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    Mkp1213 Chapter 2 Note

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    Haziq Yussof
    The document discusses different types of sedimentary basins including: 1) Extensional basins such as rift basins formed by crustal tension during seafloor spreading and passive rifting during continental breakups. 2) Convergent plate basins including arc systems/troughs with forearc and backarc basins, as well as foreland basins located behind mountain belts. 3) Strike-slip basins that form where lateral crustal movement occurs along fault zones. Each basin type has unique characteristics in terms of subsidence, heat flow, and petroleum system development.

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    Mkp1213 Chapter 2 Note

    Uploaded by

    Haziq Yussof
    55 views38 pages
    The document discusses different types of sedimentary basins including: 1) Extensional basins such as rift basins formed by crustal tension during seafloor spreading and passive rifting during continental breakups. 2) Convergent plate basins including arc systems/troughs with forearc and backarc basins, as well as foreland basins located behind mountain belts. 3) Strike-slip basins that form where lateral crustal movement occurs along fault zones. Each basin type has unique characteristics in terms of subsidence, heat flow, and petroleum system development.

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    The document discusses different types of sedimentary basins including: 1) Extensional basins such as rift basins formed by crustal tension during seafloor spreading and passive rifting during continental breakups. 2) Convergent plate basins including arc systems/troughs with forearc and backarc basins, as well as foreland basins located behind mountain belts. 3) Strike-slip basins that form where lateral crustal movement occurs along fault zones. Each basin type has unique characteristics in terms of subsidence, heat flow, and petroleum system development.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views38 pages

    Mkp1213 Chapter 2 Note

    Uploaded by

    Haziq Yussof
    The document discusses different types of sedimentary basins including: 1) Extensional basins such as rift basins formed by crustal tension during seafloor spreading and passive rifting during continental breakups. 2) Convergent plate basins including arc systems/troughs with forearc and backarc basins, as well as foreland basins located behind mountain belts. 3) Strike-slip basins that form where lateral crustal movement occurs along fault zones. Each basin type has unique characteristics in terms of subsidence, heat flow, and petroleum system development.

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    of 38

    CHAPTER 2

    • SEDIMENTARY BASINS
    Sedimentary Basins

    • A sedimentary basin is an area of the Earth


    where long-term basement subsidence and
    sediment deposition occur.
    • The larger the thickness of sediments and
    longer the accumulation has taken place, the
    more interesting to the oil companies the
    basin becomes.
    • Example: Gulf of Mexico (today and ancient)
    Sedimentary Basins
    Sedimentary Basins

    • 1. Lithospheric Stretching (Extensional)


    basins (divergent plate motion)
    • Two main mechanisms operate to create
    extensional basins.
    • The first mechanism is rifting, which can occur
    when a thermal plume or sheet impinges on the
    base of the lithosphere (active rifting).

    4
    Sedimentary Basins

    • Rift basins:
    • Form as a direct result of crustal tension at the
    zones of seafloor spreading.
    • A rift basin is bounded by a major fault systems
    (grabens).
    • A number of rift basins; including Baikal rift,
    Red Sea, North Sea, and Central Africa rift
    valleys extending from Nigeria, Mozambique,
    and Somalia.
    • The lithosphere
    heats up,
    weakens, and can
    rift. An example is
    the East African
    Rift.
    • Rift Valley
    • Three major stages in the development
    of extensional Basins (pre-rift, syn-rift
    and post-rift.)
    Sedimentary Basins

    • The second mechanism (passive rifting) is


    continental stretching and thinning, which has
    happened during all major continental
    breakups.
    • The most widely recognized pair of passive
    margins are South America and Africa.
    Passive Rifting
    Sedimentary Basins
    Detailed Cross-section of a Passive Margin
    Cretaceous & Cenozoic
    Atlantic Margin sediments
    Jurassic salt

    What is the relative


    age of the basalt? Triassic rift valley sediments
    Regional Crustal Subsidence due to local sediment loading

    Example: Gulf of Mexico


    and Mississippi River

    Sediments delivered by
    major river systems
    eventually deposit a non-
    negligible load on the crust,
    resulting in slight
    deformation (subsidence) and
    opens accomodation space
    for further sediment loading.
    (positive feedback).
    Sedimentary Basins
    • Intracratonic basins: sag.
    • Intracratonic (intracontinental) basins were
    regarded as somewhat enigmatic. Their
    alternative description, "sags," illustrates their
    form. Most tend to be broadly oval, shallow,
    saucer-shaped basins .
    • The total sediment infill package increases
    from edge to center and major faults are
    absence.
    Sedimentary Basins
    • Intracratonic basins generally contain abundant
    reservoir rocks in both terrigenous and
    carbonate facies.
    • Source rocks tend to be poorly developed,
    except in the more marine carbonate basins.
    • Because these basins occur on stable granitic
    crust, heat flow rates are low and major oil
    generation may not have oocurred.
    • Siries of Intracratonic basins occur in North
    Africa, eg: Murzuq and Kufra basins
    (terrigenous basins). Another example is the
    Michigan basin (carbonate basin).
    Intracratonic
    basins –
    Murzuq
    basin, Libya
    Malay Basin
    Sedimentary Basins
    • Epicratonic basins: basins that lie on the edge
    of continental crust.
    • The Tertiary Gulf Coast of the US and the Niger
    delta illustrate a terrigenous epicratonic basin,
    and the Sirte embayment of Libya illustrates a
    carbonate-filled basin.
    • Epicratonic basins show that they are more
    prospective than intracratonic basins.
    Sedimentary Basins

    • Heat flow is high, which favors hc generation in


    areas of high geothermal gradients due to
    overpressure.
    • Crustal instability also favors structural
    entrapment of oil, as well as stratigraphic traps.
    Epicratonic Basins
    Sedimentary Basins
    • 2. Basin due to Flexure (convergent plate
    motion):
    • The style of basin development associated with
    convergent plate motion is highly varied, and
    depends upon the interplay of several factors.
    • These include the types of crust undergoing
    convergence: continental to continental, oceanic
    to oceanic, and oceanic to continental.
    Sedimentary Basins
    • Arc Systems or Troughs:
    • Characterized by six major components.
    i) An outer rise on the oceanic plate.
    This occurs as an arch on the abyssal plain.
    ii) A trench.
    Commonly > 10km deep, the trench contains
    pelagic deposits and fine-grain turbidites.
    Not considered to be prospective for petroleum
    exploration.
    Sedimentary Basins
    iii) A subduction complex.
    Comprises stacked fragments of oceanic crust
    and its pelagic cover.
    iv) A fore-arc basin.
    Lies between the subduction complex and the
    volcanic arc.
    Less productive hc provinces than do back-arc
    basins.
    v) The volcanic (magmatic) arc.
    • Magma is generated from the partial melting of
    the overriding and possibly subducting plates.
    Overriding plate at a subduction zone
    Forearc Basin
    Forearc Basin
    Sedimentary Basins
    vi). The back-arc region.
    Floored by either oceanic or continental
    lithosphere. Back-arc basins floored by oceanic
    lithosphere tend to have very high rates of
    subsidence and high heat flows.
    • Foreland basins: Where the back-arc region
    is floored by continental lithosphere.
    The deposits are shallow marine shales,
    carbonates and tidal shelf sands.
    Combination of favorable reservoir rocks,
    source rocks, and traps diversity, →back-arc
    basins are commonly major hc provinces.
    Sedimentary Basins
    • The Central Sumatra Basin is well-described
    example. Other examples are Persian Gulf,
    Western Canada and South East Asia.
    • The importance of foreland basins as petroleum
    provinces outranks that of other basins
    generated by convergent plate motions.
    • The basins are typically several thousands of
    kilometers long and parallel to the arc and thrust
    belt.
    Sedimentary Basins
    Sedimentary Basins
    A simplified map and cross-section of the Zagros orogenic belt (Iran).
    Structural Provinces - Arabian Gulf

    Mesozoic to Tertiary
    Foreland Basin
    Pre-Cambrian Shield

    Nasa Image
    Evolution of Arabian Gulf
    Foreland Basin

    Compression &
    Foreland Basin

    Extensional margin

    Extensional margin

    Interior Sag
    After Kingston et al, 1983
    Sedimentary Basins

    • 3. Strike-slip basins:
    • Strike-slip or wrench basins occur where
    sections of the crust move laterally with respect
    to each other.
    • Although a wrench system taken as a whole can
    be of similar size to a rift, passive margin, or
    foreland complex, individual basins are much
    smaller than the other types of basin described
    before.
    Sedimentary Basins

    A strike-slip basin plan and crosssection,


    showing typical megasequence
    distributions for the syn-rift, post-rift, and
    transpression stages of the basin.
    Sedimentary Basins

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