Shri M V Nair, Chairman & Managing Director, Union Bank of India, Shri B Sambamurthy, Director, IDRBT, Shri S S Mundra,

Executive Director, Union Bank of India, Shri M G Sanghvi, Executive Director, Bank of Maharashtra, senior bankers, other
distinguished guest, ladies and gentlemen.  It is a pleasure to be in your midst today at this Executive Roundtable organised by
IDRBT in association with Union Bank of India on the theme “Beyond Core Banking”. As you may be aware, this is a part of a
series of roundtable organised by IDRBT in collaboration with banks on the subject and I am happy to have been associated
with some of them.  IDRBT has been doing a commendable job in enlarging the role banking technology and research and I do
not recall of any other comparable institution in the world. Under Mr Sambamurthy’s leadership, in keeping with its mandate, it
is moving away from transactional areas into more strategic areas and research.

2. The next information revolution is well under way. Peter Drucker in the New Information Revolution has said and I quote
The next information revolution is forcing us to redefine what business enterprise actually is— the creation of value and
But it is not happening where information scientists, information executives, and the information industry in general are
looking for. It is not a revolution in technology, machinery, techniques, software, or speed. It is a revolution in CONCEPTS-
internet, web etc. It is age of the ‘Prosumer’: producer and consumer of information. This Prosumer is you- a web user who
creates and uses content and information on the web. So far, for 50 years, the information revolution has centered on data—
their collection, storage, transmission, analysis, and presentation. It has centered on the "T" in IT.

The next information revolution asks two pertinent questions:

What is the meaning of information, and what is its purpose?

3. And this is leading rapidly to redefining the tasks to be done with the help of information, and with it, to redefining the
institutions that do these tasks. This holds good for banks also. My address today would be centered on the ways of bringing in
the focus of banking to a new level which would be based on a ‘whole new customer service’ and the significance of a
customer-centric strategy. We must understand here that customers want a great banking service, tailored to their needs and
in a timeframe that works. I would also touch upon what are the technologies beyond core banking and the business and
technological requirements of Financial Inclusion. I would be briefly be touching upon the alignment between business and IT
and concluding with the recent initiatives taken by the RBI in the area of technology.

Out with the old, In with the New

4. All of us would agree that technology has no longer remained just a means for automating processes. It has revolutionized
every industry in the world by rendering faster and cost effective delivery of products and services to customers, who in the
normal course could not have afforded the same, and at the same time producers of goods and services would remain viable
and profitable. Technology is the surest and most appropriate way of bringing inclusion in respect of any product and/or

Banking services is no different. The major technological innovation in banking was the ATM over 25 years ago, and up
until the early 1990s this was the only customer-facing technology that existed. Following this came the phone banking, IVR
systems, advent of the internet, increasing complex database mining, and remote distribution channels.  While banking and
retail financial services are generally considered a traditional business area, the fact is that there have been more changes in
this sphere in the last 10 to 15 years than in the preceding 100 years. If I had told you 15 years ago that Google would be one
of the largest global brands, you would have said” who”? If 5 years ago, I had told you the total number of facebook users
today would be greater than the physical population of about half countries in the world, you would have said “what”? In a
similar fashion, it is possible that some enterprising corporate incubator will figure out the customer behaviour secret and
construct a purpose-built retail bank that would take off like Twitter globally. We are experiencing an age where the impact of
internet and mobile devices have made the rules in managing delivery channels and the mode of reaching customers a
‘moving target’. How the banks can reach this target would be challenge to be addressed by the banks.

6. I would pose a question here: What came first in this chicken and egg argument – technology or customer demand for
technology? Does technology change customer behaviour or is it customer demand that influences technology in banking. In
the earlier days, it used to be said about banking that: “build it and they will come”.  However this will not hold well in the
present day. Technology should work for the business in its aim to make its products and services relevant and accessible to
its customers, instead of a fixed sunk cost that sits heavily on a bank’s P&L account. Technology should also not only be
looked as a cost cutting tool but as a value creating opportunity to customers and through this to the organisation.

7. I would like to talk to this august group about the increasing acceptance of technology and innovation in our lives. 
like you to appreciate that while the telephone took approximately 50 years to reach ‘critical mass’, television took half of that
(25-35 years), PCs about 12-14 years and, the Internet about just seven years. Ultimately now facebook and twitter are now
being adopted not in years but in months. The lesson learnt here is that as we become more used to technology and
innovation, it is taking less time to adopt these technologies into our lives, and this further encourages innovation and this,
increases the impact on business. What I am trying to say here is that banks have less time to react and anticipate the impact
of such changes on their business unless they deliver fast.

Navigating Rapid Change

8. Technological advancement enables a broader and inclusive banking sector and in the process, is a key driver for the
sustained and inclusive growth of the economy.Technology by itself is not a panacea. But technology has evolved to such an
extent that it can hold the key to achieving your goals – if banks are willing to accept the changes that they will need to make to
get there. Banks have implemented Core Banking Solutions (CBS) which marked a paradigm shift in more senses than one
and branch customers are now bank customers as they can access their accounts from any branch for defined purposes. It
was envisaged that the CBS would offer new opportunities for information management, better customer service and improved
risk management. However banks have not been able to reap the benefits of this technology in terms of reduction in costs of
small value transactions, speed with which the transactions are done if both successful and unsuccessful transactions are
considered, improved customer services and effective flow of information within the banks as also to the regulator. Banks have
not gained in terms of efficiency partly because the much needed business process re-engineering was not done. Further,
banks have deployed technology for transaction processing and the same has not been explored extensively for analytical
processing like customer relationship management and decision making. Thus, there is a need to take care of what we could
not achieve in the first round of technology implementation and think beyond CBS. Supported by the latest technology, banks
would need to identify new business niches, to develop customized services, to implement innovative strategies and to capture
new market opportunities. With further globalization, consolidation, deregulation and diversification of the financial industry, the
banking sector is set to become even more complex. But successful banks make it simple and those who are able to achieve
that will be more successful. It is here that the concepts of Next generation Banking is taking centre stage. There is a need to
fast forward to Banking 2.0.

Next Generation Banking

9. Bill Gates has once said ” Banking is necessary but banks are not” .The next generation banking should aim to provide
customer-centric features, giving users an extremely personalized experience while at the same time providing increased
intelligence and automation to help banks sell appropriate products and services to their customers. Changes in demography
and how banks reposition themselves to reap the advantages of demographic dividend will be a crucial deciding factor for the
success of bank. The GenNext banks would be providing life cycle wise products and services, right from birth till death, under
one roof. The essential idea is that a relationship once built at birth carries on till death and all the products and services are
made available under one umbrella. Technologically, next generation banking would mean several interconnected applications
and flexible orchestration, driven by business needs, and without a long intermediation cycle. This would call for seamless
connectivity across systems and operating units. It would also demand that all this be achieved with costs absolutely under
control. The technology that will support this new world must be able to incorporate all these features and more. Our
technology adoption was not customer-centric, it was employee-centric. I would like to mention a few illustrative technologies
beyond core banking that are likely to which can add value to a bank and gain prominence in the near future are delineated

Customer Relationship Management :   In order to enhance the effectiveness of the various channels such as branch
banking, mobile banking, internet banking, Banks may consider the use of a comprehensive Sales Customer Relationship
Management (CRM) solution which enables the user to access the entire customer details and provides a 360 degree view
across channels and products and enhances service quality. This will enable customer interactions across various touch points
(such as a call or email) to be captured on a centralised single system. We need to transit from transaction orientation to
customer orientation.

Use of Data Analytics (Business Intelligence) : Business intelligence (BI) helps a bank decide on various business
strategies including customer segments, product mix, channel mix etc. A good data warehouse can also enable call center
technologies like outbound dialing to be used for active marketing and sales channels and not just for transactions.  

Human Resources Management: For medium to large enterprises, an effective Human Resources Management System
(HRMS) can bring remarkable efficiencies and handle the various needs of the employees. Such systems can also handle the
localised requirements of banks operating in multiple countries. The demographic dividend alluded to earlier not only has
implications from customers expectation side but from human resources side as a larger pool of talent is potentially available.

Mobile Banking: The fast-paced growth of consumer mobility has made the mobile phone, a channel of choice for last-mile
end-user connectivity. The business imperatives of a mobile banking platform include:

Mobile presents the lowest per transaction cost for the Bank as compared to other channels
Push-based offers that can be delivered over-the-air and can result in increased offtake of services
Value added services such as Prepaid mobile recharge, funds transfer and bill payment can also be enabled.

Capital Adequacy Framework : In order to meet the requirements of the Capital Adequacy framework, Application Systems
are available which provide capability to compute the capital adequacy as per the RBI guidelines with Standardized, Advance
internal Ratings Based (AIRB), advanced management approach (AMA) for Operations risk and other management reporting.
Thus, credit risk, market risk and operations risk can be measured, simulated and controlled using these systems.

Alternate Channel (TV Banking) : Today, it is imperative to reach Banking services to the maximum number of households
and television is an ubiquitous medium in today’s households. TV Banking empowers TV viewers to access banking
product/service information at the touch of a button.  

Treasury systems : As a key component of a bank’s activities, treasury needs to accorded adequate attention in terms of
technology solutions. Integrated platforms for dealing with the broad range of assets including foreign exchange, money
market, fixed income and derivatives etc. would be of great value. Such systems may cover the range of functionalities
including pricing, booking, risk management, value at risk, limit control, confirmation, payment and accounting etc. More
efficient treasury operations and better controls would be the key outcomes of such systems.

The Right Mix

10. As institutions in the banking industry adjust to an altered competitive landscape and a revised set of priorities, the role of
the core system is becoming more important. The new era of banking demands a fresh technological approach, as banks must
rid themselves of the burden of inflexible solutions designed and implemented when the financial world was a very different

11. As might be expected, well-established operational objectives – such as increasing revenues and efficiencies while
simultaneously decreasing costs – remain prominent. Here I would like to draw a parallel to Darwin’s theory of evolution, as
published in his work “The Origin of Species” that, purports that populations evolve through a process of natural selection,
whereby favourable traits become more common and unfavourable traits become less common. Over the time, this process
may result in adaptations for particular niches, resulting in the emergence of new species. If we apply this theory to banking
systems, we can draw a number of parallels one of them being that unfavourable technologies would become extinct, while
newer, more agile and flexible technologies provide competitive edge – and will ultimately survive the test. The theory of they
(customers) needed the bank more than the bank needed them (customers) is surely undergoing a transformation.
Customer imperatives

The writing on the wall is clear: ‘keep your customers happy and survive’.

12. I would like to dwell on the five customer imperatives that would drive the Next Generation banking : 

Channel improvement : Banks would need to develop a right mix of assisted and self-service channels to provide a rich
unified and consistent banking experience. Most of the time, customers choose a channel because they do not have a choice.
Towards this, banks need to transform their business with a channel strategy with the idea that a customer’s approach to
channels is additive not substitutive. This would result in better communication, better mobility and better customer insight.

Service Accessibility : Banks also have opportunities to incorporate technologies which would make banking accessible for a
broader base of population. By this I mean banks can look at trends like providing for talking ATMs, provision of Braille
statements, ATMs with Braille keyboards, dedicated service line for customers with hearing or speech impairment, setting that
allow persons with low vision to customize the internet.

Customer serviceability : You would agree with me that today customers can access banking services 24 hours a day, 7
days a week and they can do so in person, over the phone, online and in some places through the television. The growing
customer bases are the product of instant gratification. While banks need to balance their service offerings across customer
segments, they also need to provide a responsive, reliable and competent service model which offers a uniform level of
information and interaction across various channels.

Data Privacy and Security :  Data privacy is still a relevant area of concern for banking customers despite technological
advances and strong risk management processes within the banks not only minimise the financial loss to the customer but
also safeguard emotional victimization of customers.

Simplified Banking : It would be more meaningful if banks would make banking sophisticated, yet simple, in terms of
processes and services, to enhance banking experience. Providing a simplified yet fully loaded banking experience is the need
of the hour for banks.  

Financial Inclusion with IT

Business requirements : I would like to emphasise that it is imperative to facilitate opening new accounts, provide need
based credit, remittance facilities and help promote financial literacy in rural India. It is expected that new technologies and
business correspondents will drive this movement. In the long run, it is expected to cover the economic distance between rural
and urban India.  It is here that technology would play a major role in achieving the objectives set out. For all services that
entail payments to citizens, the last mile interface is the weakest link. An efficient payments and transfers system warrants
bank connectivity to every individual and institution, including those in remote rural areas. This coupled with building a
technological interface for ensuring this would result in creating wonders for Financial Inclusion.

Technological requirements : Technology helps the financial institution to go where the customer is, while playing an
important role in reducing the operating costs for providing banking services, particularly in remote rural areas. Internet and
mobile technologies have spread out and are visible at various levels of the technology delivery chain. But, the challenge
hereon, in the context of financial inclusion, would be to get the technology pieces together in a complete whole that is viable
and sustainable. All banks should accord top priority to provide connectivity to ensure that banking facilities reach all its
customers ubiquitously.

Need for a clear strategy and planned approach

15. For a plan to succeed there must be a vision and strategy driving implementation. There is clearly an absence of vision of
how technology is going to drive business and customer relationship.  Thus technology adoption in banks is a result of external
pressures rather than a vision shared by the bank staff percolating right down from right up or a corporate vision of the positive
externalities that will result. Consequently, this lack of long-term vision and strategy has impacted the way technology has
been utilised.

Alignment between Business and IT

16. The Business-IT Wall is only a figurative wall, but it literally separates the Business and IT in most organizations today. The
success of all enterprise information initiatives requires that this wall be torn down, ending the conflict between the Business
and IT, and forging a new collaborative union.

Back Office Centralization

17. Indian banks have been on the forefront of back office technology adoption—successfully harnessing the power of
information technology to gain operational and strategic advantage. This has been possible largely through the adoption and
upgradation of technology in the back office operations. Computerisation of back office operations was envisaged to release
manpower for various front office jobs to the satisfaction of the customer. Customers were to get better services at lower direct
and indirect costs.  But this has not happened the way it was planned.  Banks are still involving a sizeable number of their back
office staff in the preparation and submission of various returns. There is an urgent need for building an MIS server to generate
returns automatically. In this connection, I would like to inform you that the RBI has prepared an approach paper on automated
data flow (a straight through process) of information from the core banking solution (CBS) or other IT systems of commercial
banks to the Reserve Bank. The approach paper, inter alia, discusses the methodology to be adopted by banks to classify
themselves into a cluster based on its technology and process dimensions. Accordingly, banks have been advised to conduct
a self-assessment and furnish the estimated timelines for the project.

Report on Information Security, Electronic Banking, Technology Risk Management and Tackling Cyber Fraud

18. RBI has recently released a report on Information Security, Electronic Banking, Technology Risk Management and
Tackling Cyber Fraud.  The Group that has prepared the report has delved into various issues arising out of the use of
Information Technology in banks and made its recommendations. The detailed recommendations are comprehensive and if
adopted by the banks, they would go a long way in minimizing the risks that the banks are more often than exposed to. I would
like to speak upon some of the issues highlighted in the report which have a major bearing on the functioning of banks:

IT Governance

19. Bankers need to feel confident that investments in IT are likely to realise value in the enterprise. They should consider
these questions regarding their IT:

Are we doing the right things?

Gaining this understanding will enable them to unlock and maximise value from these investments and enhance their business
operations. In this regard, IDRBT has already prepared a model IT Governance framework which can be emulated by banks
for their benefit. This model framework derives inputs from the Business Goals. These inputs are put through a four
dimensional inter-linked view  of IT as a Function -  Strategize, Build, Operate and Assure (SBOA) –  aimed at   delivery of the
desired results in terms of the pre-defined Performance Indicators which can be tweaked further depending on the evolving
expectations of the bank’s business. The model suggests the SBOA cycle for the IT Function be brought under effective IT
Governance through appropriate linkages and inter-dependencies. It is for banks to derive benefit from the pioneering work
done by IDRBT in this regard.
Information Security

20. As the use of critical IT systems becomes widespread within banks, the growing connectivity between these information
systems, the Internet and other infrastructure, create opportunities for increasingly sophisticated attacks on such systems. It is
therefore essential to ensure that any disruptions of critical information systems are contained and managed effectively to
minimize their impact. The security team for important projects must be best in class, and the security solutions must always
be cutting edge at all times. Security is widely regarded as a hygiene factor which comes to fore only in times of disaster, while
in organizations that manage security well, the ownership of security vests at the highest levels of governance.  Implementing
security is often considered a one-time activity, which is effectively discharged when funding approvals are accorded for a
technology stack. It is often perceived that having a set of information security tools will ensure adequate protection for a
reasonable period of time. The information security landscape is dynamic in nature and techniques that worked at one point
may not suffice for that year. Often a regular high level review and monitoring framework is not in place, leading to a reactive
rather than proactive approach to information security.

IS Audits

21. Banks may look at IS Audits being conducted periodically, the scope of audits may include:

Technology review covering all the technology components of the IT projects such as:

Ethical hacking: Vulnerability assessment and Penetration testing of the network

Process review covering all the process related to security adopted by the IT project.

Third party review : Review should the security controls deployed by the third parties on the Government data/information

Business Continuity Plans

22. If a bank is to survive a disaster, it must select the "right" strategy. Development of alternative Business Continuity Plan
strategies should be based upon the outcome of the business impact analysis.  

Cyber Frauds and Security  

23. Even though the actual value of losses accruing on account of cyber crime in India might not be substantial, nearly 39 per
cent of these cases are related to banks and financial institutions excluding those of the government. The cyber criminals find
banks to be a lucrative target for their ingenuity.  Instances of Credit-card fraud have become common given the growing
popularity of credit card transactions, Internet banking and ATMs. As of now, the cyber criminals seem to be a few clicks
ahead of cyber-crime sleuths. This is where the banks may need to take preventive action.

Fraud Management

24. Frauds directly impact the bottom line, hence it would be imperative that banks combat them effectively. If the Business
Intelligence framework unifies various data sources, it would be possible to mine the data, detect suspicious transactions on
different online channels and suggest an appropriate action. Therefore, banks need to put in place appropriate policies and
systems. In this era of technology, even small suspicious transactions cannot be ignored as it can have larger implications.

Conclusion
25. I would like to conclude by adding that the long term success of any bank cannot be achieved without the development of
new business ideas, innovative products and services and intense focus on customer retention. Banks have to instil in their
DNA the enablement of a positive and consistent customer experience that can transform them into trusted advisers. At no
time in banking history has this been more important. Banks have adopted technology but the benefit of technology has not
percolated in terms of cost, speed and convenience. The banks should move towards empowering the present day customers
of information or digital age by greater choice, greater access, and better, faster, more efficient modes of delivery and service.
Customers are not going back to the old ways of banking. They are moving forward. If the banks do not complement their
speed, the customers will pass by. Things move so fast technologically that you cannot wait until a trend is three years into its
cycle to adapt. Because by three years into the adoption cycle, the next big thing will already on its way. Therefore I say GET
GOING, INNOVATE and EXPERIMENT!

* Address by Dr K. C. Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India, at the Executive Roundtable organised by
Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) in collaboration with Union Bank of India at Mumbai
on February 18, 2011. Assistance provided by Smt. Nikhila Koduri in preparation of this address is gratefully acknowledged.

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