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    Gen Chem - Module 3

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    Ybañez, Odessa Wayne Beatriz T.
    The document provides information about thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy, and the first law of thermodynamics. It includes definitions of heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a measurement of energy transfer while temperature describes average molecular kinetic energy. It also gives examples of using the first law of thermodynamics to calculate changes in internal energy and provides practice problems calculating enthalpy changes and determining if processes are endothermic or exothermic.

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    Gen Chem - Module 3

    Uploaded by

    Ybañez, Odessa Wayne Beatriz T.
    1K views5 pages
    The document provides information about thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy, and the first law of thermodynamics. It includes definitions of heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a measurement of energy transfer while temperature describes average molecular kinetic energy. It also gives examples of using the first law of thermodynamics to calculate changes in internal energy and provides practice problems calculating enthalpy changes and determining if processes are endothermic or exothermic.

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    GEN CHEM - MODULE 3

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    The document provides information about thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy, and the first law of thermodynamics. It includes definitions of heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a measurement of energy transfer while temperature describes average molecular kinetic energy. It also gives examples of using the first law of thermodynamics to calculate changes in internal energy and provides practice problems calculating enthalpy changes and determining if processes are endothermic or exothermic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views5 pages

    Gen Chem - Module 3

    Uploaded by

    Ybañez, Odessa Wayne Beatriz T.
    The document provides information about thermodynamics concepts including heat, temperature, enthalpy, and the first law of thermodynamics. It includes definitions of heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a measurement of energy transfer while temperature describes average molecular kinetic energy. It also gives examples of using the first law of thermodynamics to calculate changes in internal energy and provides practice problems calculating enthalpy changes and determining if processes are endothermic or exothermic.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Module: 3 Lesson: 3.1 Activity Name: WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY 3.1.1. FIND ME!

    1. Electrolyte
    2. Vant Hoff
    3. Freezing
    4. Boiling
    5. Colligative
    6. Mass
    7. Molality
    8. Solute
    9. Solution
    10. Solvent

    Lesson: 3.1 Activity Name: WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 3.1.2. SOLVE ME!

    1. Calculate the freezing and boiling points of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.5
    g of Al(NO3)3 in 200.0g of water. (Molar mass of Al(NO3)3 is 212.996 g/mol)

    Given: Al(NO3)3 = 15.5 g

    Water = 200.0 g

    Required: Freezing and boiling point

    Equation: ∆ T f =i× K f ×m ; ∆ T b=i × K b × m

    Solution:

    m=1.86 ° C kg mol−1

    i=3

    Molar mass of Al(NO3)3 = 212.996

    weight
    Moles of Al(NO3)3 =
    molarweight

    15.5
    ¿ =0.0728 moles
    212.996

    Hence :

    moles
    Molality ( m) = ×1000
    weight of solvent ( gm )

    0.0728 mol
    m= × 1000=0.364
    200 gm

    For freezing point:

    ∆ T f =i× K f ×m

    ¿ 4 ×1.86 ×0.364

    ¿ 2.70 ° C

    For boiling point:


    ∆ T b=i × K b × m

    ¿ 4 ×0.512 ×0.364

    ¿ 0.74 degree celsius

    T b=0.714 +100

    ¿ 100.714 ° C

    2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 120 grams of NaCl in 450 grams of water.


    Find the freezing and boiling points of this solution. (Molar mass of NaCl is 58.44
    g/mol)

    For freezing point:

    Given:

    T H O=0° C
    2

    C
    K f =−1.86 °
    m

    m solute =120 g

    msolvent =450 g

    58.44 g
    Molar mass=
    mol

    Required: Freezing point

    Solution:

    1. m=?

    mass of solute
    moles=
    molar mass

    120 g NaCl ×1 mol


    g
    58.44 NaCl
    mol

    moles=2.05 mol NaCl

    moles of solute
    molality =
    kg of solvent

    g → kg

    450 g ×1 kg
    =0.45 kg
    1000 kg

    2.05 mol NaCl


    =4.56 m
    0.45 kg H 2 O

    molality =4.56 m

    2. i=?
    NaCl → Na+Cl=2

    i=2

    3. Temperature of solution = ?

    T soln=T H O + K f ×m ×i
    2

    C
    T soln=0° C−1.86 ° ( 4.56 m ) ( 2 )
    m

    C
    ¿ 0 ° C−1.86 ° ( 9.12m )
    m

    T soln=−16.96° C

    Boiling Point Elevation:

    Given:

    T H O=0° C
    2

    C
    K b =0.512°
    m

    m=4.56 m

    i=2

    Required: Boiling point

    Solution:

    T soln=T H O + K b × m×i
    2

    C
    ¿ 100 ° C +0.512° ( 4.56 ) ( 2 )
    m

    C
    ¿ 100 ° C +0.512° ( 9.12 )
    m

    ¿ 100 ° C +4.67 ° C

    T soln=104.67 ° C

    Lesson: 3.2 Activity Name: WHAT I CAN DO: ACTIVITY 3.2.4. PREPARE ME!

    1. In preparing the solutions, which of the following solutes was dissolved faster?

     In preparing the solutions, sugar dissolved faster compared to salt.

    2. Why do you think did the other solute dissolves faster than the other solute?

     Sugar should dissolve faster in solvents than salt in this experiment. The
    reason for this is because sugar molecules are larger than dissolved salt ions.
    This permits more water molecules to surround a single particle, causing it to
    dissolve more quickly.
    3. If you used distilled water instead of tap water, what do you think will happen with
    the rate of dissolution of the solutes?

     The rate of dissolution of the solutes will be much faster compared to using
    tap water.

    Module: 3 Lesson: 3.3 Activity Name: WHAT’S MORE: 3.3.2. SOLVE ME!

    1. Manuel has a container that contains a sample of nitrogen gas and a


    tightly fitting movable piston that does not allow any of the gas to escape.
    During a thermodynamics process, 200 Joules of heat enter the gas, and
    the gas does 300 Joules of work in the process. What was the change in
    internal energy of the gas during the process described above?
     The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal
    energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system
    minus the net work done by the system. In equation form, the first
    law of thermodynamics is ΔU = Q − W. Here ΔU is the change in
    internal energy U of the system.
    2. The work done when a gas is compressed in a cylinder is 462 J. During
    this process, there is a heat transfer of 128 J from the gas to the
    surroundings. Calculate the energy change for this process.
     ∆ E=q+ w=−128+462=334 J

    Lesson: 3.3 Activity Name: WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: 3.3.3. EXPLAIN ME!

    Because heat and temperature are so closely related, distinguishing between the
    two can be difficult. The primary distinction is that heat is concerned with thermal
    energy, whereas temperature is concerned with molecular kinetic energy.

    Heat is a unit of measurement for the transmission of thermal energy between


    molecules within a system. Heat is a measurement of how much energy moves or
    flows. It is possible for an object to gain or lose heat, but it is not possible for it to have
    heat. Heat is a measure of change, not a quality that an object or system possesses. As
    a result, it is categorized as a process variable. Temperature is measured in degrees
    Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (°F), or Rankine (°R) and describes the average
    kinetic energy of molecules inside a substance or system (R). It's a state variable, which
    is a measurable physical property of an object. Other physical properties that can be
    measured include velocity, mass, and density, to mention a few.

    Module: 3 Lesson: 4 Activity Name: WHAT’S NEW: 3.4.1. FIND ME!

    1. Endothermic
    2. Exothermic
    3. Throttling
    4. Reactant
    5. Enthalpy
    6. Internal energy
    7. Pressure
    8. Product
    9. Hess
    10. Volume

    Module: 3 Lesson: 3 Activity Name: WHAT I CAN DO: 3.4.4. COMPLETE ME!

    Importance Application
    It tells us how much heat
    Chemical Hand warmers
    (energy) is in a system.
    Both the vaporization of
    refrigerants in the
    compressor and the
    reaction to the iron
    Refrigerator compressors
    oxidation in a hand warmer
    generate a change in heat
    content under constant
    Enthalpy
    pressure.
    Measuring the change in
    enthalpy allows us to
    determine whether a
    reaction was endothermic
    (absorbed heat, positive Chemical Heat packs
    change in enthalpy) or
    exothermic (released heat,
    a negative change in
    enthalpy.)

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