BASIC MATHS Feel the Physics with SM sir

BASIC MATHS USED IN PHYSICS

Mathematics is the supporting tool of Physics. The elementary knowledge of basic

mathematics is useful in problem solving in Physics. In this chapter we study Elementary
Algebra, Trigonometry, Coordinate Geometry and Calculus (differentiation and
integration).

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SECTION [A] : ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a
quadratic equation. The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0....(i) is the general form of quadratic equation
where a  . The general solution of above equation is
−b  b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
If values of x be x1 and x2 then x1 = and x 2 =
2a 2a
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We can easily see that
b c
sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – and product of roots = x1x 2 =
a a
Example :
Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.
Solution :
Compare this equation with standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
we have a=2, b=–1, c=–3.
− (1)  ( −1) − 4 ( 2 ) − 3
2
−b  b 2 − 4ac
Now from x = ; x=
2a 2 ( 2)

1  1 + 24 1  5 6 −4 3
x= = x= x=  x = or x = –1
4 4 4 4 2

Example :
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0, if discriminant D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of quadratic
equation are:
(a) real and distinct, if D > 0 (b) real and equal (repeated roots), if D = 0
(c) non-real (imaginary), if D < 0 (d) None of the above
Ans. (ABC)

BINOMIAL EXPRESSION
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.
 1
For example (a+b), (a+b)3, (2x––3y)–1,  x +  etc. are binomial expressions.
 y
Binomial Theorem

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n ( n − 1) n −2 2 n ( n − 1) 2
(a + b) = a n + na n −1b1 + a b + .... (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ....
n

2 1 2 1
Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers of x can be neglected so
(1+x)n 1 + nx
Example :
m0
The mass m of a body moving with a velocity v is given by m = where m0 = rest mass
v2
1− 2
c
of body = 10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s. Find the value of m at v = 3 × 107 m/s.
Solution:
−1/2
 v2 
−1/2
  3 107 2   1 
−1/2

m = m 0 1 − 2  = 10 1 −  8 
 = 10 1 −
 100 
 c    3 10  
  1  1   10
 10 1 −  −    = 10 +  10.05 kg
  2  100   200
LOGARITHM
Common formulae :
m
• log mn = log m+log n • log =logm-log n • log mn = n log m • loge m = 2.303 log10m
n

COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO RULE

p a p+q a+b
If = then =
q b p−q a −b
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)
General form : a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d
Here a = first term, d = common difference
n n st
Sum of n terms Sn = [a+a+(n–1)d] = [I term + nth term]
2 2
Example :
Find sum of first n natural numbers.
Solution:
n  n ( n + 1) 
Let sum be Sn then Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 +....+n; Sn = 1 + n  =  
2  2 
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION (GP)
General form : a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 Here a = first term, r = common ratio

Sum of n terms Sn =
a 1− rn ( ) Sum of  term S =
a
1− r 1− r
Example :
1 1 1
Find . 1 + + + + .... upto 
2 4 8

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1 a 1
Solution : Here, a = 1, r = So, S = = =2
2 1− r 1− 1
2
SECTION [B] : TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE :
it is measure of change in direction.
Arc ( s )
Angle () =
Radius ( r )
Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise direction are usually taken positive and
negative respectively.

us
arc
di
Ra s
r

 r
O Radius

System of measurement of an angle

[A] Sexagesimal system :
In this system, angle is measured in degrees.
In this system , 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60' (arc minutes), 1' = 60'' (arc seconds)

[B] Circular system :

In this system, angle is measured in radian.
if arc = radius then =1 rad
Relation between degrees and radian
2 rad = 360°
180
 rad = 180°  1 rad = = 57.3°


To convert from degree to radian multiply by
180
180
To convert from radian to degree multiply by


Example :
A circular arc of length  cm. Find angle subtended by it at the centre in radian and degree.

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6cm

  cm

6cm

Solution :
s  cm 
= = = rad=30°
r 6 cm 6
Example :
When a clock shows 4 o'clock, how much angle do its minute and hour needles make?
 2
(A) 120° (B) rad (C) rad (D) 160°
3 3
Solution : Ans. (AC)

12
11 1
10 2
 2
9 3 From diagram angle  = 4  30 = 120 = rad
3
8 4
7 5
6

Example :
The moon’s distance from the earth is 360000 km and its diameter subtends an angle of 42' at
the eye of the observer. The diameter of the moon in kilometers is
(A) 4400 (B) 1000 (C) 3600 (D) 8800
Solution :Ans. (A)
Here angle is very small so diameter  arc
 7
0
 1  1
 = 42 =  42   = 42   = rad
 60  60 180 1800
7 22
Diameter = R = 360000   = 4400 km
1800 7
Trigonometric Ratios (T-ratios)
Following ratios of the sides of a right angled triangle are known as trigonometrical ratios.

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Perpendicular (P)

Base(B)

P B P 1 H
sin  = cos  = tan  = cosec = =
H H B sin  P
1 H 1 B
sec  = = cot  = =
cos  B tan  P

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
 P  B
2
In figure , P + B = H 2 2
Divide by H ,   +   = 1  sin 2  + cos 2  = 1
2
H H
2 2
P H
Divide by B ,   + 1 =    1 + tan 2  = sec 2 
2
 B B
2 2
 B  H
Divide by P , 1 +   =    1 + cot 2  = c osec 2
2
P P
Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric Functions
Angle() 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°
1 3 1 4 3
sin  0 1
2 5 2 5 2
3 4 1 3 1
cos  1 0
2 5 2 5 2
1 3 4
tan  0 1 3 
3 4 3

Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule*

90°

IInd quadrant Ist quadrant

Sin All
0°
180° 360°
Tan Cos
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

270°
In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive.

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In second quadrant, only sin and cosec are positive.
In third quadrant, only tan and cot are positive.
In fourth quadrant, only cos and sec are positive
* Remember as Add Sugar To Coffee or After School To College.

Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)

(i) Trigonometric function of an angle 2n +  where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... will be remains same.
sin(2n +) = sin cos(2n+) = cos tan(2n+)=tan
 n 
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will remains same if n is even and sign of
 2 
trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
sin(–) = + sin cos(−) = –cos tan(−)= –tan
sin(+)= –sin cos(+)= –cos tan(+)= +tan
sin(−)= –sin cos(−)= +cos tan(−)= –tan
 n 
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will be changed into co-function if n is odd and
 2 
sign of trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
     
sin  +   = + cos  cos  +   = − sin  tan  +   = − cot 
2  2  2 
     
sin  −   = + cos  cos  −   = + sin  tan  −   = + cot 
2  2  2 
(iv) Trigonometric function of an angle – (negative angles)
sin(–) = – sin cos(–)= + cos tan(–) = – tan

Example :
The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm. Let  denote the angle
opposite to the 5 cm side. Find sin, cos and tan.
Solution:

m
3c
5 cm

2
2=1 H
2 1
5+ P

 B
12 cm
P 5cm 5
sin  = = =
H 13cm 13
B 12cm 12
cos  = = =
H 13cm 13
P 5cm 5
tan  = = =
B 12cm 12

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Example :
Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle
5cm
53°

y
x

.
Solution:
y 4 x 3
= sin 53 =  y = 4 cm and = cos 53 =  x = 3 cm
5 5 5 5
Perimeter of the triangle = x + y + 5 =3 + 4 + 5 = 12 cm

Example :
Find the value of :
(i) sin30° + cos60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0° (iii) tan 45°–tan 37° (iv) sin 390°
(v) cos 405° (iv) tan 420° (viii) sin 150° (viii) cos 120°
(ix) tan 135° (x) sin (330°) (xi) cos 300° (xii) sin(–30°)
(xiii) cos(–60°) (xiv) tan(–45°) (xvi) sin(–150°)
Solution:
1 1
(i) sin 30°+cos 60° = + =1 (ii) sin 0°–cos0°=0 – 1 = –1
2 2
3 1 1
(iii) tan 45°–tan 37° = 1 − = (iv) sin 390°=sin(360°+30°) = sin 30°=
4 4 2
1 1
(v) cos 405° = cos(360°+45°)=cos45° = (vi) tan 420° = tan (360° + 60°) = tan 60°=
2 2
1 1
(vii) sin 150° = sin (90°+60°) = cos 60° = or sin 150°=sin(180°–30°)=sin30°=
2 2
1
(viii) cos 120°=cos(180°–60°)= – cos60° = – (ix) tan 135°=tan(180°–45°) = –tan 45°=–1
2
1 1
(x) sin 330° = sin (360°–30°) = – sin 30° = – (xi) cos300° = cos (360°–60°)=cos 60°=
2 2
1 1
(xii) sin (–30°)= –sin 30° = – (xiii) cos (–60°) = + cos 60° =
2 2
(xiv) tan (–45°) = –tan45° = –1
1
(xv) sin (–150°) = –sin (150°) = – sin (180°–30°) = – sin 30°=–
2

Example :
The values of sin1, cos22 and tan3 are given as ½ ,– ½ and 3 (not in order), for some angles
1, 2 and 3. Choose incorrect statement.

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(A) The value of tan3 could be –½ (B) The value of sin1 can not be 3.
(C) The value of cos22 can't be –½ (D) The value of cos22 could be 3.
Solution: Ans. (D)
−1  sin 1  1 , 0  cos2 2  1 , −  tan 3  

Addition/Subtraction Formulae for Trigonometrical Ratios

• sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B • sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
• cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B • cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Example :
By using above basic addition/ subtraction formulae, prove that
tan A + tan B tan A − tan B
(i) tan (A+B) = (ii) tan (A–B) =
1 − tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
(iii) sin2 = 2sin cos (iv) cos2 = os2 – sin2 = 1 – 2sin2 = 2cos2–1
2 tan 
(v) tan2 =
1 − tan 2 
Solution :
sin ( A + B ) sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(i) tan(A+B) = =
cos ( A + B ) cos A cos B − sin A sin B

 sin A sin B 
cos A cos B  + 
 cos A cos B  = tan A + tan B
=
 sin A sin B  1 − tan A tan B
cos A cos B 1 − 
 cos A cos B 
sin ( A − B ) sin A cos B − cos A sin B
(ii) tan (A–B) = =
cos ( A − B ) cos A cos B + sin A sin B

 sin A sin B 
cos A cos B  −
 cos A cos B  tan A − tan B
= =
 sin A sin B  1 + tan A tan B
cos A cos B 1 +
 cos A cos B 
(iii) sin2 = sin(+) = sin cos + cos sin = 2 sin cos
(iv) cos2 = cos(+) = cos cos–sinsin = cos2–sin2 = 1–sin2–sin2 = 1–2sin2
= 1 – 2(1 – cos2) = 2 cos2 – 1
tan  + tan  2 tan 
(v) tan2 = tan( + ) = =
1 − tan  tan  1 − tan 2 

Example :

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Find the value of
(i) sin 74° (ii) cos 106° (iii) sin 15° (iv) cos 75°
Solution:

 3  4  24
(i) sin 74° = sin (2× 37°) = 2 sin 37 cos 37° =2    =
 5  5  25

9 − 16
2 2
3  4 7
(ii) cos 106° = cos (2×53°) = cos 53° sin 53° =   −   =
2 2
=−
5  5 25 25

1 3 1 1 3 −1
(iii) sin 15° = sin (45°–30°) = sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° =  −  =
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 3 1 1 3 −1
(iv) cos 75° = cos (45°+30°) = cos 45° cos30° – sin 45° sin 30° =  −  =
2 2 2 2 2 2

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Small Angle Approximation
If  is small (say < 5°) then sin   , cos   1 and tan 
Note : here  must be in radian.

Example :
Find the approximate values of (i) sin 1° (ii) tan 2° (iii) cos 1°.
Solution:
         
(i) sin1 = sin 1  = sin  (ii) tan 2 = tan  2  = tan 
 180  180 180  180  90 90
   
(iii) cos1 = cos 1  = cos =1
 180  180

Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful Trigonometric Functions

• −1  sin   1 • −1  cos   1 − a 2 + b2  a cos  + bsin   a 2 + b 2

Example :
Find maximum and minimum values of y :
(i) y = 2 sinx (ii) y = 4–cosx (iii) y = 3sinx + 4 cosx
Solution:
(i) ymax =2(1) = 2 and ymin= 2(–1) = –2 (ii) ymax = 4 – (–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 and ymin = 4 – (1)=3
(iii) ymax = 3 + 42 =5 and ymin = – 3 + 4 2 = – 5

Example :
A ball is projected with speed u at an angle to the horizontal. The range R of the projectile is
given by
u 2 sin 2
R=
g
for which value of  will the range be maximum for a given speed of projection? (Here
g = constant)
   
(a) rad (b) rad (c) rad (d) rad
2 4 3 6
Solution: Ans.(B)
 
As sin 2  1 so range will be maximum if sin 2 =1. Therefore 2 =   = rad.
2 4

Example :
The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies with time t according to equation x = 3
sint – cost where  is constants. Find the region in which the particle is confined.
Solution:
x = 3sin t − cos t

( ) ( )
 
3 + ( −1) = 2 and x min = 3 + ( −1) = −2
2 2
 x max =

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Thus, the particle is confined in the region
SECTION [C] : COORDINATE GEOMETRY
To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate
system. This system consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If point is known to be on a given
line or in a particular direction, only one coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in
a plane, two coordinates are required, if it is in space three coordinates are needed.

ORIGIN
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurement are taken w.r.t. this fixed
point.

Axis or Axes
Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the
position of a point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a
particular direction, then only one axis is required. This is generally called the x-axis. If the
positions of all the points under consideration are always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are
required. These are generally called x and y-axis. If the points are distributed in a space, three
perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y and z-axis.

Position of a point in xy plane

The position of a point is specified by its distances from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-
axis as shown in figure.
y
x (x,y)

origin x
x
(0,0)
Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.
Distance Formula

The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by d = ( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2

Example :
For point (2, 14) find abscissa and ordinates. Also find distance from y and x-axis.
Solution:
Abscissa = x-coordinate = 2 = distance from y-axis.
Ordinate = y-coordinate = 14 = distance from x-axis.

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Example :
Find value of a if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3cm) is 13 cm.
Solution:

( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )  13 = 13 − ( −9 )  + 3 − a 
2
By using distance formula d =
2 2 2

 132 = 122 + (3–a)2  (3–a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52  (3–a) = ±5  a = –2 cm or 8 cm

Example :
A dog wants to catch a cat. The dog follows the path whose equation is y–x = 0 while the cat
follows the path whose equation is x2 + y2 = 8. The coordinates of possible points of catching
the cat are :
(a) (2, –2) (b) (2, 2) (c) (–2, 2) (d) (–2, –2)

Solution: Ans. (BD)

Let catching point be (x1, y1) then, y1–x1=0 and x12 + y12 = 8
Therefore, 2x12 = 8  x12 =4  x1=±2; So possible points are (2, 2) and (–2, –2).

Slope of a Line
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
y y 2 − y1
m= = = tan  [If both axes have identical scales
x x 2 − x 1

Here  is the angle made by line with positive x-axis. Slope of a line is a quantitative measure
of inclination.
y
B(x2, y2)
y2

y1
(x1,y1)  y
A x

x
x1 x2

Example :
Distance between two points (8, –4) and (0, a) is 10. All the values are in the same unit of
length. Find the positive value of a.
Solution: Ans. 2

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From distance formula (8–0)2 + (–4–a)2 = 100  (4+a)2 = 36  a =2

SECTION [D] : CALCULUS

Calculus is the study of how things change. In this we study the relationship between
continuously varying functions.
(A) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
The purpose of differential calculus to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the
amount of variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends)
varies independently.
Average rate of change :
Let a function y = f(x) be plotted as shown in figure. Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in
interval [x1, x2] is
y
B
(x2,y2)

y
(x1,y1)
A x
x
change in y y y 2 − y1
Average rate of change = = = = slope of chord AB.
change in x x x 2 − x1
Instantaneous rate of change :
It is defined as the rate of change in y with x at a particular value of x. It is measured
graphically by the slope of the tangent drawn to the y-x graph at the point (x,y) and
algebraically by the first derivative of function y =f(x).
y

(x,y)


x
dy
Instantaneous rate of change = = slope of tangent = tan
dx
First Derivatives of Commonly used Functions :
dy dy
• y = constant  =0 • y = xn  = nxn-1
dx dx
dy dy 1
• y=ex  = ex • y = ln x  =
dx dx x

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dy dy
• y = sinx  = cosx • y = cosx  = –sinx
dx dx
dy dy
• y = tan x  = sec2 x • y = cotx  = –cosec2x
dx dx
Method of Differentiation or Rules of Differentiation :
dy
(i) Function multiplied by a constant i.e., y = kf(x)  = kf  ( x )
dx

Example :
Find derivatives of the following functions :
4
(i) y = 2x3 (ii) y = (iii) y = 3ex (iv) y = 6 ln x (v) y = 5 sin x
x
Solution:
dy 4 dy 4
(i) y = 2x 3  = 2 3x 3−1  = 6x 2 (ii) y = = 4x −1  = 4 ( −1) x −1−1  = − 2
dx x dx x
dy dy 1 6
(iii) y = 3e x  = 3e x (iv) y = 6 ln x  = 6  =
dx dx x x

dy
(v) y = 5sin x  = 5 ( cos x ) = 5cos x
dx
dy
(ii) Sum or Subtraction of Two functions i.e., y = f(x) ± g(x)  = f  ( x )  g ( x )
dx

Example :
Find differentiation of y w.r.t x.
(i) y = x2 – 6x (ii) y = x5 + 2ex (iii) y = 4 ln x + cos x
Solution:
dy dy
(i) = 2x 2−1 − 6 (1) = 2x − 6 (ii) = 5x 5−1 + 2e x = 5x 4 + 2e x
dx dx
dy 1 4
(iii) = 4   + ( − sin x ) = − sin x
dx x x

(iii) Product of two functions : Product rule

dy
y = f(x) ·g(x)  = f ( x)  g ( x) + f  ( x)  g ( x )
dx

Example :
Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
(i) y = x2 sin x (ii) y =4(ex)cos x

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Solution:
dy
(i) = x 2 ( cos x ) + ( 2x )( sin x ) = x 2 cos x + 2x sin x
dx
= 4 ( e x ) ( cos x ) + ( e x ) ( − sin x )  = 4e x cos x − sin x 
dy
(ii)
dx
(iv) Division of two functions : Quotient rule
f (x) dy f  ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ( x )
y=  =
g(x) dx g ( x ) 
2

Example :
sin x 4 x3
Find differentiation of y w.r.t. x. (i) y = (ii) y = x
x e
Solution:
(i) Here f(x) = sinx, g(x) = x So f'(x) = cos x, g'(x) =1
dy ( cos x )( x ) − ( sin x )(1) x cos x − sin x
Therefore = =
dx x2 x2
(ii) Here f(x) = 4x3, g(x) = ex So f '(x) = 12x2, g'(x)= ex
dy 12x ( e ) − 4x ( e ) 12x 2 − 4x 3
2 x 3 x

Therefore, = =
( ex )
2
dx ex

(v) Function of Functions : Chain rule

Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of t. The first derivative of f w.r.t. t is equal
df dx df df dx
to the product of and Therefore = 
dx dt dt dx dt
Example :
Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
2
−2 x
(i) y = e–x (ii) y = 4 sin 3x (iii) y = 4e x
Solution:
= ( ez ) ( −1) = −ez = −e − x
dy dy dz
(i) y = e–x = ez where z = –x so = 
dx dz dx
dy dy dz
(ii) y = 4 sin 3x = 4 sinz where z = 3x so =  = 4 ( cos z )( 3) = 12 cos 3x
dx dz dx
dy dy dz
−2 x
=  = 4 ( z ) ( 2x − 2 ) = (8x − 8 ) e x −2x
2
(iii) y = 4e x = 4e z where z = x2 – 2x
2
so
dx dz dx

Example :
The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies with time t as x=4t –t2 +1. Find the time
interval(s) during which the particle is moving along positive x-direction.
Solution:
If the particle moves along positive x-direction, its x-coordinate must increase with time t.

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dx
x-coordinate will increase with time t if 0.
dt
dx
= 4 − 2t
dt
dx
 0  4 − 2t  0  t  2
dt
Hence, the particle moves in positive x-direction during time-interval 0 < t < 2.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION
Higher order derivatives are used to find the maximum and minimum values of a function. At
the points of maxima and minima, first derivative becomes zero.
y
B Maxima

minima
A
x
d2 y
At point ‘A’ (minima) : As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of A, slope is increases so >0.
dx 2
dy d2 y
Condition for minima : = 0 and 0
dx dx 2
d2 y
At point ‘B’ (maxima) : As we see in figure, in the neighborhood of B, slope is decreases so 2 <0
dx
dy d2 y
Condition for maxima : = 0 and 0
dx dx 2

Example :
The minimum value of y = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is
1 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
Solution: Ans. (C)
dy 1
For maximum/minimum value = 0  5 ( 2x ) − 2 (1) + 0 = 0  x =
dx 5
2
1 d y 1
Now at x= , 2
=10 which is positive so minima at x = .
5 dx 5
Therefore

Example :

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The radius of a circular plate increase at the rate of 0.1 cm per second. At what rate does the
5
area increase when the radius of plate is cm?

2 2
(A) 1 cm /s (B) 0.1 cm /s (C) 0.5 cm2/s (D) 2 cm2/s
Solution: Ans. (A)
Area of disk, A = r2 (where r = radius of disk)
dA  dr  dr
=   2r  = 2r
dt  dt  dt
dA 5
so = 2  0.1 = 1 cm2 / s
dt 
Example :
A particle moves along the curve 12y = x3. Which coordinate changes at faster rate at x=10 ?
(A) x–coordinate (B) y–coordinate
(C) Both x and y–coordinate (D) Data insufficient
Solution: Ans. (B)
2
dy  x   dx 
12y = x  12dy = 3x dx 
3 2
=   
dt  2   dt 
2
x
Therefore for   >1 or x >2, y– coordinate changes at faster rate.
2

Example :
Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap, into a cylindrical vessel of radius r. The rate at
which the height of water level rises when the height is h, is
Q Q Q Q
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
rh r 2r 2
r h
Solution: Ans. (B)

dV dh dV dh Q
 Volume : V = r2h  = r 2 But = Q so = 2
dt dt dt dt r

Example :
U ˆ U ˆ U ˆ
For conservative force field, F = − i− j− k
x y z
U
where F → Force, U → Potential energy and = Differentiation of U
x
w.r.t. x keeping y and z constant and so on.
Column – I Column – II

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(A) For U = x2 yz, at (5,0,0) (P) Fx =0
2
(B) For U = x + yz at (5, 0,0) (Q) Fy =0
2
(C) For U = x (y+z) at (5, 0,0) (R) Fz =0
(D) For U = x2y+z at (5,0,0) (S) U=0
Solution: Ans. (A – P,Q,R,S ; B – Q,R ; C – P,S ; D – P,S)
For (A) : F = −2xyz ˆi − x 2 zjˆ − x 2 ykˆ  Fx= 0, Fy=0, Fz= 0, U= 0
For (B) : F = −2xiˆ − zjˆ − ykˆ  Fx  0, Fy= 0, Fz= 0, U  0
For (C) : F = −2x ( y + z ) ˆi − x 2ˆj − x 2 kˆ  Fx= 0, Fy 0, Fz 0, U= 0
For (D) : F = −2xy ˆi − x 2ˆj − kˆ  Fx = 0, Fy 0, Fz 0, U= 0
Example :
If surface area of a cube is changing at a rate of 5 m2/s, find the rate of change of body diagonal
at the moment when side length is 1 m.
5 5
(A) 5 m/s (B) 53 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) m/s
2 4 3
Solution: Ans. (D)
Surface area of cube S=6a2 (where a = side of cube)
Body diagonal = 3a . Therefore S=2l2
dS d d 1 dS 5
= 2(2 )  = =
( )
Differentiating it w.r.t. time m/s
dt dt dt 4 3a dt 4 3

(B) Integral Calculus

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. By help of integration we can find a function whose
derivative is known. Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x) then
 f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
here c is the constant of integration and this is called indefinite integration.
Few basic formulae of integration are :
x n +1 1
 x dx = n + 1 + c  x dx = ln x + c
n

 sin xdx = − cos x + c  cos xdx = sin x + c

 sec xdx = tan x + c  e dx = e +c
2 x x

( ax + b ) ln ( ax + b )
n +1
dx
 ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) + c  ax + b = +c
n

a
− cos ( ax + b ) sin ( ax + b )
 sin ( ax + b ) dx = a
+c  cos ( ax + b ) dx = a
+c
tan ( + b) + c
ax eax + b
 sec 2
( ax + b ) dx = e
ax + b
dx = +c
a a
Example :
Integrate the following w.r.t. x.

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1 1
(i) 4x3 (ii) x − (iii) (iv) cos (4x+3) (v) cos2x
x 2x + 3
Solution:
 x 3+1  4x 4  1 1 x2
(i)  4x 3dx = 4  + = + = +   x  
− = − x = − ln x + c
4
 c c x c (ii) x dx xdx dx
 3 +1  4 2
dx ln ( 2x + 3) sin ( 4x + 3)
(iii)  = +c (iv)  cos ( 4x + 3) dx = +c
2x + 3 2 4
2 cos 2 x (1 + cos 2x )dx = 1 dx + 1 cos 2xdx
(v)  cos xdx =  dx = 
2 2
2

2 2
x 1 sin 2x x 1
= + + c = + sin 2x + c
2 2 2 2 4

Definite Integration :
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x), in an interval a  x  b then
b

 f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) − F ( a )
a

Area under a curve and definite integration

y
y=F(x)

x=a x
x=b
x
dx
Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx
b
If we sum up all areas between x=a and x= b then  f ( x ) dx = shaded area between curve and
a

x-axis.

Example :
5

 x dx is equal to
2
The integral
1
125 124 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 45
3 3 3
Solution: Ans. (B)
5
5
 x3   53 13  125 1 124
1 x dx =  3  =  3 − 3  = 3 − 3 = 3
2

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Example :
The following curve represent rate of change of a variable y w.r.t x. The change in the value of
y when x changes from 0 to 11 is:
dy/dx
20

9 11
x
0 3 6

(A) 60 (B) 25 (C) 35 (D) 85

Solution:
y
20

A1
9 11 x
0 3 6 A2

-10

 dy   dy 
11
As dy =   dx So y =  dy =   dx
 dx  0
dx 
Area under the curve
1
A1 =  6  20 = 60
2
1
A2 = −  (11 − 6 )(10 ) = −25
2
y = A1 + A2 = 60 – 25 = 35

Average value of a continuous function in an interval

Average value of a function y = f(x), over an interval a  x  b is given by
b b

 ydx  ydx
y av = a
= a
b
b−a
 dxa
Example :
Determine the average value of y = 2x +3 in the interval 0  x  1.
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 4

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Solution: Ans. (D)
1

 ydx 1
  x2  
1

yav = 0
=  ( 2x + 3) dx =  2   + 3x  = 12 + 3 (1) − 02 − 3 ( 0 ) = 1 + 3 = 4
1− 0 0   2  0

Example :
 
The average value of alternating current I = I0sint in time interval 0,  is
 
2I 4I I
(A) 0 (B) 2I0 (C) 0 (D) 0
  
Solution: Ans. (A)
/ 

 Idt 
/ 
  I ( − cos t )  I
/ 
I 2I
Iav = 0
=  I0 sin tdt =  0  = − 0  cos  − cos 0  = − 0  −1 − 1 = 0

−0  0   0   

Example :
The velocity-time graph of a car moving along a straight road is shown in figure. The average
velocity of the car is first 25 seconds is
Velocity(m/s)

20

0 Time(s)
10 20 25
(A) 20 m/s (B) 14 m/s (C) 10 m/s (D) 17.5 m/s

Solution: Ans. (B)

25

 vdt Area of v-t graph between t=0 to t = 25 s 1  25 + 10  

= =  ( 20 )  = 14 m/s
0
Average velocity =  
25 − 0 25 25  2  

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SECTION [E] : FUNCTION AND GRAPH
FUNCTION
Physics involves study of natural phenomena and describes them in terms of several physical
quantities. A mathematical formulation of interdependence of these physical quantities is
necessary for a concise and precise description of the phenomena. These mathematical
formulae are expressed in form of equations and known as function.
Thus, a function describing a physical process expresses an unknown physical quantity in terms
of one or more known physical quantities. We call the unknown physical quantity as dependent
variable and the known physical quantities as independent variables. For the sake of simplicity,
we consider a function that involves a dependant variable y and only one independent variable
x. It is denoted y=f(x) and is read as y equals to f of x. Here f(x) is the value of y for a given x.
Following are some examples of functions.
y=2x+1, y=2x2+3x+1, y=sinx, y=n (2x+1)
Knowledge of the dependant variable for different values of the independent variable, and how
it changes when the independent variable varies in an interval is collectively known as behavior
of the function.

Example :
In the given figure, each box represents a function machine. A function machine illustrates
what it does with the input.
Input (x) Double the Square root Output (z)
input and of
add three the input
Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) y=2x+3 (B) y=2(x+3) (C) z = 2x + 3 (D) z = 2 ( x + 3)
Ans. (C)

Graph of a Function.
Graph is diagrammatic representation of a function and allows us to visualize it. To plot a graph
the dependant variable (here y) is usually taken on the ordinate and the independent variable
(here x) on the abscissa. Graph being an alternative way to represent a function does not require
elaborate calculations and explicitly shows behavior of the function in a concerned interval.
Example :
Consider a body moving with constant speed of 2 m/s in a straight line. When you start your
stopwatch, you observe the body 1 m away from a fixed point on the line. Suggest suitable
physical quantities, write a function and draw its graph describing motion of the body.
Solution :
Distance x of the body from the given fixed point and time t measured by the stopwatch are the
suitable variables. If we consider the fixed point as the origin, distance x is known as the
position coordinate of the body.
In the following figure it is shown that the body is on point A at the instant t = 0 and after a
time t it reaches another point B covering a distance, which equals to product of speed and time
interval. Thus, distance s covered by the body in time t is given by the following equation.

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s = 2t

Position coordinate x(m)

A s=2t B
O
x=0 x0=1 x=1+2s
t=0 t

Time(s)
With the help of the above figure, position coordinate x of the body at any time t is given by the
following equation, which is the required function describing motion of the body.
x = 2t + 1
Graph of this equation is also shown in the adjoining figure.

Graphs of some commonly used Functions.

Linear, parabolic, trigonometric and exponential functions are the most common in use.

(A) Straight line Equation and its Graph.

When the dependant variable y varies linearly with the independent variable x, the relationship
between them is represented by a linear equation of the type given below. The equation is also
shown in graph by an arbitrary line.
y

c y= mx + c
-x  x

-y
Here m & c are known as slope of the line and intercept on the y-axis, respectively.

Slope
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure to express the inclination of the line. It is expressed by
ratio of change in ordinate to change in obscissa.

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y
y2
 y
y1
x
c

-x x1 x2 x

y 2 − y1 y
Slope of a line m = = = slope of tangent
x 2 − x1 x
When the x and the y axes are scaled identically, slope equals to tangent of the angle, which
line makes with the positive x-axis.
m=tan
Sometimes the slope is also called gradient and expressed by the term “y in ” where  is the
= ( x ) + ( y )
2 2
length along the line .
It is positive if y increases with increase in x, negative if y decreases with increase in x, zero if
y remains unchanged with change in x and infinite if y changes but x remains unchanged. For
these cases the line is inclined up, inclined down, parallel to x-axis and parallel to y-axis
respectively as shown in the adjoining figure by lines A, B, C and D respectively.
y
D
B A
C

-x x

-y
Intercept.
It equals to the value of ordinate y, where the line cuts the y-axis. It may be positive, negative
or zero for lines crossing the positive y-axis, negative y-axis and passing through the origin
respectively.

Example :
Write equations for the straight lines shown in the following graphs.
y y y

(a) (b) (c)

x x x

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y y
y

(d) (e) (f)

x x
x

Solution : Ans.
3 3 3
(A) y = x + 3 ; (B) y = x − 2 ; (C) y=5; (D) y= –x+5 (E) y = x ; (f) x=4
2 2 2
Example :
A parallelogram ABCD is shown in figure.
y
B (0,1)

(-2,0) (2,0)
x
A C

D (0,-1)

Column I Column II
(A) Equation of side AB (P) 2y + x =2
(B) Equation of side BC (Q) 2y – x = 2
(C) Equation of side CD (R) 2y + x = –2
(D) Equation of side DA (S) 2y –x =–2
(T) y + 2x =2
Solution : Ans. (A) Q (B) P (C) S (D) R
1− 0 1 1
For side AB : m = = , c = 1  y = x +1
0 − ( −2 ) 2 2
2−0
For side BC : m = = −2, c = 1  y = −2x + 1
0 −1
0 − ( −1) 1 1
For side CD : m = = , c = −1  y = x − 1
2−0 2 2
−1 − 0 1 1
For side DA : m = = − , c = −1  y = − x − 1
0 − ( −2 ) 2 2
Example
A variable y increases from y1 = 2 to y2 = 8 linearly with another variable x in the interval
x1 = 0 to x2 = 10. Express y as function of x and draw its graph.
Solution :
Linear variation is represented by a linear equation of the form y=mx+c. To represent the
function on graph we have to join two points whose coordinates are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) i.e. (0,
2) and (10, 8).
y − y1 8 − 2 3
Slope of the line is m = 2 = =
x 2 − x1 10 − 0 5

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y

3
From the graph, intercept is c=2. Now the required equation is y = x + 2
5
Example:
The graph shows a linear relation between variable y and x. Consider two quantities p and q
defined by the equations .
y

b
0 a x
0
y
p=
x
y−b
q=
x
As x changes from zero to a, which of the following statements are correct according to the
graph?
(A) Quantity p increases and q decrease.
(B) Quantity p decrease and q increases.
(C) Quantity p decreases and q remain constant.
(D) Quantity p increases and q remain constant.
Solution :
Ans. (C)
q is slope of the given line, which is a constant for a straight line.
p is slope of the line joing origin and point on the line, which is decrease as x increases.

Example:
Frequency f of a simple pendulum depends on its length  and acceleration g due to gravity
according to the following equation

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1 g
f=
2
Graph between which of the following quantities is a straight line?
(A) f on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(B) f on the ordinate and  on the abscissa
(C) f2 on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(D) f2 on the ordinate and 1/ on the abscissa
Ans. (D)

(B) Parabola equation and its graph.

A function of the form y= ax2+bx+c is known as parabola. The simplest parabola has the form
y=ax2. Its graph is shown in the following figure.
y

-x x

(C) Graph of some trigonometric functions.

Among all the trigonometric functions, sinusoidal function, which includes sine and cosine
both is most common in use.

Sine Function y = a sin x

y
a

-a
/2       

Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum magnitude of y. In the adjoining
figure graph of a sine function is shown, which has amplitude a units.
Cosine Function y = a cos x
y
a

-a
/2       

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BASIC MATHS Feel the Physics with SM sir
Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the maximum magnitude of y. In the adjoining
figure graph of a cosine function is shown, which has amplitude a units.

(D) Exponential function and its graph.

y
a

y=ae—x

x
Behavior of several physical phenomena is described by exponential function to the base e.
Here e is known as Euler’s Number. e=2.718218
Most commonly used exponential function has the form y=ae–x. In the adjoining figure graph of
this function is shown.
Example :
In the given figure is shown a variable y varying exponentially on another variable x. Study the
graph carefully. Which of the following equations best suits the shown graph?
y
3

-1

(A) y = 3 – e–x (B) y = 1 – 4e–x (C) y = 1 – 3e–x (D) y = 3 – 4e–x

Solution: Ans. (D)
Shift the curve (–4e–x) in positive y-direction by 3 units.

(E) Circle and Ellipse

x 2 y2
Circle : x2 + y2 = a2 Ellipse : + =1
a 2 b2

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BASIC MATHS Feel the Physics with SM sir
y y

a b
x x
(0,0) a (0,0) a

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