Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 377
1st International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science 2019 (ICAESS 2019)
Discourse Analysis on Headline News
Desi Ratna Sari Department of Business Management Politeknik Negeri Batam Batam, Indonesia [email protected]
Abstract— this study analyzed the discourse analysis on online audience. In this study, the author focused to analyze the media “detik.com”. It uses Fairlough theory in the analyses headline news of Anies about Getah Getih which get a pro and which try to see text in three dimension : text, discourse and cons from society. social practice dimension. The method used to analyze the data is pragmatic identity method by Sudaryanto. The result shows that II. LITERATURE REVIEW the journalist use some figurative language to attract’s reader attention. In arranging the headline, the news writer some used Many topic can be analyzed by discourse analysis approach. tendentious and suggestive vocabulary. It has a broad field, so many linguists interested in doing the research related in it. Here are some studies of literature done, Keywords— discourse, online media, headline first the research conducted by Tabe and Fieze (2018). They wrote private and public newspaper headlines on the I. INTRODUCTION Anglophone crisis in Cameroon from a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective. Results found some rhetorical The development of technology which can’t be banned questions and the vocabulary used are kind of imposition, makes changing in human life; social, and communication. tension and dialogue. Lexical choice in private newspaper Most of activities use digital media such ttransaction (e- headlines describe a negative picture of the Cameroon commerce), education (online learning) and communication government, and pushes readers to see the government as (social media). People must face it even it has some deliberately refusing to show great attention to the crisis, and deficiency. Therefore, everyone has to be familiar with digital unable to protect its citizens. media and good competency in digital literacy. The ease of access to information makes one able to see everything Second, thesis by Duanprakhon (2012) which investigated without limited space and time. A research conducted by the the language used in the front page headlines of popular Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII) newspapers in Thailand. He used Fairclough’s theory. He with Puskakom UI noted that there were 132 million internet wanted to discover the discursive features of the language used users in Indonesia in 2017. This is what is called as industrial in the news headlines; to expose the ideology of news revolution 4.0 which marked by the proliferation of the practitioners reflected in the headlines; and to expose the social internet. identities of the teenagers that headline construct in society. Results showed some discursive featured of language used in The using of massive digital also gives influence in spreading of news. People can get it easily by searching headline. It also showed that the language used in the headlines through internet not same as previous which must have of the newspapers reflects certain negative ideologies of the physically when want to read it. It also continued by appearing news practitioners, as well as constructs some negative social of e-news such as: detik.com, tagar, etc. This easiness gives big identities of the young offenders. impact on the news itself. The spreading of e-news make Third, the research conducted by Mardhyarini and Ariyanti people get information quickly beside they also can give (2016). They explored Headline News in The Guardian and The comment on it. However, sometimes some readers just take it Daily Telegraph. Result showed that the newspaper writes literally without knowing it deeply. As a commercial project, almost all the passages in active voice and puts the quotations in newspaper must has bombastic issue and attractiveness to direct form to reveal the issue because it needs to serve some enggage the reader’s attention. So that, the writer sometimes information or facts to help the person on the issue so then they used a unique and interesting headline. As Van Dijk states that still provide the infromation. It also proved that the newspaper headlines serve three important functions. Firstly it provides a also likes to add clausal post-modifier to modify the noun, and brief summary of the main news to the reader; hence, readers writes the statements in indirect quotation to fix the reputation do not have to read the whole story to capture the point. of the one in the issue. Secondly, it attracts attention by various font sizes and vocabulary used. Thirdly, provides an initial indicator of the III. METHODS content and style of the news values of the newspaper. This This research is descriptive qualitative. The methods and shows various ways in which newspaper headlines appeal to its techniques used in this study are the methods and techniques
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described by Sudaryanto (1992). The data needed is the participants, they are: journalists (including reporters, editors, headline news about Anies Baswedan, and selected by news readers), media audiences, and public participants purposive sampling techniques. The data were collected by (including politicians, businessmen, community leaders, artists, using non-participant observation with note-taking techniques. scholars, scientists, etc.). In terms of text production, the news Some procedures that the author did are: first, the writer basically involves two participants: news readers and journalists collecting empirical data (online news headlines), proceed to as the party producing the text. The last and third dimension of critically analyze it, and as a result try to develop a theory. In Fairclough’s model is discourse as social practice which is mix addition, the author also adds insight into the news of Anies the concepts of ideology, power and hegemony to illustrate the Baswedan through available sources such as: browsing on the function and consequences of discourse in reproducing or internet and related books. Second, the writer identifies the transforming unequal power relations. Therefore, the analysis of headline by using discourse analysis. The data were analyzed this dimension in the newspaper especially, in hot issues by using pragmatic identity method and were performed by requires the analyst to look outside the text and examine the formal and informal method. relationship between journalism and the social formation as a whole (Richardson 2007). IV. THEORY Online News Fairclough tries to build a model of discourse analysis that Online news is a cluster of information published on contributes to social and cultural analysis, so that he combines different platforms, from digital versions of traditional print the tradition of textual analysis - which always sees language in and broadcast news outlets, to news place, social media a closed space - with the context of the wider community. networks, all available in one click through the World Wide Fairclough's focus is on seeing language as a practice of power. Web. In this digital era, online news is really representative Norman Fairclough built a model that integrates discourse than printed news. The growing of internet rapidly makes analysis based on linguistics, social thought, politics, and someone easy to access it. According to Newman et al. (2017), generally integrated into social change. Therefore, the model online news constitutes the biggest source of information proposed by Fairclough is often referred to as a model of social today, while printed newspapers have seen a significant drop in change. Fairclough uses discourse to refer to the use of readership in the past decade. One of the effects of the language as a social practice, rather than individual activity or development of information and communication technology for reflection. Seeing language as social practice it contains a the media industry is the digitalization of content. This number of implications. First, discourse is a form of action that digitalization changed the way production and distribution of someone uses language as an action on the world and content in the media industry. Digitalization and consumption specifically as a form of representation when looking at the behavior of digital media affect the sustainability of the print world or reality. Second, this model implies a reciprocal media industry. Print production has declined in Indonesia relationship between discourse and social structure. since at least 2014. This can be seen from the decrease in the number of print media (daily newspapers) which have decreased since 2014 from 9,597,127 to 8,791.301 circulations in 2015 in Lombardi (2018) In this online news, the author focused on headline news about Anis Baswedan, the governor of Jakarta, capital city of Indonesia. Conboy (2007) reports that headlines serve three main functions: they provide a brief overview of the main news, they constitute an indicator of the style and values of the news outlet, and finally they catch the attention of the reader. This last aspect, according to Blom and Hansen (2015), is what makes online news headlines, and therefore online news articles, profitable. The authors explain how journalists use different techniques to catch the reader’s interest with their headlines, from narrative mechanisms to sensational or provoking words Fig.1. Fairclough’s Discouse Analysis (Blom and Hansen, 2015). One of the effects of the development of information and Fairclough tries to divide discourse analysis into three communication technology for the media industry is the dimensions: text, discourse practice, and social cultural digitalization of content. This digitalization changed the way practice. In text dimension, the text is analyzed linguistically, production and distribution of content in the media industry. by looking at vocabulary, semantics, and sentence order. He Digitalization and consumption behavior of digital media affect also included coherence and cohesiveness: how between words the sustainability of the print media industry. Print production or sentences combined to form understanding. In media, has declined in Indonesia since at least 2014. This can be seen according to Fairclough there are three main categories of from the decrease in the number of print media (daily
268 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 377
newspapers) which have decreased since 2014 from 9,597,127 reader attention’s to look for the mistake. The journalist uses to 8,791.301 circulations in 2015 (Press Company Union, synecdoche figurative language. The using of party seems that 2016). The number is predicted to continue 114 decreased in all members’ party disagrees with Anies’s work. By putting the the following years. The same trend is also seen in weekly name of party in headline, make the reader convince that Anis newspapers, magazines and tabloid. is doing a mistake. The same meaning is also appeared in data 7, while, the other data 4,5,6,8,9,10, and 11 are confirmation According to Van Dijk (1998), the discourse of newspaper from Anies about Getah Getih bamboo. The breaking off headlines can be looked at from the position of the headline, bamboo was responded by public. This installation was part of the boldness of the headline, the vocabulary used on the the reception of the Asian Games in August. It was designed by headline, the use of punctuation marks, the syntax of the Joko Avianto. During 11 month that installation was decorated headline, the number of occurrences on the same event and Jakarta but then it was breaking off, and was commented by above all the power of the presenter. many people. Some people said it was useless and has spent a lot of state budget. And Anies said same as other various V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION attributes installed around Senayan and various parts of In this analysis, the author sees the headline news of Anies Jakarta, they are not permanent. After the Asian Games, all Baswedan, governor of Jakarta, capital city of Indonesia, in attributes are taken off again. In addition in data 6, journalist which was taken from detik.com. Detik. com is a web portal uses an irony to catch audience attention. In writing the that contains news and articles online in Indonesia, also one of headline, the writer uses exclamatory by giving marker in the the most popular news sites in Indonesia. Unlike other final of sentence. The non critical reader will be provoked by Indonesian language news sites, Detik.com only has online this statement and directly respond by negative comment and editions and depends on revenue from the advertising sector. publish it. While in explanation statement the journalist uses a Even so, Detik.com is the leader in breaking news. Since formal and complete sentence by using noun in the beginning August 3rd, 2011, detik.com has become a part of PT Trans instead of verb. Corporation, one of the subsidiaries of CT Corp. The news about Anies is always commented and searched by many Ideological Manifested through Lexical Words viewers. Many internet users share news about him through their social media account: facebook, twitter, instagram and The data show that detik.com newspaper headlines on Anies others. Surprisingly, it has been responded by various Baswedan about Getah Getih Bamboo painted a negative picture comments, negative, positive and neutral. Here, the author of him. They use negative words and phrases to comment categorized the headline news about breaking of Getah Getih governor actions. Examples of such expressions include: Sia- bamboo. This headline news was collected during four days, Sia, Mubazir, Pemborosan. All these words or expressions make Thursday, 18th July 2019 to Monday, 22nd July 2019. individuals to construct a bad image about the governor who has done a useless activity. It captured that Anies is not as best as people commented in media social. As known before, Getah Getih bamboo create a positive image among society, they regard Anies is siding with public by choosing a traditional icon as a banner of Asean Games.
Fig. 2. Analysis of Headline News
Media sometimes has pro or cons to the contents reported
because sometime the languages used is tendentious or its contents do not really describe the overall content of the news. Data 1, 2, and 3 are kind of sarcasm language. The journalist shows straightforward that some parties disagree about installation of Getah Getih bamboo. Hanura, Nasdem and PDIP judged Anies’s work. They as opposite party catch the
269 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 377
[8] Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L., Kleis Nielsen, R., 2017: Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, Oxford. [9] Richardson, J. E. (2007). Analysing newspapers; an approach from critical discourse analysis. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. [10] Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press. [11] Tabe, C.A & Fieze, N.I (2018). A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Newspaper Headlines On The Anglophone Crisis In Cameroon. British Journal Of English Linguistics Vol.6, No.3, Pp.64-83, May 2018. [12] Van Dijk, T. A. (2013). News analysis: Case studies of international and national news in the press. New Jersy, NJ: Routledge.
Fig. 3. Ideological through Lexical Words
The using of imposition and tendentious headline want to
prove that Anies’s work in building Getah Getih bamboo is not as best as people said in media social. As a governor of capital city, Anies attract poeple’s attention and so did Getah Getih bamboo installation.
VI. CONCLUSION In this analysis the author found many kinds of figurative language which is used by journalist to catch audience’s attention. In choosing the title, journalist uses an interesting and bombastic word, that will attract many viewers and invite Anies’s haters and lovers to comment on it. As a governor, Anies is nominated and supported through some party, so journalist uses the pro and cons. By doing this study, the author hopes all of the news reader are critical in reading a news which reduce some hoax and hate speech.
REFERENCES [1] Bonyadi, A., & Samuel, M. (2013). Headlines in newspaper editorials: A contrastive study. Sage Open, 3(2), 21-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013494863 [2] Conboy, M. (2013). The language of the news. Englang, UK: Routledge. [3] Duanprakhon, P. (2012). Critical Discourse Analysis of News Headlines: A Case of Youth Crime in Thailand. School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration. [4] Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. New York, NY: John and Willy Sons. [5] Lombardi, Daria (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis of online News Headlines: A Case of the Stoneman Douglas High School Shooting. Malmo University. [6] Mardhyarini, M.R & Ariyanti, L. (2016). Critical Discourse Analysis of the Headline News in The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. Surabaya: Unesa. [7] Meleong. Lexy J. 1996. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Cetakan ke-7. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya
