Outline

 Introduction
 Voltage Division in Series Circuit
 Current Division in Parallel Circuit
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Mesh Analysis
 Super Mesh Concept
 Exercise/Numerical Analysis

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 INTRODUCTION
 Current gets divided in different path when resistances are connected
in parallel, hence current division is applicable in parallel circuit.
 Voltage gets divided in series but current remain same, hence
voltage division is applicable in series circuit.
 Currents and voltages follow KCL and KVL laws in circuits at
junction points, nodes and in loops.
 Complex electrical circuits with multiple loops can be solved via
mesh analysis.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Current/Voltage Division finds applications in construction of
electric meters and sensor devices.

4
 INTRODUCTION
 Voltage division is used in reducing voltage level to lower value
using Voltage Divider.

A 200kV voltage Divider with ratio 10000:1

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 INTRODUCTION
 A 600 kV high voltage capacitive voltage divider.

6
 INTRODUCTION
 Resistive voltage dividers are used for measurements of lightning
impulses and other large impulses voltages.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Voltage division concept is used in making rheostat, potentiometers

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 INTRODUCTION
 Voltage division concept is used in making radios, amplifiers and
electronic devices for adjusting signal levels.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Principal of voltage division and current division is used in
potential transformers and current transformers for stepping down
high voltage and high current in power plants.

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 VOLTAGE DIVISION
 The total voltage gets divided in series circuit and while the
current flowing through every element is the same.

 The voltage division rule can be understood by considering a series

circuit shown below.

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 VOLTAGE DIVISION
 The voltages across series resistors are,
V1  IR1 (4)
V2  IR2 (5)
 Putting (3) in (4), Voltage drop across R1
R1
V1  V (6)
R1  R2
 Putting (3) in (5), Voltage drop across R2
R2
V2  V (7)
R1  R2
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 VOLTAGE DIVISION
 V is divided among the resistors in direct proportion to their
resistance. Larger the resistance, larger is voltage drop. This is called
the principle of voltage division.

 For N resistors in series, voltage across nth resistor is given by,

Rn
Vn  V
R1  R2  R3  ....Rn

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 VOLTAGE DIVISION
 Different types of voltage division circuits are,

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 CURRENT DIVISION
 The total current gets divided in parallel circuit while the
voltage across each element is the same.

 The current division rule can be understood by considering a

parallel circuit shown below.

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 CURRENT DIVISION
IR2 IR1
i1  i2 
R1  R2 R1  R2

 Total current I is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their

resistances. This is known as the principle of current division.

 In terms of conductances we have,

IG1 IG2
i1  i2 
G1  G2 G1  G2
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 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
 Kirchhoff’s laws are two equalities that deal with the current
and voltage in electrical circuits.

 They were first described in 1845 by German physicist

Gustav Kirchhoff.

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 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
 Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.

 When it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s laws, we have a sufficient,

powerful set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric circuits.
 Kirchhoff’s current law is based on the law of conservation of charge.

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law is based on the law of conservation of energy.

 Kirchhoff's laws can be applied to AC circuits in the same way as for

DC circuits provided we use phasor sums rather than algebraic sums.
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 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of

currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

 Fig. below shows that currents are entering and leaving the Node A.

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 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
 Before applying KCL sign convention is very important. The
following sign convention is used:
Current Entering node "-ve"
Current Leaving node "+ve"

 Applying Kirchhoff’s current law with sign convention one has,

 I1  I 2  I 3  I 4  I 5  0

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 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

I1  I 3  I 4  I 2  I 5

 Alternatively Kirchhoff’s current law is also stated as,

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.

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 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of

all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
 To illustrate KVL, consider the circuit.

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 KVL
Step 1: Let us assume clockwise current in the loop.
Step 2: Moving in direction of current and writing KVL equation.
Let us assume we start moving from location X towards right.

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 KVL

VS  IR1  IR2
If voltage drop across resistances are termed as V1 and V2 ,

VS  V1  V2
Furthermore,
VS  V1  V2  0
shows total voltage is sum of drops across each resistances which is
known as Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
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 KCL AND KVL
 Mathematically KCL is written as,
N

I
n 1
n 0

where, N is number of branches, I n is nth branch current entering/leaving

the node. Similarly KVL for voltage across total M elements,

V
m 1
n 0

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Mesh analysis helps us to solve complex electrical networks.

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 MESH ANALYSIS

 Loop: It is a closed path with no node passed more than once.

 Mesh: A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within it.
 Mesh analysis is only applicable to a circuit that is planar.
 Planar Circuit: A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane
with no branches crossing one another.
 Non-Planar Circuit: A nonplanar circuit is one that can be drawn in
a plane with branches crossing one another.

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Some circuits may have crossing branches, but they can be redrawn as
planar.

PLANAR CIRCUIT NONPLANAR CIRCUIT

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Let us learn mesh analysis to planar circuits that do not contain
current sources.
 In the mesh analysis of a circuit with n meshes, we take the following
three steps:
• Assign mesh currents i1, i , . . . , in to the n meshes.
2

• Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the
voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
• Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Consider circuit shown below with two meshes, currents are assigned
in clockwise direction in mesh. Let us analyze mesh for calculating
current using KVL in each mesh.

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Applying KVL in mesh 1.
-V1 + R 1i1 + R 3 i 3 = 0 (1)
 Applying KCL at node b,
-i1 + i 2 +i3 = 0  i 3  i1 -i 2 (2)

 Substituting (2) in (1) ,

V1 =  R1 +R 3  i1 - R 3 i2 (I)

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Applying KVL in mesh 2.
R 2 i 2 +V2 - R 3 i 3 = 0 (1)

 Replacing i 3 ,
R 2 i 2 +V2 - R 3 (i1  i 2 ) = 0 (2)
 Substituting (2) in (1) ,

V2 = - R 3 i1 +  R1 +R 2  i 2 (II)

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Eqs. (I) and (II) are mesh 1 and 2 equations.
 These can be solved to obtain two unknowns i1 and i2 .
 Moreover, i3 can also be obtained which is difference of two.
 Hence, two mesh circuit currents are calculated when voltage
sources and resistance values are given using steps of mesh analysis.
 In case of three meshes in a circuit there are three equations and we
can use Cramer’s rule to solve 3 linear equations.

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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Let us learn mesh analysis to planar circuits that contain
current sources.
 Two cases arises in these circuits,

Case 1: Current source exist in arm of a Case 2: Current source exist

mesh (here in II mesh). in between meshes.
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 MESH ANALYSIS
 Case 1 makes calculation easier as current source itself give value of
current flowing in that mesh.

 Hence, i2 becomes -5 A , putting value of i2 in KVL, current of

mesh I is easily calculated.
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 SUPER MESH CONCEPT
 When current source (dependent/independent) occurs between two
meshes we apply super mesh concept to solve the circuit.
 We create a super mesh by excluding the current source and any
elements connected in series with it while taking KVL.
 Let us solve such circuit shown below,

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 SUPER MESH CONCEPT
 Converting Fig. having two meshes into a circuit having single
super mesh.

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 SUPER MESH CONCEPT
 Applying KVL to the supermesh.
20+6i1 +10i 2 +4i 2 = 0
 6i1 +14i 2 = 20
 Applying KCL at bottom node,

i 2 =i1  6
 We can easily solve above two equations to obtain i1 and i2 .
 A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. A 10 kΩ potentiometer connected in a series circuit as an adjustable
voltage divider. What total range of voltage V1 can be obtained by
adjusting the potentiometer through its entire range.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: Total circuit resistance is
RT  R1  R2  R3  5 k   10 k   15 k   25 k

The total voltage E that appears across the end terminals of

potentiometer is,
R2 10
VP  Vs   24 =9.6 V
RT 25
When the wiper arm is at the top of the
10
potentiometer, Vo   9.6 =9.6 V
10
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
When the wiper arm is at bottom of the potentiometer
0
Vo   9.6 =0 V
10

When the wiper arm is in middle,

5
Vo   9.6 =4.8 V
10

Hence voltage divider helps us to obtain different voltages from fixed

input of 24 V.
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Find the three branch currents in the circuit shown below. What is the
potential difference between points A and B?.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: Current sources in parallel add algebraically.
Therefore, the two current sources can be combined to give the resultant
current source of current, I = 24 – 5 = 19 A
Total circuit conductance is
GT  G1  G2  G3
 .5  0.25  0.2  0.95 S

Applying Current Division Rule,

G1 0.5
I1  I  19 =10 A
Gp 0.95
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
G2 0.25 G3 0.2
I2  I  19 =5 A I3  I  19 =4 A
Gp 0.95 Gp 0.95

As all branches are in parallel, voltage across each branch is same.

Hence, I1 I2 I3
VAB   =
G1 G2 G3

10 5 4
VAB   =  20V
0.5 0.25 0.2

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Find mesh currents i1 , i2 ,i3 using mesh analysis.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Applying KVL in mesh 1.
15  5i1  10(i1  i2 )  10  0
 3i1  2i2  1 (1)

Applying KVL in mesh 2,

6i2  4i2  10(i2  i1 )  10  0
 i1  2i2  1 (2)
Solving above two equations we have
i1  1A, i2  1A, i3  (i1  i2 )  0 A
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Eqs. (1) and (2) can also be solved using Cramer’s rule.
In matrix form we obtain,
3 -2  i1  1
 1     
 2  i2  1

Calculating determinants,

3 -2 
  det    62  4
 1 2

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

1 -2  3 1
1  det    22  4  2  det    3 1  4
1 2   1 1

1 2
i1   1A, i2   1A
 

i3  i1  i2  0 A

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Find mesh currents i1 , i2 ,i3 and io using mesh analysis.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Applying KVL in mesh 1.
24  10(i1  i2 )  12(i1  i3 )  0  11i1  5i2  6i3  12 (1)
Applying KVL in mesh 2,
24i2  4(i2  i3 )  10(i2  i1 )  0  5i1  19i2  2i3  0 (2)

Applying KVL in mesh 3

4 I o  12(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  0
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
But at node A, Io = i1 − i2, so that
 4(i1  i2 )  12(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  0

 i1  i2  2i3  0 (3)

Using cramers’ rule to solve 3 unknown

variables and writing in matrix form.
11 -5 -6  i1  12 
 5
 19 -2  i2   0 
 1 -1 2  i3  0 
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
11 -5 -6 
  det  5 19 -2   192
 1 -1 2 
12 -5 -6 
1  det  0 19 -2   432
 0 -1 2 
11 12 -6 
 2  det  5 0 -2   144
 1 0 2 
11 -5 12 
 3  det  5 19 0   288
 1 -1 0  52
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

1 2
i1   2.25 A, i2   0.75 A
 
3
i3   1.5 A


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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Find mesh currents i1 , i2 ,i3 and i4 using mesh analysis.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln:
Note : meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh because
they have an independent current source in common.
Note : meshes 2 and 3 form another supermesh
because they have a dependent current source in
common.
The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger
supermesh as shown. Applying KVL to the larger
supermesh,
2i1  4i3  8(i3  i4 )  6i2  0

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
 i1  3i2  6i3  4i4  0 …(1)
Applying KCL to node P: i2  i1  5 …(2)
Applying KCL to node Q: i2  i3  3I o
but I  i
o 4
Hence, i  i  3i …(3)
2 3 4

Applying KVL in mesh 4,

 2i4  8(i4  i3 )  10  0 …(4)
Solving (1),(2),(3) and (4) we obtain
i1  7.5 A, i2  2.5 A, i3  3.93 A and i4  2.143 A 56
 EXERCISE
Q. Find the voltage VAB in the circuit shown below.

57
 EXERCISE
Q. Find the voltage VAB in the circuit shown below.

58
 EXERCISE
Q. Use mesh analysis to determine mesh currents.

59
 EXERCISE
Q. Write the mesh-current equations for the circuit.

60
 EXERCISE
Q. Write the value of mesh-currents in the circuit.

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 REFERENCES
[1] Charles. K. Alexander and Matthew Sadiku “Fundamental of Electric Circuits”, McGraw-
Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121, chs. 2 and 3.
[2] Edward Hughes, John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith Hughes “Electrical
& Electronic Technology”, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, England, chs. 2
and 3.
[3] V. K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta “Basic Electrical Engineering”, S. Chand & Company Pvt.
Ltd. Ram nagar, New Delhi , ch. 2.
[4] Google Images.(2019). Retrieved from http://www.googleimages.com.

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