Quiz 3 Notes
Quiz 3 Notes
Quiz 3 Notes
Terms:
Aqueduct: A pie for conducting water under gravity flow. The term is often applied to the arched
structure built to support the pipe across valleys. Aqua Claudia brings water toward the palace. Also Aqua
Appia brought water into Rome. 17 aqueducts into Rome. Aqueducts would be an even slope and water
would move at a uniform rate from the water sources to Rome. Used gravity to move the water.
Atrium: The central space of a Roman house, open to the sky and serving as a source of light and fresh
air. In Early Christian churches, the atrium was a large open courtyard, surrounded by covered galleries,
which preceded the entrance to the church.
Barrel Vault: A semicircular vault over a rectangular space. Also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon
vault is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance. The
curves are typically circular in shape, lending to a semi cylindrical appearance to the total design. Barrel
Vault: Cloaca Maxima. Barrel vault is an extended curve.
Basilica: Literally “kings hall”. In Roman architecture, a hall used for public administration. The term
generally refers to a rectangular building that has a central section with a higher roof (the nave if a
church) flanked by lower aisles on both long sides. A semicircular projection, the apse, was often set at
one or both of the shorter ends. Early Christians adapted the form as a basis for church design, replacing
one apse with the main entrance and establishing a processional axis the length of the building. The alter
was placed in the apse at the end. A long oblong hall or building with double colonnades and a
semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or of public assemblies.
Cardo: In Etruscan and Roman cities, the principal north-south road. The cardo maximus was
the main central north-south oriented street. Integral component of city planning. The Cardo was
the central road through the forum.
Colonnade: A linear series of columns with entablature. A long series of columns joined by their
entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally
employed in a colonnade which can be straight or curved. The space may be covered or open.
Decumanus: The Decamanus is the principal East-West road in an Etruscan and Roman city. The
Decamanus Maximus was the main east-west oriented road. (Decumanus east-west and cardo is north-
south). Along with the Cardo it formed the central road through the forum.
Engaged column: An engaged column is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the
surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarters detached.
Forum: In Roman towns, the open space near the center used for commerce and civic life. A public
space in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a
marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls. The Roman
Forum was the main center in Rome Italy and was known as the Forum Magnum.
Impluvium: In Roman houses, the shallow pool that collected rainwater draining from the atrium roof.
It was the sunken part of the atrium in a Greek or Roman house that is designed to carry away the
rainwater coming through the compluvium of the roof and placed 30 cm below the floor of the atrium and
emptied into a subfloor cistern.
Insula (pl. insulae): A Roman apartment house. The insulae were largely tenements providing
economically practical housing where land values were high and population dense. Insulae were seen in
Pompeii. (An insula refers to an ancient Roman city block)
Peristyle: A covered colonnade or row of columns that surrounds an interior open space or garden.
Example of peristyles can be found in locations in Pompeii. A courtyard with a covered walkway all the
way around it, with columns holding up the ceiling so you can see out into the garden.
Podium:
Pronaos: The vestibule or antechamber to the shrine room (naos) of a Greek temple. Vestibule flanked
by three walls and one row of columns between the front portico and the cella or naos of an Antique
temple, or the space between the colonnade of a portico and the front wall of the cell.
Round (true) arch: An arch formed in a continuous curve; characteristic of Roman architecture. Inner
curve is drawn within circles having three centers. The round arch was the foundation of Rome’s
architectural mastery and massive expanse of building projects across the ancient world. It allowed the
Romans to make bigger buildings, longer roads, and better aqueducts. The Roman arch is the ancestor of
modern architecture. Used to build aqueducts. Main advantage allows wider span and provides strong
support. Keystone was important for the holding up of the arch.
Tablinum: In Roman atrium houses, a reception area, usually on axis with the entrance. A tablinum was
a room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto
the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain.
Triclinium: A dining room in Roman houses and palaces. A formal dining room. The Triclinium had
couches along three sides and a small table for sharing foods. Seen in Pompeii. Sometimes they were
covered with stucco paintings.
Triumphal arch: In Roman architecture, a gateway structure, with one or three arched openings, built
to celebrate the return of a conquering army. A monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one
or more arched passageways often designed to span a road.
Tuscan: An order based on Etruscan architecture, employing unfluted columns and simplified capitals.
One of the two classical orders developed by the Romans, the other being the composite order. It is
influenced by the Doric order, but with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or
guttae.
Villa: The Roman word for a farm. By extension, the term used during the Renaissance and afterward for
a rural house often of extensive size. Upper class, wealthy Roman citizens in the countryside around
Rome and throughout the Empire lived in villa complexes, the accommodation for rural farms. The villa-
complex consisted of three parts: the pars urbana where the owner and his family lived.
Terms:
Amphitheater: An arena with raked seating arranged around a circular or oval floor.
Annular vault: A barrel vault in the shape of a ring, instead of a straight line; covers a space of
which the plan is formed by the area between two concentric circles, or any portion of such a
space. The barrel vault/annular vault in the Markets of Trajan.
Basilica: Literally “kings hall”. In Roman architecture, a hall used for public administration. The
term generally refers to a rectangular building that has a central section with a higher roof (the
nave if a church) flanked by lower aisles on both long sides. A semicircular projection, the apse,
was often set at one or both of the shorter ends. Early Christians adapted the form as a basis for
church design, replacing one apse with the main entrance and establishing a processional axis the
length of the building. The alter was placed in the apse at the end. A long oblong hall or building
with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or of
public assemblies.
Caldarium: The hot or sweating bath chamber in Roman baths or thermae. A caldarium was a
room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex. This was a very hot and steamy
room heated by a hypocaust, an underfloor heating system using tunnels with hot air, heated by a
furnace tended by slaves.
Cavea: In Roman times the cavea referred to the seating sections of Roman theatres and
amphitheatres. The cavea is traditionally organised in three horizontal sections, corresponding to
the social class of the spectators: The ima cavea is the lowest part of the cavea and the one
directly surrounding the arena
Coffer: Ceiling recesses set in a geometric pattern. A series of sunken panels in the shape of a
square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit, or vault.
Corinthian: The order that features acanthus-leaf capitals atop a fluted shaft. An ornate column
style that is more complex and elaborate than both Doric and Ionic orders.
Dome: A continuously curved roof over a polygonal or circular plan, generally having a
semicircular or elliptical section.
Drum: The cylindrical volume supporting a dome. any of the cylindrical stone blocks
composing a column that is not a monolith. The term also denotes a circular or polygonal wall
supporting a dome, cupola, or lantern (qq. v.).
Exedra: A semicircular niche, often used as a seat of honor or place for a statue. An exedra is a
semicircular architectural recess, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a
building's façade or is free-standing. The original Greek sense was applied to a room that opened
onto a stoa, ringed with curved high-backed stone benches, a suitable place for conversation.
Forum: In Roman towns, the open space near the center used for commerce and civic life. A public
space in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a
marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls. The Roman
Forum was the main center in Rome Italy and was known as the Forum Magnum.
Frigidarium: The cold-water baths in a Roman thermae. A frigidarium is a large cold pool at the
Roman baths. When entering the bath house, one would go through the apodyterium, where they
would store their clothes. After the caldarium and the tepidarium, which were used to open the
pores of the skin, the frigidarium would be reached.
Groin vault (cross vault): The vault formed by two intersecting barrel vaults. Also known as a
cross vault. A groin vault or groined vault is produced by the intersection at right angles of two
barrel vaults. The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. Sometimes the
arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. Two barrel vault that intersect to make a
groin vault in the Markets of Trajan. Openings on four directions so there is a lot of light.
Hypocaust: A hypocaust is a system of central heating in a building that produces and circulates
hot air below the floor of a room, and may also warm the walls with a series of pipes through
which the hot air passes. This air can warm the upper floors as well.
Natatio: An open-air swimming pool in a Roman thermae.
Oculus: The circular opening at the apex of a dome. Seen in the dining room of the domus
Aurea, which served as the original model for the Pantheon.
Pilaster: A rectangular column, engaged in a wall, which is sometimes articulated as an order. In
classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a
supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function.
Relieving arch: A discharging arch or relieving arch is an arch built over a lintel or architrave to
take off the superincumbent weight.
Tepidarium: The warm-water chamber in Roman baths or thermae.
Tuscan: An order based on Etruscan architecture, employing unfluted columns and simplified
capitals.
There were plenty of places of leisure and activities with the Baths of Caracalla, Circus
Maximus, Theater of Marcellus, Colosseum, Bathos of Trajan, and Baths of Diocletian.
The Roman theatre never served as the same religious functions as the Greeks had. The Roman
theatre were free-standing buildings and the seating area were covered with canvas roof to
provide shelter from sunlight and rain.
Terms:
Axis (axial): A line at the end of which movement terminates at a significant feature and thereby
divides a composition into two equal parts.
Cantilever: A beam firmly anchored on one end and unsupported at the other end.
A cantilever is a rigid structural element which extends horizontally and is supported at only one
end. Typically it extends from a flat, vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly
attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilever can be formed as a beam, plate, truss or
slab.
Dou-gong: Translated as cap and block, dougong is a system of wooden brackets than can
support the overhanging roofs commonly found in Chinese architecture. The underlying physics
are simple: The interlocking brackets transfer weight to vertical columns, lessening the strain on
the horizontal beams. Increase the span of the beam. Ornamental. Composed of wooded block
called Dou, a lever arm called Ang, and a shorter arm called Gong. Allowed longer cantilever
and overhand of the roof.
Eaves: The edge of the roof plane that projects over the exterior wall of the building. The edges
of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and normally project beyond the side of a building.
The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as
part of an architectural style, such as the Chinese duo-gong bracket systems.
Grid: Grid Architecture is the application of system architecture, network theory, and control
theory to the electric power grid. A grid architecture is the highest level description of the
complete grid, and is a key tool to help understand and define the many complex interactions
that exist in present and future grids. Like Roman colonies there was a grid in China. Zhou Ideal
City diagram. Quadrangle with three gates on each sides. Palace in center. Three roads near
gates.
Jian: A module used in Chinese wooden architecture, particularly houses, measuring about
twelve by twenty feet. The Jian Module in Chinese building. Proportional Bays. First Chines and
later Japanese architecture. Jian was the basic unit (3*6 meter) rectangular area with structural
framing. Created to make large spaces. Covered with decorative roof. Modular framing structure.
Associated with hierarchy. Chinese modular unit.
Mausoleum: An elaborate tomb named after the tomb of King Mausoleus. A mausoleum is an
about ground structure which houses crypts or burial spaces for caskets in which whole human
remains have been placed. ... The crypts are then sealed with stone. Interiors might be fancy or
simple and reflect many architectural styles. The Mausoleum of the First Emperor Xi’an.
Pagoda: A tapering tower with multiple roof levels, built by Buddhists particularly in China and
Japan. The word derived from the Sanskrit dagoba, meaning stupa.
Rammed earth: A structural building method of compressing a sandy mixture into a hard
sandstone-like material. Rammed earth walls resemble adobe construction. Both use soil mixed
with waterproofing additives.
Shoden: A Japanese word meaning “first teaching”. It is the first level of teaching in the
traditional Japanese branch of Reiki called Usui Reiki Ryoho.
Torii: An elaborate post-and-lintel gateway into Buddhist shrines in Japan. The gateway of a
Shinto shrine, with two uprights and two crosspieces. A torii is a traditional Japanese gate most
commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the
transition from the mundane to the sacred.
Terms:
Barrio: A Spanish word meaning quarter or neighborhood. Residential neighborhoods in
Teotihuacan, Mexico. Residential blocks that are a center of houses around an outdoor area.
Houses for both commoner and wealthy. Raised platforms and patios. Pits held bones of
ancestors.
Causeway: A track, road, or railway on the upper point of an embankment across “a low, or wet
place, or piece of water”. It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete. Causeways
seen in Tikal.
Platform mound: A platform of earth and stone, usually rectangular in shape and flat-topped,
that forms a base for the construction of a building, such as a palace or temple. The buildings
served as habitation and/or ceremonial structures.
Roof comb: The structure that tops a pyramid in monumental Mesoamerican architecture.
Typicall the roof combs crowned the summit of pyramids and other structures; they consisted of
two pierced framework walls which leaned on one another.
Tablero: The vertical, often ornamented, plane in Pre-Columbian pyramid construction,
comparable to the frieze in ancient Greek architecture.
Talud: The inclined plane in Pre-Columbian pyramid construction. A steeply sloping wall is
surmounted by a table-like, right-angled panel with an inset (tablero).
Terms:
Barque (bark): A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts
having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen rigged fore and aft.
Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above.
Barque sanctuary:
Black tent: The ‘black tent’ was the great center of attraction and the shows were among the
most remarkable ever produced.” Pitchmen would lead their audience through the show and
challenge the spectators to unravel the mysteries presented to them. Audiences were infatuated
with the wonders of the black tent, and dumfounded by the incredible representations of art and
imagination!
Colonnaded street: Street with colonnades lining it. Colonnade are a linear series of columns
with an entablature.
Funerary barque:
Opet procession: The opet festival in Karnak was when they used boats to carry the bodies of
pharaohs from Karnak to other places.
Pit house: A Pit House was a type of semi subterranean dwelling, built half below the surface of
the ground in a deep hole or pit, made with a log frame with the walls and roof being covered
with grass, sticks, bark, brush that was covered with earth.
Potlatch: The purpose was the redistribution of wealth. Held in chief’s house. The act of giving
among people. An opulent ceremonial feast at which possessions are given away or destroyed to
display wealth or enhance prestige. Brought in people from far away. Gift-giving festival.
Skin/mat tent: A tent where a piece of skin/hide would be hung and function like a roof. Had no
walls and was open to weather.
Totem pole: Totem poles were the popular name for large cedar posts carved with effigies by
Native Americans from the Northwest.