Scribd
Upload
209 views4 pages

Concrete Mathematics Exercises From 11 October 2016: Silvio Capobianco

The document contains solutions to exercises from a concrete mathematics text. It evaluates sums using techniques like writing terms as products, applying partial fraction decompositions, and summing by parts. One sum is shown to equal 2Hn - n/(n+1) using two different approaches.

Uploaded by

rohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
209 views4 pages

Concrete Mathematics Exercises From 11 October 2016: Silvio Capobianco

The document contains solutions to exercises from a concrete mathematics text. It evaluates sums using techniques like writing terms as products, applying partial fraction decompositions, and summing by parts. One sum is shown to equal 2Hn - n/(n+1) using two different approaches.

Uploaded by

rohan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Concrete Mathematics

Exercises from 11 October 2016


Silvio Capobianco

Exercise 2.14
Use multiple sums to evaluate
n
X
k · 2k
k=1

Pk
Solution. Write k = j=1 1. Then

n n k
!
X X X
k · 2k = 1 · 2k
k=1 k=1 j=1
n X
X k
= 1 · 2k
k=1 j=1
Xn X n
= 2k
j=1 k=j

Clearly,
n n−j
X X
k j
2 = 2 · 2k
k=j k=0

= 2 · 2n−j+1 − 1
j


= 2n+1 − 2j

1
Thus,
n
X n
X
k
2n+1 − 2j

k·2 =
k=1 j=1
Xn n
X
n+1
= 2 − 2j
j=1 j=1
n−1
X
= n · 2n+1 − 2 · 2j
j=0
n+1 n
= n·2 − 2 · (2 − 1)
n+1
= n·2 − 2n+1 + 2
= (n − 1) · 2n+1 + 2

Exercise 2.15
Pn 3
Pn = k=1 k by the text’s Method 5 as follows: First write n +
Evaluate
n = 2 1≤j≤k≤n jk ; then apply (2.33).
Solution. Recall that n = nk=1 k 2 . Then:
P

n
X n
X
n + n = k3 + k2
k=1 k=1
n
X
= k 2 (k + 1)
k=1
n
X k(k + 1)
= 2 k·
k=1
2
Xn k
X
= 2 k· j
k=1 j=1
X
= 2 jk .
1≤j≤k≤n

By (2.33), whatever the summands ak are,


 !2 
n n
X 1 X 2 X
aj ak =  ak + ak  :
1≤j≤k≤n
2 k=1 k=1

2
in our case, ak = k, and
n n
!2 n
!2
X X X
 n + n = k2 + k = n + k ,
k=1 k=1 k=1

2
which yields n = ( nk=1 k) = (n(n + 1)/2)2 .
P

Exercise 2.23
Pn
Evaluate k=1 (2k + 1)/k(k + 1) in two ways:

1. Replace 1/k(k + 1) by the “partial fractions” 1/k − 1/(k + 1).

2. Sum by parts.

Solution. By method 1 we get:


n n n
X 2k + 1 X 1 X 1
= 2 +
k=1
k(k + 1) k=1
k + 1 k=1 k(k + 1)
n  
X 1 1
= 2 · (Hn+1 − 1) + −
k=1
k k+1
1
= 2Hn+1 − 2 + 1 −
n+1
n
= 2Hn − ,
n+1
as Hn+1 = Hn + 1/(n + 1).
2k+1 1 1
As a variant, we can observe that k(k+1)
= k
+ k+1
and compute:
n n n
X 2k + 1 X 1 X 1
= +
k=1
k(k + 1) k=1
k k=1 k + 1
= Hn + (Hn+1 − 1)
 
1
= Hn + Hn + −1
n+1
n
= 2Hn − .
n+1

3
To use method 2, we need to express (2k + 1)/k(k + 1) as u∆v for suitable
u and v. If we choose u(x) = 2x + 1 and ∆v(x) = 1/x(x + 1) = (x − 1)−2 ,
then ∆u(x) = 2 and v(x) = −(x − 1)−1 = −1/x, thus:
n n+1
X 2k + 1 X
= u(x)∆v(x)δx
k=1
k(k + 1) 1
n+1
X
= u(x)v(x)|x=n+1
x=1 − Ev(x)∆u(x)δx
1
x=n+1 n+1
2x + 1 X 2
= − + δx .
x x=1 1
x+1

P is 3 − (2n + 3)/(n + 1) = n/(n + 1). For the other one,


The first summand
we know that n+11 ∆g(x)δx = g(n + 1) − g(1): for ∆g(x) = 1/(x + 1) it is
clearly g(x) = Hx , thus
n+1
X 2 2
= 2(Hn+1 − H1 ) = 2Hn + −2.
1
x+1 n+1
Pn
Putting everything together, k=1 (2k + 1)/k(k + 1) = 2Hn − n/(n + 1), as
we had previously found.

You might also like