Industrial processes and product use
2A5b Construction and demolition Industrial processes and product use
2A5c Storage, handling and transport of mineral products Industrial processes and product use
2A6 Other mineral products Industrial processes and product use
2B1 Ammonia production Industrial processes and product use
2B2 Nitric acid production Industrial processes and product use
2B3 Adipic acid production Industrial processes and product use
2B5 Carbide production Industrial processes and product use
2B6 Titanium dioxide production Industrial processes and product use
2B7 Soda ash production Industrial processes and product use
2B10a Chemical industry: Other Industrial processes and product use
2B10b Storage, handling and transport of chemical products Industrial processes and product use
2C1 Iron and steel production Industrial processes and product use
2C2 Ferroalloys production Industrial processes and product use
2C3 Aluminium production Industrial processes and product use
2C4 Magnesium production Industrial processes and product use
2C5 Lead production Industrial processes and product use
2C6 Zinc production Industrial processes and product use
2C7a Copper production Industrial processes and product use
2C7b Nickel production Industrial processes and product use
2C7c Other metal production Industrial processes and product use
2C7d Storage, handling and transport of metal products Industrial processes and product use
2D3a Domestic solvent use including fungicides Industrial processes and product use
2D3b Road paving with asphalt Industrial processes and product use
2D3c Asphalt roofing Industrial processes and product use
2D3d Coating applications Industrial processes and product use

Appendix 4

2D3e Degreasing Industrial processes and product use
2D3f Dry cleaning Industrial processes and product use
2D3g Chemical products Industrial processes and product use
2D3h Printing Industrial processes and product use
2D3i Other solvent use Industrial processes and product use
2G Other product use Industrial processes and product use
2H1 Pulp and paper industry Industrial processes and product use
2H2 Food and beverages industry Industrial processes and product use
2H3 Other industrial processes Industrial processes and product use
2I Wood processing Industrial processes and product use
2J Production of POPs Industrial processes and product use
2K Consumption of POPs and heavy metals (e.g. electrical and scientific equipment) Industrial processes and product use
2L Other production, consumption, storage, transportation or handling of bulk products Industrial processes and product use
3B1a Manure management — Dairy cattle Agriculture
3B1b Manure management — Non-dairy cattle Agriculture
3B2 Manure management — Sheep Agriculture
3B3 Manure management — Swine Agriculture
3B4a Manure management — Buffalo Agriculture
3B4d Manure management — Goats Agriculture
3B4e Manure management — Horses Agriculture
3B4f Manure management — Mules and asses Agriculture
3B4gi Manure management — Laying hens Agriculture
3B4gii Manure management — Broilers Agriculture
3B4giii Manure management — Turkeys Agriculture
3B4giv Manure management — Other poultry Agriculture
3B4h Manure management — Other animals Agriculture
3Da1 Inorganic N-fertilisers (includes also urea application) Agriculture
3Da2a Animal manure applied to soils Agriculture
3Da2b Sewage sludge applied to soils Agriculture
3Da2c Other organic fertilisers applied to soils (including compost) Agriculture
3Da3 Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals Agriculture
3Da4 Crop residues applied to soils Agriculture
3Db Indirect emissions from managed soils Agriculture
Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of
3Dc
agricultural products Agriculture
3Dd Off-farm storage, handling and transport of bulk agricultural products Agriculture
3De Cultivated crops Agriculture
3Df Use of pesticides Agriculture
3F Field burning of agricultural residues Agriculture
3I Agriculture other Agriculture
5A Biological treatment of waste — Solid waste disposal on land Waste
5B1 Biological treatment of waste — Composting Waste
5B2 Biological treatment of waste — Anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities Waste
5C1a Municipal waste incineration Waste
5C1bi Industrial waste incineration Waste
5C1bii Hazardous waste incineration Waste
5C1biii Clinical waste incineration Waste
5C1biv Sewage sludge incineration Waste

Appendix 4

5C1bv Cremation Waste
5C1bvi Other waste incineration Waste
5C2 Open burning of waste Waste
5D1 Domestic waste water handling Waste
5D2 Industrial waste water handling Waste
5D3 Other waste water handling Waste
5E Other waste Waste
6A Other (included in national total for entire territory) Other
Note: LTO, landing/take-off.

Appendix 5
Appendix 5 Member State informative

inventory reports (IIRs)
Table A5.1 List of submitted IIRs including source and date of submission (as of 8 May 2018)
Country Title of IIR Source Date of

code submission
AT Austria's Informative Inventory Report (IIR) 2018. Submission http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/at/un/ 15.3.2018
under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary clrtap/iir/envwqadww/
Air Pollution and Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of
national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants
BE Informative Inventory Report — about Belgium's air emissions http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
submitted under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary be/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqx9w
Air Pollution LRTAP Convention and National Emissions Ceiling
Directive NEC Directive — March 2018
BG Bulgaria's Informative Inventory Report 2018 (IIR). Submission http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 14.3.2018
under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air bg/un/clrtap/iir/envwqkz5a/
Pollution
CY Cyprus Informative Inventory Report 2016 http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 14.3.2018
cy/un/clrtap/iir/envwqkb6q/
CZ Czech Informative Inventory Report 2018. Submission under the http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution cz/un/clrtap/iir/envwqfvog
DE German Informative Inventory Report 2018 http://iir-de.wikidot.com No submission
DK Annual Danish Informative Inventory Report to UNECE. Emission http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
inventories from the base year of the protocols to year 2016 dk/un/clrtap/iir/envwqogaa/
EE Estonian Informative Inventory Report 1990-2016. Submitted http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air ee/un/clrtap/iir/envwqpsxa
Pollution
ES Spain — Informative Inventory Report 1990-2016 http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 07.3.2018
es/un/clrtap/iir/envwplua
FI Finland's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Air Pollutant https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 08.5.2018
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention and fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwvikqq/
the EU NECD. Part I – General A. May 2018
Air Pollutant Emissions in Finland 1990-2016. Informative https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 08.5.2018
Inventory Report to the Secretariat of the UNECE Convention on fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwvgx2g/
Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Part 5 Annexes
Finland's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Air Pollutant https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 07.5.2018
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwvc6vq/
and the EU NECD. Part 1B – General. May 2018
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwu9vkg/
and the EU NECD. Part — IPPU. May 2018
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwuuaga/
and the EU NECD. Part 4. Agriculture and Waste
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwupctq/
and the EU NECD. Part 2 Energy & Transport. May 2018
Finland's Informative Inventory Report 2017. Air Pollutant http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
Emissions 1980-2016 under the UNECE LRTAP Convention fi/un/clrtap/iir/envwqm4qa/
and the EU NEC Directive

Appendix 5
Table A5.1 List of submitted IIRs including source and date of submission (as of 8 May 2018) (cont.)
Country Title of IIR Source Date of

code submission
FR Inventaire des émissions de polluants atmosphériques en https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
France au titre de la convention sur la pollution atmosphérique fr/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqndq/
transfrontalière à longue distance et de la directive Européenne
concernant la réduction des émissions nationales de certains
polluants atmosphériques
GB UK Informative Inventory Report (1990 to 2016) http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
gb/un/clrtap/iir/envwqfzza/
GR No IIR available
HR Republic of Croatia 2018 — Informative Inventory Report http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 14.3.2018

(1990-2016) under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary hr/un/clrtap/iir/envwqjz5w/
Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) and National Emission Ceilings
Directive (NECD 2016/2284/EU)
HU Informative Inventory Report — Hungary 2016 http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
hu/un/clrtap/iir/envwql3ag/
IE Ireland's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Air Pollutant https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 20.4.2018
Emissions in Ireland 1990-2016 ie/un/clrtap/iir/envwtn_3q
IT Italian Emission Inventory 1990-2016 — Informative Inventory https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 16.3.2018
Report 2018 it/un/clrtap/iir/envwqv2kq
LT Lithuanian Pollutants Emission Inventory for Period 1990-2016 http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
lt/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqdsg/
LU Luxembourg's Informative Inventory Report 1990-2016. http://cdr.eionet.europa. 15.3.2018
Submission under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range eu/lu/eu/nec_revised/iir/
Transboundary Air Pollution. DRAFT envwqp9tw
LV Latvia's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Submitted under the https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution lv/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqvhw/
MT Informative Inventory Report for Malta 2016 https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 03.5.2018
mt/un/clrtap/iir/envwurgoa/
NL Informative Inventory Report 2018. Emissions of transboundary https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 13.4.2018
air pollutants in the Netherlands 1990-2016 nl/un/clrtap/iir/envwtc5fa/
PL Poland's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Submission under http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
UN ECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution pl/un/clrtap/iir/envwqolng/
and the DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284
PT Portuguese Informative Inventory Report 1990-2016. Submitted http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
under the NEC Directive (EU) 2016/2284 and the UNECE pt/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqpq
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
RO Romania's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Submission http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
under the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary ro/un/clrtap/iir/envwqpiwq/
Air Pollution
SE Informative Inventory Report Sweden 2018. Submitted under the http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 13.3.2018
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution se/un/clrtap/iir/envwqeogg/
SI Slovenia's Informative Inventory Report 2018. Submission http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 14.3.2018
under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary si/un/clrtap/iir/envwqjfag/
Air Pollution and Directive (EU) 2016/2284 on the reduction of
national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants
Informative Inventory Report 2018. Slovak Republic. https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 13.4.2018
Air Pollutant Emissions 1990-2016 sk/un/clrtap/iir/envwtcyiq/
SK
Informative Inventory Report 2018. Slovak Republic. https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/ 15.3.2018
Air Pollutant Emissions 1990-2016 sk/un/clrtap/iir/envwqqoig/

European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016

2018 — 150 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-92-9213-950-6
doi:10.2800/571876
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications:
• one copy:
via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu);
• more than one copy or posters/maps:

from the European Union’s representations (http://ec.europa.eu/represent_en.htm);
from the delegations in non-EU countries (http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/index_en.htm);
by contacting the Europe Direct service (http://europa.eu/europedirect/index_en.htm) or calling
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) (*).
(*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you).
Priced publications:
• via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu).

doi:10.2800/571876
TH-AL-18-006-EN-N

Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00
Web: eea.europa.eu
Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries

European Union Emission Inventory Report TH AL 18 006 en N

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

European Union Emission Inventory Report TH AL 18 006 en N

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

European Union Emission Inventory Report TH AL 18 006 en N

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EEA Report No 6/2018

European Union emission inventory

European Union emission inventory

More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018

European Environment Agency

Units, abbreviations and acronyms.......................................................................................... 5

2 Adjustments under the Gothenburg Protocol.................................................................. 39

3 Trends and key categories of EU pollutant emissions ���������������������������������������������������� 41

European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 3

3.16 Chromium (Cr) emission trends...........................................................................................76

5 Recalculations, and implemented or planned improvements ������������������������������������ 122

Appendix 1 Notation keys..................................................................................................... 138

Appendix 2 LRTAP Convention emission-reporting programme for 2018......................139

4 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016

Units, abbreviations and acronyms

CDR Central Data Repository

CEIP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections

LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; (UNECE) Convention on LRTAP

CO2 Carbon dioxide

COPERT COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport

EEA European Environment Agency

Eionet European Environment Information and Observation Network

EPER European Pollutant Emission Register

E-PRTR European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

ERT Expert review team

European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016 5

ETS Emissions Trading Scheme

FGD Flue gas desulphurisation

GHG Greenhouse gas

IIR Informative inventory report

I-Teq International toxic equivalent

KCA Key category analysis

LPS Large point source

LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

MMR Monitoring Mechanism Regulation

MSW Municipal solid waste

N2O Nitrous oxide

n/a Not available

NEC Directive EU National Emission Ceilings Directive ((EU) 2016/2284)

NFR Nomenclature for reporting/UNECE nomenclature for reporting of air pollutants

6 European Union emission inventory report 1990-2016

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin/dibenzofuran

PM2.5 Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less

PM10 Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less

POP Persistent organic pollutant

SCR Selective catalytic reduction

SNCR Selective non-catalytic reduction

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SOx Sulphur oxides

t 1 tonne (metric) = 1 megagram (Mg) = 106 g

TERT Technical Expert Review Team

TFEIP Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections

TSP Total suspended particulate

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

3 Trends and key categories of EU pollutant emissions �� 41

5 Recalculations, and implemented or planned improvements �� 122