SEMESTER PROJECT 2008E.

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Title: - Designing Arduino based protection and controlling of induction

motor.

Name ID.

1. Abel Walelign…………………..0400184

2. Anteneh Shitahun……………….0400191

3. Estifanos Abeje………………….0400275

4. Hunachew Moges ……………….0400876

Advisor name:

Mr. Andualem.T

Submission date: 27/05/2008

 SEMESTER PROJECT 2008E.C

Declaration
We are declare that this project is the original work of us, has not been submitted earlier either to
this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the project have been fully
acknowledged.

Name of the student signature date

Abel Walelign __________ ________
Anteneh Shitahun __________ ________
Estifanos Abeje __________ ________
Hunachew Moges __________ _________

Advisor Approval
The project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Name of advisor signature date

Mr. Andualem Tadesse ____________ ___________

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Acknowledgement
We are extremely grateful to The Department of Electrical Engineering, for giving us the
opportunity to carry out this project, which is an integral part of the curriculum in BSC. We would
like to express our earnest gratitude and regards to our project guide, Mr. Andualem T, Department
of Electrical Engineering, for being the corner stone of our project. It was his continuous
encouragement, invaluable supervision, perpetual motivation and guidance during the period of
doubts and uncertainties that has helped us to carry on with this project.

Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to our entire department staff members who
have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking. Finally, we extend
our gratefulness to one and all who are directly or indirectly involved in the successful completion
of this project work.

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Abstract
The main aim of this project is to monitor and control the induction motor with the help of Arduino
control for large scale Industrial Environment. Protection of induction motor has been done using
the microcontroller, current transformer and step down transformer. This protection scheme
protects the induction motor from under voltage, over voltage and over current, overheating and
over speed conditions. The overall process is monitored by Arduino Uno microcontroller.
Microcontroller sends signal through transistor to relay for operation. The current transformer is
an i-v converter, which gives output in terms of voltage and can be fed to the microcontroller
directly. The output of these transformers will vary proportionately with respect to its input. The
microcontroller senses the voltage, compares with the reference value and sends control signals to
the respective protective relays. The overall system is cheap and reliable. It has been tested several
times and gives the good results.

The induction motor can be started and stopped through the relay developed with this system. It is
also possible to protect the motor against some faults such as over current, higher/lower voltage,
over temperature in windings, overloading of motor through the sensors output. Therefore,
controlling, monitoring, and protection of the system are realized in real time. Since the
microcontroller communication technology is used in this study, controlling abilities of the system
are increased and the necessities of other similar equipment for data communication are
minimized. This is one of the best technologies and for this purpose we are proposing Arduino
based control system for industrial plant.

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Table of Contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... iii
List of figures...............................................................................................................................................vi
Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................vii
Chapter One ................................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of Study .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Specific Objective ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Scope and contribution of the Project....................................................................................... 4
1.6 Thesis Organization .................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Two................................................................................................................................................ 6
Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................................. 8
System Design and Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Protection and control System ................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1 Induction motor faults control......................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Method of Fault Monitoring and Controlling ................................................................ 11
3.1.3 Protection techniques ....................................................................................................... 12
3.2 System Components and Circuit Design ................................................................................ 12
3.2.1 Power Supply .................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.2 Microcontroller ................................................................................................................. 16
3.2.3 Sensors and Transducer Unit .......................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Relay................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.5 Relay deriver ..................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.6 LCD (liquid crystal display)............................................................................................. 25
Chapter Four............................................................................................................................................. 27

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Result and Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 27

4.1 Proteus VSM ............................................................................................................................. 27
4.2 Schematic Diagram ................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Conclusion and Future Work .................................................................................................................. 30
5.1 Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 30
5.2 Recommendation for future work ........................................................................................... 31
References.................................................................................................................................................. 32
Appendix.................................................................................................................................................... 33

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List of figures
Figure 1.1: Block diagram of working methodology .................................................................................. 3
Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of regulated power supply system .................................................................. 13
Figure 3.3: Power supply circuit simulation .............................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.4: Arduino-Uno and pin configurations ...................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.5: LM35 temperature................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.6: Temperature sensor ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 3.7: Voltage sensing circuit ............................................................................................................ 22
Figure 3.8: Current sensing circuit ............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 3.9: Speed sensing circuit ............................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.10: LCD and pin configuration ................................................................................................... 26
Figure 4.1: Overall system simulation circuit............................................................................................ 28

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Acronyms
AC Alternative current
ADC Analog to digital converter
CT Current Transformer
DC Direct current
IC Integrated circuit
ICSP In-circuit system programing
LCD Liquid crystal display
LED Liquid crystal display
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
PLC Programing language Control
PPR Pulse per Revolution
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RAM Random Access Modulation
ROM Read Only Memory
USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver transmitter
USB Universal Serial Bus
VT Voltage Transformer

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Chapter One

Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Induction machines are very popular in industries because of their vast applications. Hence it
becomes necessary to protect them against faults so as to ensure uninterrupted operation and
function. Various parameter controlling and monitoring systems are therefore other types of
machine, but in case of induction machine the controlling and monitoring systems are not
extensively used due to high cost of installation and physical constraints. So as to overcome the
limitations in monitoring and controlling, microcontroller based System is used which makes it
simple and cost-effective.
Induction motor is the most widely used motor in the industry due to its simple and rugged
construction. It requires least maintenance as compare to the other electrical motors. Induction
motor speed control is nowadays more easy and versatile due to the advancement in the field of
power electronics and hence is easy to replace other costly and controllable motors. The protection
of induction motor plays an important role in its long life service. Researchers have done costly
and limited protection for the stator windings protections, broken rotor bars protection, thermal
protection etc. Mainly the induction motor needs protection from the variation of the input supply
for small motors which is in common use not only in big industry but also in small scale industries.
The small scale industries are not able to provide costly protection to the drives in use as it will
increase their capital cost. Hence a cheap and compact design has been done for protection of
induction motor against unbalance voltage, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and thermal
protection. It has been also designed for critical loads which need to be run even under single
phasing condition. Due to the poor power quality the damage of induction motors in small scale
industries needs to be taken care of. The proposed design can be also used for speed control,
improvement of efficiency under poor power quality service manually by introduction of a single
two way switch. Many researches has been done in this area but they are costly and unfeasible in
our condition. The overall cost of the protection equipment should not be more than 15% of the
total cost of the actual machine. Keeping this in mind the design has been proposed using

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microcontroller, relays, small CTs and PTs, so that the overall cost is low. But the efficiency of
the protection scheme should not be compromised.
The motor protection is required as day to day life induction motor usage increases a lot as it has
some specific merits. The circuit was fully controlled by the microcontroller and the micro
controller will continuously monitor the voltage of phase and if the voltage goes abnormal then it
will switch off the motor until they are normal. It is not only protecting motor from transient
voltage, it also switch on the motor automatically when power comes without manual requirement
and off the motor after predetermined time. This motor is manually monitoring is difficult so
automatic protection of induction motor has such an importance.
Induction motors are widely used-as industrial drive motors. In order to reduce the-size and to
minimize the cost, large capacity motors are designed so that, the magnetic and current densities
are close to the limiting levels. Such motors are sensitive to abnormal operating conditions like
overvoltage or over loading etc. and hence require high speed and reliable protection scheme. The
digital relays based on microprocessors or microcontrollers can provide accurate high speed
protection. This study presents a protection scheme for phase induction motor from incipient faults
using Arduino microcontroller. The induction motor experiences several types of electrical faults
like over/under voltage, over load, phase reversing, unbalanced voltage, single phasing and earth
fault. Due to these electrical faults, the windings of the motor get over heated which lead to
insulation failure and thus reduce the life time of the motor.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Problems that arise with the working of an AC induction motor are common these days if left
unmonitored. Here a protection system is implemented using which we monitor the working of an
AC induction motor during normal conditions and trip conditions. If any problems become evident
due to faults that normally happen in the motor like stator faults, rotor faults, bearing faults, etc.,
we can either vary the input voltage and current to bring the motor back to normal condition or we
can shut down the motor before damaging the stator and rotor components of the motor to point
from which recovery is not possible, thus avoiding unexpected failure of the motor and preventing
an entire industrial process from shutting down all of a sudden which can be dangerous to the
people working in the vicinity and helps save unforeseen expenditure that may result from the

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above mentioned problems. This project develops a fault detection and protection method for
induction motors to detect external fault experienced by the motor using microcontroller technique.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this project is to design Arduino based protection and controlling of
induction motor.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To design temperature, current, speed and voltage sensing circuit that will be interfaced to
the microcontroller for monitoring
 To develop microcontroller based controlling system
 To identify and prevent faults in induction motor
 To simulate electrical system and improve it into practical

1.4 Methodology
For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks.
Different literature will be revised relating to this project and data will be collected about condition
and control parameter of induction motor. Based on this parameter system model was designed.
Some software's were selected to develop the software programing. So here a system is designed
with an alternative method to prevent the failures that happen in induction motors using
microcontroller and sensors to measure the different parameters related to induction motors such
as current, voltage, temperature and speed.
Generally the methodology is concluded by the block diagram given bellow.

Problem Literatu System Softwa

re Simula
model re
Identific Data tion
design design
ation Review Collectio
n

Figure 1.1: Block diagram of working methodology

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1.5 Scope and contribution of the Project

The scope of this project is to develop continuous protection and control system for induction
motor based on Arduino. All the sensors are used to acquire data from the induction motor and
transfer the data they acquire to Arduino Uno microcontroller board.
Finally, we give highest emphasis to the software design and implementation in order to develop
a suitable algorithm that will promptly interact with the, microcontroller and the LCD. This
contributes to detect and repair induction motor as soon as fault occur so as to reduce man power
required which saves time and energy. Major contribution of the project:
 To reduce man power required
 To detect and repair induction motor as soon as fault occur
 To reduce unforeseen expenditure due to motor operation interruption.
 To save wastage time

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1.6 Thesis Organization

The thesis is organized into five chapters. The contents of these chapters are summarized as:-
Chapter 1 introduces overall background information of the system. This includes
Background, problem statement, objective, proposed methodology of the work and
its scope and contribution.
Chapter 2 focuses revision of related literatures to this system.
Chapter 3 covers the system design and detail analysis of the system components. This consists
Controlling and monitoring system, types faults, explanation system components in
Detail.
Chapter 4 investigates the observed results and discussions.
Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusion and recommendation for future work.

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Chapter Two

Literature Review

A lot of research work has been published in the field of induction motor protection and various
techniques have been proposed.
William H. Kersting [1] stated that three phase induction motor can continue to run when one
phase of the supply gone out of service. This may be due to any fuse blowing or opening of
protective device of the motor, at step-down transformer or at feeder end. At this condition the
three-phase induction motor continue to run but the motor will heat up quickly and it should be
protected by removing it from the service at the instant of single phasing. When phase opens at
step down transformer or at feeder end, the stator and rotor losses increases. To protect the motor
all the terminal should be open.
Sudha M. and Anbalagan [2] proposed a technique to save the three phase induction motor from
single phasing. In this technique, PIC16F877 microcontroller has been used to sample the values
of each phase and converted them to low voltage ac by means of transformer. The signals are
converted to digital value using ADC converter. The controller continuously compare the digital
value with the reference value and when the fault occurs, it opens the normally close contactor and
disconnects it from the power supply. Single phasing, under voltage and over voltage protection
is done practically on a 2kW motor and the motor is isolated if any of these condition occurs.
Pragasen Pillay et.al. [3] Examines the three phase induction motor under the influence of under
voltage and over voltage. The voltage at motor terminals may be higher than the nominal value in
a complex industrial system and can be well below from nominal value in a heavily loaded
industrial system. IEEE, NEMA and other power communities have different defined the voltage
unbalance. The complex algebra is avoided in these definitions. In this paper calculation of the
unbalance of voltage have been done on true basis with complex algebra and compared with
NEMA standards.
Javed A. and Izhar T. [5] have proposed the protection of three phase induction motor based on
voltage measurement and is not enough to protect the motor if the fault occurs at distribution
transformer or at substation feeder. If fault occurs at motor terminals then the voltage measurement
can protect the motor very well. The current measurement device should be implemented within

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the protective device. They have also proposed a phase measurement device which can measure
the phase difference of the voltages because when the fault occurs at any other location rather than
the motor terminals, then the faulted phase will draw negative sequence current and work as a
voltage generator. The voltage developed is close to line voltage but the measurement scheme is
not able to detect the fault, however the phase difference of the faulted phases changes.
Chattopadhyay et.al. [6] Analyzed the stator current of three phase induction motor by using
different techniques. The single phasing can also be measured by the zero crossing detection
method and has proposed to use 8085 microprocessor for doing this work. The accuracy can be
increased by increasing the sampling time. The phase shift can also be measured by the use of
microprocessor. The phase shift helps to protect the motor from any increased or decreased phase
difference.
Cunkas A. et.al. [8] Described the protection of the induction motor under various conditions like
over voltage, under voltage, voltage unbalance and over current using PIC16C84 microcontroller.
Potential transformer and current transformer are used for this process. Later the values from this
transformer are converted into digital values using ADC converter. The tripping circuit has been
given some delay.
Bayindir Ramazan [9] explained the three phase induction motor protection using sensors.
PLC based protection has been employed and compared with PIC based protection. PLC has
proved to be cost efficient. Need of ADC card has been eliminated by using PLC. PLC can be
implemented on different kind of motors by applying small changes.

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Chapter Three

System Design and Analysis

To improve the performance of the induction motor continuous monitoring of the motor is
essential. The monitoring systems are particularly useful because the systems are able to capture
the information from the motor, both real-time and historical, over the motor’s life.

Condition monitoring is defined as the continuous evaluation of the health of the plant and
equipment throughout its service life. It is important to be able to detect faults while they are still
developing. This is called incipient failure detection. The incipient detection of motor failures also
provides a safe operating environment. It is becoming increasingly important to use comprehensive
condition monitoring schemes for continuous assessment of electrical condition of electrical
machines. In addition it is also possible to schedule future preventive maintenance and repair work.
This can result in minimum down time and optimum maintenance schedule. Condition monitoring
and fault diagnosis scheme allows the machine operator to have the necessary spare parts before
the machine is stripped down there by reducing outage times. Therefore, effective condition
monitoring of electric machine is critical in improving the reliability, safety and productivity.

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Supply Supply

Voltage
sensor LCD

Current
sensor

Arduino
Uno
Indu Temperat
ction ure
mot sensor LED
or
Speed
sensor

Relay Relay
driver

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system

The design model is based on the analysis and architectural requirements of the system. It
represents the application components and determines their appropriate placement and use within
the overall architecture. In the design model, packages contain the design elements of the system,
such as design classes, interfaces, and design subsystems, that evolve from the analysis classes.
The real time monitoring and controlling method is implemented for the better performance of the
motor. The system developed is capable to perform such operations like measuring, monitoring
and controlling the parameters like voltage, current, temperature and speed of the induction motor.
The monitoring devices can provide additional information needed to maximize energy savings.
Monitoring systems also have the ability to providing guidance for preventive maintenance, and
predictive failure analysis.

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3.1 Protection and control System

3.1.1 Induction motor faults control

Numerous faults can occur in an induction motor during its course of operation. These faults if left
undetected can lead to catastrophic failures. The following are common electrical faults which can
be found in induction motors.
1) Rotor faults: The several reasons for rotor faults are:
a) During the brazing process in production, non-uniform metallurgical stresses might be
incorporated with cage assembly and these can likewise prompt to failure during operation.
b) A rotor bar may be unable to move longitudinally in the slot it occupies, when thermal stresses
are forced upon it at the starting of the motor.
c) Heavy end ring can bring about expansive centrifugal forces, which can result in hazardous
stresses on the bars. In view of the above reasons, rotor bar may be harmed and all the while
unbalance rotor circumstance may happen. Rotor cage asymmetry brings about asymmetrical
distribution of the rotor currents. Because of this, harm to one rotor bar can result in the harm of
encompassing bar and in this manner damage can spread, prompting various bar cracks. If there
should arise an occurrence of a break, which happens in a bar, the broke bar will overheat, and this
can result in the bar to break. Thus, the encompassing bar will carry higher current and therefore
they are subjected to considerably larger thermal and mechanical stresses which might likewise
begin to crack. The greater part of the current which might have flown in the broken bar now will
flow in the two bars nearby it. Thus, the huge thermal stresses might additionally harm the rotor
laminations.
2) Stator faults: most of induction motor failures are related to stator winding insulation. A stator
turn fault in a motor causes a substantial flow of current to stream and consequently produces
unreasonable heat in the shorted turns. The natural materials utilized for insulation in electric
machines are subjected to disintegration from thermal overloading and cycling, transient voltage
stresses on the insulation material, mechanical stresses, and contaminations. Indeed the best
insulation may fall flat rapidly if motor is worked above its temperature.

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Ventilation effects

Ventilation is necessary for the smooth operation of the motor because clogged or partially clogged
ventilation will cause increase in the temperature of the motor. A small motor with clogged
ventilation can get damaged. Ventilation inadequacy detecting devices like airflow detector,
temperature sensing device etc. may help to protect the motor.

3.1.2 Method of Fault Monitoring and Controlling

Stator winding insulation deterioration is the main cause of the failure of the motor. The insulation
may be damage by dielectric stress, mechanical stress, thermal stress or excessive moisture in the
winding. The dielectric and physical properties of the insulation system deteriorate with respect to
time and it accelerates if the working temperature increases. There may be different type of reason
for increasing the temperature in the winding like impulse switching, moisture, thermal
degradation etc. But regardless of the reason, the motor should be protected by the elevated
temperature that causes the insulation of winding.

IEEE Standard for insulation of squirrel cage induction motors

There are four classes according to IEEE-Std. 1-2000 standards for motors i.e. Class A, B, F and
H. External air is used for cooling the motor and insulation below at the maximum cooling air
temperature of 40 degree Celsius. Cooling and external air for the induction motor is necessary to
remove the heat. If the heat increases beyond the thermal limit of the motor then it may damage
the winding permanently. Excess heat also affects the insulation ageing. The insulation also
deteriorates in case of motor overloading.

Thermal Protection
Most of the motor failures occur due to the overheating. Modern techniques are making motor
more efficient and compact in size. Using of fiber glass and silicon resins has improved dielectric
capabilities as compare to cotton and varnish. But they are also more vulnerable to excessive
heating. The overheating can also be avoided by setting the correct thermal limit of the relay.
Sometimes the thermal limit is overestimated. The algorithm for designing the relay protection

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system can be achieved more precisely by using the microprocessor or microcontroller based
protection system. The ideal device for looking the heating in the motor is the thermal image unit.
We cannot use the sensors in the rotor part because of technical difficulties, cost and reliability.

3.1.3 Protection techniques

Induction motor should be protected by different types of techniques in the power system. Some
of these are sensed by the protective devices and trip the motor. This protection process can be
done by different ways. Some of the techniques are discussed below:

i) Step down transformer to detect the phase voltage

ii) Current transformer to detect the current
iii) Thermal sensor to detect the temperature of winding
iv) Speed sensor to detect the rotor speed

This can be done by using microcontroller. The protection device should be capable of voltage and
current detection. The current measure protection is important because any phase fault occurrence
is detectable by measuring the current but there is a chance when voltage measurement device will
not able to detect the phase failure. So voltage and current measurement made the protection
reliable, if the motor is influenced by the fault, which may occurs at any location. If the fault occurs
at motor terminals then voltage measurement device may be suitable.

3.2 System Components and Circuit Design

Based on the various reviews conducted on induction motor protection and the above block
diagram which was conceived out of those literature reviews conducted, numbers of components
are required in developing the protection system.

3.2.1 Power Supply

Power supply is the circuit from which we get a desired dc voltage to run the other circuits. The
voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the other components of our circuit require 5V
DC. Hence a step-down transformer is used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC
using a rectifier.

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The output of rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal due to which it is
called as Pulsating DC. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power filter circuits are
used.

`A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

230V
Transformer Rectifier Smoothing Regulator
50Hz 5V DC
AC

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of regulated power supply system

Transformer
Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e. 230V
AC.
Rectifiers
A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes.
There are two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending
Upon the DC signal generated. Here Full-wave bridge rectifier is used to generate dc signal.

Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to
act as reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is
decreasing. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC and the smoothed DC. The capacitor
charges quickly to the peak of the varying DC and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output. Here the capacitor of 470uF is used as a smoothing circuit.

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Voltage regulation
Fixed voltage regulator78xx, produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small amount
of AC on it). Fixed output is obtained by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get low DC voltage from high DC voltage.

Mathematical modeling for power supply circuit

VREV (reverse voltage in diode) = VP – VF

VP= VO max + 2VF = 12.6 + 2 (0.7) = 14V

VREV = 14V – 0.7V = 13.3V

I (average forward current) =ILDC/2 = 35 mA

IFRM (forward repetitive current) = IL/t2 (t1+t2) = 500mA

Now from datasheet 1N4001 is chosen

For 1N4001 IF (surge) = 30A

𝑉𝑝 14𝑉
So R surge = 𝐼 = 30A = 0.5Ω
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒

Choose standard 1 Ω

Designers recommend;

C2 = C3 = 0.1µF

For proper output of IC7805

Rectification circuit

Outputs 12VDC for 70mA load

Let’s allow 10present ripple for the rectified output

Then: - R ripple = 0.1 * 12V

V max = 12V + 0.5 (1.2V) = 12.6V

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V min = 12V – 0.5 (1.6V) = 11.4V

1
T = 50𝐻𝑧 = 20m Sec

𝑉
Ө1 = sin-1(𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 65o
𝑚𝑎𝑥

Ө2 = 90o – 65o =25o

2 Ө
t2 = charging time = 360 ∗ 𝑇 = 1.4m sec

T
t1 = discharging time = 2 − 𝑡2 = 8.6m sec

I𝑙 70m A ∗ 8.6m Sec

Then C1= ∗ 𝑡1 = = 500µF
𝑉𝑟 1.2𝑉

Use standard C1 = 470µF

Assume silicon diode

Vf = 0.7V, Vdc = 5v

Vprimary = 230v and

Vr = 10 percent of Vdc = 0.5v

Diode selection

Peak = Vmax + 2Vforward

= 5.25 + 2*0.7

= 6.65v

For a full wave rectifiers

V reverse = Vp = 6.65v

I forward (average) = IL/2 = 5mA

12 Volt DC Power Supply

V r = 0.1 * V dc

V max = 14.7 V

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V min = 13.3 V

Figure 3.3: Power supply circuit simulation

3.2.2 Microcontroller
The microcontroller IC which we used is Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller
board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs, a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. This auxiliary
microcontroller has its own USB boot loader, which allows advanced users to reprogram it.
Therefore in order to achieve this task the Arduino mega microcontroller based on ATmega328
was chosen because of its suitability for this project such as speed, power consumption, and
universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) functionality, in built ADC,
and amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.

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Figure 3.4: Arduino-Uno and pin configurations

Power (USB) and pin configuration

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be
powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supplies. It’s not allowed
to use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower and thereby destroy the Arduino.
The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts. The pins on your
Arduino are the places where it will connect wires to construct a circuit probably in conjunction
with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just
plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is
labeled on the board and used for different functions.

GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can
be used to ground your circuit.

5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As we might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V
pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run
happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

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Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) is
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor)
and convert it into a digital value that we can read.

Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These
pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like
powering an LED).

PWM (8): the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but it can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

AREF (Stands for Analog Reference) (9): Most of the time you can leave this pin
alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

3.2.3 Sensors and Transducer Unit

This unit consists of several sensors and transducers used to detect the predetermined parameters
of the induction machine. In this work, we mainly monitor four parameters of induction machine
that are Voltage, Current, Temperature of Stator Windings and Speed of Operation.

Sl No Parameter Sensors Used

1 Phase Current Current Transformer
2 Phase Voltage Voltage Transformer
3 Winding temperature LM35 sensor
4 Rotor speed LM393 speed sensor

LM35 temperature sensor

Temperature is a common signal to be sensed. The most common type of temperature sensors are;
thermocouple, thermistor and Temperature Detectors (RTDs). In this project a thermistor type
LM35 temperature sensor is used due to the following main advantages:

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 Lower cost
 Does not require any external calibration
 Linear output
 Precise and accurate output

Figure 3.5: LM35 temperature

As shown in the figure above the sensor has three terminals.

i. Input source; it ranges from 2.7V to 5V

ii. Ground
iii. Output; analogue voltage output ranges from 201mV to 20v

The temperature of the motor windings is measured using the LM35 temperature Sensor. The
LM35 series are type of precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors. The output of this sensor
is linearly proportional the Celsius. For every 10mv, the temperature value will be increase in 1
degree. It can measure the temperature from -55° to +150°C range. The measured temperature
from the sensor unit was displayed in LCD through the controller circuit.

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Figure 3.6: temperature sensor

Voltage measurement

The voltage given to the induction motor is measured using the voltage transformer with the
transformation ratio of 220/5V. The voltage transformer will pass through rectification process
before fed to the ADC. The over voltage and under voltage protection circuit is capable of
measuring and monitoring voltage from 200 to 230VAC. In this project the voltage can be varied
by using the variable resistor and the output of the voltage monitoring circuit is fed to ADC
converter, whenever the voltage is varied to 200VAC, the microcontroller will detect under voltage
fault and whenever the voltage is varied to 230VAC, the microcontroller detects over voltage fault,
consequently the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay, and the relay trips the motor from
the AC mains, thereby protecting it from damage.

Rectification stage

Rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as
rectification and the stage is known as rectification stage. In this stage we use full wave bridge rectifier
.This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop
“bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. Here we are used 1N4007.

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Filtering stage
To smooth the output of the rectifier a reservoir capacitor is used - placed across the output of the
reciter and in parallel with the load. This capacitor charges up when the voltage from the rectifier rises
above that of the capacitor and then as the rectifier voltage falls, the capacitor provides the required
current from its stored charge.
The output V1 of the transformer is fed to voltage transformation unit which transforms the input
voltage into 5 volts range. The voltage transformation unit consists of diode, and resistive divider
network.
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑×C ≫ 1𝑓 …………………………………………. (4)
Where:
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑= the overall resistance of the load for the supply
C= Value of capacitor in Farads
𝑓= the ripple frequency this will be twice the line frequency a full wave rectifier is used shown in
equation 5.
𝑓= 2× line frequency………….……………………… (5)
𝑓= 2× 50=100Hz
By rearrange equation (5)
C ≫ 1𝑓× 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

C ≫ 1/100𝐻𝑧×10K

C ≫ 1𝑢𝐹

For perfect smoothing purpose we take the capacitor value is 100uF

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Figure 3.7: Voltage sensing circuit

Current measurement

Current measurement is of vital importance in many power and instrumentation systems.

Traditionally, current sensing was primarily for circuit protection and control. However, with the
advancement in technology, current sensing has emerged as a method to monitor and enhance
performance. Knowing the amount of current being delivered to the load can be useful for wide
variety of applications. Current sensing is used in wide range of electronic systems, viz., Battery
life indicators and chargers over-current protection and supervising circuits, current and voltage
regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault detectors, programmable current sources, linear and
switch-mode power supplies, communications devices , automotive power electronics, motor
speed controls and overload protection, etc.
A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measured output voltage,
which is proportional to the current through the measured path. When a current flows through a
wire or in a circuit, voltage drop occurs. Also, a magnetic field is generated surrounding the current
carrying conductor. Both of these phenomena are made use of in the design of current sensors.
Thus, there are two types of current sensing: direct and indirect. Direct sensing is based on Ohm’s
law, while indirect sensing is based on Faraday’s and Ampere’s law.
Direct Sensing involves measuring the voltage drop associated with the current passing through
passive electrical components. Indirect Sensing involves measurement of the magnetic field
surrounding a conductor through which current passes. Generated magnetic field is then used to

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induce proportional voltage or current which is then transformed to a form suitable for
measurement and/or control system. The current consumed by the induction motor is measured
using the current transformer. The CT is a type of instrument transformer that is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being
measured in its primary. CT reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission
line using a standard ammeter. Current transformer with primary current 5Amps and rated
secondary current of 1Amps is used. The measured voltage and current are displayed in LCD. If
the voltage and current exceeds the rated value, the buzzer is used to indicate the overload
condition of the motor.
We have to consider 60W load for our system so the current passing through the line is about 10A
which is 60W 220V ac induction motor. Therefore I1=10A the output current is required to about
25mA therefore by using equation 1 the turn ration is calculated.
𝑛 = 𝐼1/ 𝐼2 ………………………………………….(1)
= 10𝐴/25𝑚𝐴=400 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
Some current transformers have a “split core” which allows it to be opened, installed, and closed,
without disconnecting the circuit to which they are attached. The toroidal current transformer type
which have one turn primary winding (N1=1) and secondary winding 400turns (N = 400).

The burden resister is about 35ohm which if the standard resister for lower current value so the
output voltage calculated using equation 2.
𝑉= I×R…………………………………………………(2)
𝑉2= 𝐼2×R
𝑉2= 25𝑚𝐴×35ohm=0.875v
Therefore, the maximum output voltage is 0.875V and the maximum secondary current is 30mA.

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Figure 3.8: Current sensing circuit

Speed sensor
The induction motor speed was measured using the LM393 shaft encoder wheel and sensor which
is connected to the motor shaft. An encoder is a rotational transducer that converts angular
movement into digital impulses. The incremental encoder with 360 Pulse per Revolution (PPR)
was used to measure the induction motor rotor speed. The speed of the motor can be controlled
using the PWM technique.

Figure 3.9: Speed sensing circuit

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3.2.4 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. A type
of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads
is called a contactor. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective
relays".(Relay).

3.2.5 Relay deriver

A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low
voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The
MOSFET and BJT are used as the driver and the basic function of the driver circuit is to provide
the necessary current to energize the relay coil. The required current to run the relay coil is more
than can be supplied by various integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc. Relays have unique
properties and are replaced with solid state switches that are strong than solid-state devices. The
output of most digital circuits and micro-processors is only five volts at most a few mill-amps.
Most electrical and electronic devices require voltages and currents that will destroy digital
circuits, so we must rely on what I'll broadly call driver circuits. Above illustrates a digital output
driving typical low-power fans. On this page we will look at transistor driver circuits using both
bipolar transistors and power MOSFETs and will use them as electrical switches

3.2.6 LCD (liquid crystal display)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information
such as text, images and moving pictures. Its uses include monitor for computers, televisions,
instrument panels gamin device etc. using polarization of light to display objects. A typical liquid
crystal producing degree shift in the polarization of the light passing through when there is no

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electric field present. When a voltage is applied, an electric field is produced in the liquid, affecting
the orientation of the molecules. This causes the polarization shift to be reduced. Liquid crystal
material emits no light of their own. For illumination of light-backlight and reflective method used.

Reflective: it uses external light reflected by reflector behind the display. Example: watch,
calculator, this is achieved by combining a reflector with rear polarizer.

Backlight: light source is from a back light, and viewed from the front. Example: computer
display built in fluorescent tubes above, besides and sometimes behind the LCD.

LCD pin description for interfacing with Arduino

Pin 1 (VSS): is a ground pin and it is certainly needed that this pin should be grounded for LCD
to work properly.

VEE and VDD: are given +5 volts normally. However VEE may have a potentiometer voltage
divider network to get the contrast adjusted. But VDD is always at +5V.

RS, R/W and E: These three pins are numbered 4, 5 and 6 as shown above. RS is used to make
the selection between data and command register. For RS=0, command register is selected and for
RS=1 data register is selected. R/W gives us the choice between writing and reading. If set
(R/W=1) reading is enabled. R/W=0 when writing.

D0-D7: The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents
of LCD's internal register.

Figure 3.10: LCD and pin configuration

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Chapter Four

Result and Discussion

This chapter discusses about the simulation results of the induction motor monitoring and control
system. The Fig.2 represents the complete view of the Proteus Software implementation of the
induction motor monitoring and control system. The temperature of the motor windings is
measured using LM35 temperature sensor. The current and voltage rating of the induction motor,
speed of the induction motor are measured using appropriate measuring unit and it can be displayed
in LCD display and it is also displayed in virtual terminal.

4.1 Proteus VSM

We simulate the prototype in Proteus. Proteus Virtual System Modeling (VSM) combines mixed
mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-
simulation of complete microcontroller based designs. Proteus VSM uses our proven Schematic
Capture software to provide the environment for design entry and development. Proteus capture is
a long established product and combines ease of use with powerful editing tools. It is capable of
supporting schematic capture for simulation. The Proteus schematic capture module also provides
a very high degree of control over the drawing appearance. These capabilities are used to the full
in providing the graphics necessary for circuit animation.
The Proteus design enables us to progress in our project more rapid, giving us the ability to make
hardware or software changes which reduces hardware and software troubleshooting problems.
The project was built and tested in Proteus just by using the software prototype components
without using the physical hardware prototype. Therefore using Proteus software, the voltage
sensing circuit, current sensing circuit, temperature sensor, relays, LED’s, LCD display and serial
communication were all developed and tested as shown figure 4.7.

4.2 Schematic Diagram

As designed in chapter 2, the circuit section consists of Arduino UNO microcontroller, step down
transformer circuit for voltage sensing, current sensing circuit, relay circuits, a temperature sensor and
oil sensor. The step down transformer used is a 230VAC to 12VAC transformer and is used for the

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purpose of sensing the output voltage of induction motor. The step down transformer output been
rectified and filtered to a pure dc which goes directly to microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the
load voltage. For the purpose of current sensing, a current transformer was used for that purpose. It
passes through rectification and filtering process then directly connected to the microcontroller analog
pin for monitoring the load current. The motor temperature sensor is used to sense the motor winding
temperature and the speed sensor is measure the speed of the motor and the sensor output pass through
the conditional circuit which goes directly to microcontroller. The microcontrollers send the monitored
parameters to LCD. While monitoring the parameters, whenever a fault occurs which might be high
voltage or over current, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the
motor from damaging.

Figure 4.1: Overall system simulation circuit

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The speed of the induction motor is controlled by varying the pulse applied to the motor the speed
of the motor is varied. The ON time and OFF time of the speed waveform can be varied. If the
Speed increases the ON time of the waveform is increased and OFF time is decreased. LED Shows
the overload alert of the induction motor. If a current exceeds the rated current the overload alert
will be displayed in LCD display. The relay circuit will turn on the LED to indicate the overload
condition of the motor.

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Chapter Five

Conclusion and Future Work

5.1 Conclusions

The utilization of induction motors becomes very popular when compared to other motors for
many of the industries. In this project, induction motor monitor and control and protection using a
microcontroller is proposed. For motor voltage and current sensing circuits were designed and the
results have been verified with proteus simulation.

The project we have undertaken has helped us to gain a better perspective on various aspects
related to our course of study as well as practical knowledge of induction motor. We became
familiar with software analysis and designing concerned with our project.

The system developed is capable to perform such operations as running the motor, stopping it,
measuring, monitoring and controlling the most parameters of the motor like phase currents, phase
voltages, winding temperature, basic parameters of the induction motors were examined. The
system achieved can be used for industrial applications. All of these values can be transferred and
displayed on the LCD. The system is very cheap as compared to present protective devices
available. The protection system can protect induction motor from under voltage, over voltage,
over current and unbalance voltages. The microcontroller which are used in protection Systems
are easily available in the market and can be also used to large protection system.
This makes it possible for the operators to take the proper action which leads to proper operation
of theinduction motor. Therefore the aim and objectives of the project were achieved successfully
and project is said to be industrious.

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5.2 Recommendation for future work

Any work and investigation on induction motor protection is very advantageous. At present time,
usage of induction motor is common in industry. Therefore, increasing demand of induction motor
and these will lead to demands of highly sophisticated protection devices, which will be
incorporated in induction motor protection schemes.
The practical applications of this project are immense and can have vast level of implementation.
It can be implemented in a large scale to encompass the entire induction motor in industrial plant
by using a data base system.

Based on the work done in this project which protecting induction motor using microcontroller,
some improvements need to be made in the future work.
 We are going forward to implement the project in real time applications.
 The automatic efficiency and power factor of the induction motor should be calculated to
improve the performance of the Induction motor.
 Induction motor parameters (values) in the industries should be monitored and updated in
industrial website through personal computer for providing the easy maintenance.

So this is not the end of the project but rather is a step towards exploring other possibilities that it
brings with it. We feel very happy to work in such a challenging project which has tremendous
application and possibilities.

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References
[1] Kersting W.H., "Causes and effects of single-phasing induction motors," IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1499-1505, Dec. 2005.
[2] Sudha M. and Anbalgan P., "A Novel Protecting Method for Induction Motor Against
Faults Due to Voltage Unbalance and Single Phasing," 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE
on Industrial Electronics Society, 2007, pp. 1144-1148, 5-8 Nov. 2007, Taipei.
[3] Pillay P., Hofmann P. and Manyage M., “induction motors operating with a combination of
unbalanced voltages and over or under voltages," IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 485-491, Dec. 2002
[4] Agbo D. O., Kureve D. T, Shittu D. H, “Implementation Of An Automatic Induction Motor
Starter With Delay Using Microcontroller,” International Journal Of Scientific & Technology
Research, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014.
[5] Javed A. and Izhar T., "An improved method for the detection of phase failure faults in
poly phase Induction machines," Third International Conference on Electrical Engineering,
2009, ICEE '09, pp. 1-6, 9-11 April 2009, Lahore
[6] Chattopadhyay S.and Sengupta S., "Analysis of stator current of induction motor used in
transport system at single phasing by measuring phase angle, symmetrical components, skewness,
kurtosis and harmonic distortion in park plane," Electrical Systems in Transportation, IET , Vol.
4, no. 1, pp. 1-8, March 2014
[7] Bayındır, R., Demirbaş, Ş., Irmak, E., “Design and implementation of microcontroller based
starting and protection relay for induction motors”, Journal of Polytechnic, (2007).
[8] Cunkas M., Akkaya R. and Ozturk A., "Protection of AC motors by means of
microcontrollers," 10th Mediterranean Electro technical Conference, MELECON 200, Vol.3,
, May 2000
[9] Bayindir R., Sefa I, Colak I. and Bektas A., "Fault Detection and Protection of Induction
Motors Using Sensors," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 23, pp.734-741, Sept.
2000

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Appendix

Code of the system

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

//declare variables
float VoltOut;
float SD;
float I;
float tempC;
float volt;
float curt;
int voltOut;
float speed;
float D;
float current;
float T;
float V;
int speedlPin;
int tempPin=4;
int fanSpeed;
int voltPin=1;
int temp;
int fanLCD;
int fan = 13; // the pin where fan is
int led = 8; // led pin
int curtPin=0;
int speed1Pin=2;
int tempMin = 20; // the temperature to start the fan
int tempMax = 35;// the maximum temperature when fan is at 100%
int voltMax=250;
int voltMin=100;
float treshold=5;
void setup(){
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
pinMode(fan, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 4);

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lcd.print("T=");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("V=");
lcd.setCursor(9, 0);
lcd.print("I=");
lcd.setCursor(9, 1);
lcd.print("S=");
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
int mytemp [5];
float avrtemp=0;
for (int i=0; i<= 4; i++)
{
mytemp [i]=analogRead(tempPin);
delay(10);
}
avrtemp=(mytemp [0]+mytemp [1]+mytemp [2]+mytemp [3]+mytemp [4])/5;

tempC = (5*avrtemp*100)/1023;
T = analogRead(tempPin); //read the value from the sensor
V = analogRead(voltPin);
I= analogRead(curtPin);
int myVolt [5];
float avrVolt=0;
for (int i=0; i<= 4; i++)
{
myVolt [i]=analogRead(voltPin);
delay(10);
}
avrVolt=(myVolt [0]+myVolt [1]+myVolt [2]+myVolt [3]+myVolt [4])/5;

SD = analogRead(speedlPin);
VoltOut = (5*avrVolt*46)/1023;
curt= (5*I)/1023;
current=(5*I*4)/1023;
speed=(5*SD*15)/1023;
D=(5*SD)/1023;

// print result to lcd display

lcd.setCursor(2, 0);
lcd.print(tempC,1);

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lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(11, 0);
lcd.print(current,1);
lcd.print("A");

lcd.setCursor(2, 1);
lcd.print(VoltOut,1);
lcd.print("V");

lcd.setCursor(11, 1);
lcd.print(speed,1);
lcd.print("rpm");
if(VoltOut> 230){
lcd.print("OVER VOLTAGE ");
delay(5);
}
if(current >16)
{
delay(5);
lcd.print(" OVER CURRENT ");
delay(5);
}
if(tempC>tempMax)
{
delay(5);
lcd.print(" HIGH TEMPRATURE ");
delay(5);
}

if(tempC < tempMin) { // if temp is lower than minimum temp

fanSpeed = 0; // fan is not spinning
digitalWrite(fan, LOW);
}
if((tempC >= tempMin) && (tempC <= tempMax)) { // if temperature is higher than
minimum temp
fanSpeed = map(tempC, tempMin, tempMax, 32, 255); // the actual speed of fan
fanLCD = map(tempC, tempMin, tempMax, 0, 100); // speed of fan to display on LCD
analogWrite(fan, fanSpeed); // spin the fan at the fanSpeed speed
}
if(tempC > tempMax) { // if temp is lower than minimum temp
fanSpeed = 0; // fan is not spinning
digitalWrite(fan, LOW);
}

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if(tempC > tempMax) { // if temp is higher than tempMax

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn on led
} else { // else turn of led
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
}

if(speed >60){
lcd.print("the speed over");
delay(5);
}
}

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