Wireless Communications

and Networks

William Stallings
Introduction

Chapter 1
Wireless Comes of Age
◼ Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless
telegraph in 1896
◼ Radio wave transmission using antennas
◼ Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
◼ Communications satellites launched in 1960s
◼ Advances in wireless technology
◼ Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication
satellites
◼ More recently
◼ Wireless networking, cellular technology, ad hoc
networks, Sensor networks
Broadband Wireless Technology
◼ Higher data rates obtainable with broadband
wireless technology
◼ Graphics, video, audio
◼ Shares same advantages of all wireless services:
convenience and reduced cost
◼ Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
◼ No cost of cable plant
◼ Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere
 Future Generations
Other Tradeoffs:
Rate Rate vs. Coverage
802.11n Rate vs. Delay
4G
Rate vs. Cost
Rate vs. Energy
802.11b WLAN
3G

2G Wimax/3G

2G Cellular

Mobility

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

 Evolution of Current Systems
◼ Wireless systems today
◼ 3G Cellular: ~200-300 Kbps.
◼ WLANs: ~450 Mbps (and growing).
◼ Next Generation (Pakistan) is in the works
◼ 4G Cellular: Likely OFDM/MIMO
◼ 4G WLANs: Wide open, 3G just being finalized

◼ Technology Enhancements
◼ Hardware: Better batteries. Better
circuits/processors.
◼ Link: Antennas, modulation, coding, adaptivity, DSP,
BW.
◼ Network: more efficient resource allocation
 Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Radio Medium

Scope of this course:

Anything above and related protocols
 Wireless communication systems
◼ Target information systems: “Anytime,
Anywhere, Anyform”
◼ Applications: Ubiquitous computing and
information access
◼ Market in continuous growth:
◼ 35-60% annual growth of PCS (Personal Communications
Services)
◼ Number of telecom providers increasing fastly:
◼ Wireless devices (smart phones, mobile phones etc.)

◼ Large diversity of standards and products

◼ Confusing terminology, OFDM, CDMA,
OFDMA, etc.
Limitations and Difficulties of
Wireless Technologies
◼ Wireless is less secure
◼ Lack of an industry-wide standard
◼ Device limitations
◼ E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only
displaying a few lines of text etc.
◼ Battery power
◼ Everyone wants to go for wireless and mobile
connectivity
Wireless around us…

WLAN, DAB, GSM,

etc…

Personal Travel Assistant,

iPAD, Laptop, GSM,
cdmaOne,
WLAN, Bluetooth, ...
 Radio frequency spectrum

◼ Wireless technologies have gradually

migrated to higher frequencies
 Challenges in Mobile Networking
◼ Wireless:
◼ Limited bandwidth
◼ Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes
◼ Variable link quality (noise, interference)
◼ Heterogeneous air interfaces
◼ Security: easier snooping
◼ Mobility:
◼ User location may change with time
◼ Speed of mobile, effects wireless bandwidth
◼ Need mechanism for handoff
◼ Less secure conversation
◼ Portability
◼ Limited battery, storage, computing, and GUI
1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G

By: Simon Johansen

 G?
• G  Generation

• Generation of wireless phone technology

 1G
• Frequency: 150MHz / • From 1980 to 1990
900MHz • Bad voice quality
• Bandwidth: Analog • Poor battery, cellphones
telecommunication • Big cellphones
(30KHz)
• Characteristic: First
• Better than nothing, at
wireless communication
least its wireless and
• Technology: Analog mobile
cellular
• Capacity (data rate):
2kbps
 2G
• Frequency: 1.8GHz • From 1991 to 2000
(900MHz), digital • Allows txt msg service
telecommunication • Signal must be strong or
• Bandwidth: 900MHz else weak digital signal
(25MHz)
• Characteristic: Digital • 2.5G
• Technology: Digital – 2G cellular technology with
cellular, GSM GPRS
• Capacity (data rate): – E-Mails
64kbps – Web browsing
– Camera phones
• Why better than 1G?
 3G
• Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 • From 2000 to 2010
GHz • Called smartphones
• Bandwidth: 100MHz • Video calls
• Characteristic: Digital • Fast communication
broadband, increased • Mobil TV
speed
• 3G phones rather
• Technology: CDMA, expensive
UMTS, EDGE
• Capacity (data rate):
144kbps – 2Mbps

• Why better than 2G?

 4G
• Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz • From 2010 to today
(2020?)
• Bandwidth: 100MHz
• MAGIC
• Characteristic: High
– Mobile multimedia
speed, all IP
– Anytime, anywhere
• Technology: LTE, WiFi – Global mobile support
• Capacity (data rate): – Integrated wireless
100Mbps – 1Gbps solutions
– Customized personal
service
• Why better than 3G?
• Good QoS + high security
• Bigger battery usage
 5G
• https://5g.co.uk/guides • From X (2020?) to Y
/5g-frequencies-in-the- (2030?)
uk-what-you-need-to- • High speed and capacity
know/ • Faster datatrasmission
• Capacity (data rate): than 4G
1Gbps – ULIMITED? • Supports
– Interactive multimedia
• Why better than 4G? – Voice streaming
– Buckle up.. Internett
• More efficient
 Comparison
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Period 1980 – 1990 1990 – 2000 2000 – 2010 2010 – (2020) (2020 - 2030)

Bandwidth 150/900MHz 900MHz 100MHz 100MHz 1000x BW pr

unit area
Frequency Analog signal 1.8GHz 1.6 – 2.0 GHz 2 – 8 GHz 3 – 300 GHz
(30 KHz) (digital)
Data rate 2kbps 64kbps 144kbps – 100Mbps – 1Gbps <
2Mbps 1Gbps
Characteristic First wireless Digital Digital High speed, all
communicatio broadband, IP
n increased
speed
Technology Analog cellular Digital cellular CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiFi WWWW
(GSM) EDGE
• https://www.lin
kedin.com/puls
e/evolution-
mobile-
communication
-from-1g-4g-5g-
6g-7g-pmp-cfps
Comparison
Comparison
 Future: 5G? 6G?
• 5G: • 6G:
– Integrate 5G with
satellite network for
global coverage
– Ultra fast Internet access
– Smart home/cities

• 7G:
– Space roaming
– World completely
wireless
 1G, 1980 – 1990
• A big strike by miners, uk
• Dianas wedding
• Movies:
– Indiana jones
– Back to the future
• Music:
– Michael Jackson
– Queen
– Prince
– Bruce springsteen
• The Berlin walls downfall
 2G, 1990 - 2000
• Diana's divorce
• Bill Clinton president
• Movies
– Blackadder
– Titanic
– Lion king
– Toy story
• Music
– Spice girls
– Nirvana
• Rise of the Internett
 3G, 2000 - 2010
• Bondevik and Stoltenberg
• Obama as president
• Filmer:
– Lord of the rings
– Harry potter
• Musikk:
– Beyonce
– The strokes
– Outkast
 Sources
• http://www.slideshare.net/kaushal_kaith/3g-4g-5g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWHXTbdCe5Q
• http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/blogs/549946/1980s-fashion-icons-eighties-fashion-80s-style-
moments.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G
• http://www.zseries.in/telecom%20lab/telecom%20generations/#.V9LDI_mLRhE
• http://www.speedguide.net/faq/what-are-1g-2g-3g-and-4g-networks-365
• http://infoboxdaily.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/eden.dei.uc.pt_~vasco_Papers_files_Mobile_evolution_v1.5.1.pdf
• http://d.researchbib.com/f/annJcwp21wYzAioF9xo2AmY3OupTIlpl9OqJq1p3DlZQRmY1LlFGtlZQRm
ZGphpTEz.pdf
• https://5g.co.uk/guides/5g-frequencies-in-the-uk-what-you-need-to-know/
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evolution-mobile-communication-from-1g-4g-5g-6g-7g-pmp-cfps
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jAk-tVDKtc
• http://www.gsmarena.com/network-bands.php3
• http://www.slideshare.net/nimay1/mobile-tower-site
• http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2015/01/22.htm#.V9e4TvmLRhE
• http://www.phonearena.com/news/1G-2G-3G-4G-The-evolution-of-wireless-generations_id46952
• http://gizmodo.com/what-is-5g-and-how-will-it-make-my-life-better-1760847799