Design 

of Steel Structures

Engr. Shahzad Saleem
Lecturer
D
Department of Civil Engineering
t t f Ci il E i i
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

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 Design of Steel Structures
Design of Steel Structures

Course Name: Design of Steel Structures

Course Name: Design of Steel Structures

Course ID: 306

Lecture Days: Section ‐ B Monday (3‐7)

y( )
Section ‐ A Tuesday (3‐7)

Text Books: • STEEL STRUCTURES by Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

• LRFD Steel Design Aids by Prof. Dr. Zahid
LRFD Steel Design Aids by Prof Dr Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
Ahmad Siddiqi
• AISC 2005 Specifications (free on web site www.aisc.org)

Instructor:            Engr. Shahzad Saleem
[email protected]
Reference Books:
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN LRFD Method by Jack C. McCormac
STEEL STRUCTURES Design & Behavior by Charles G. Salmon & John E. Johnson  
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 Assignment

Sessional
M k
Marks
Quiz Attendance

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 Design of Steel Structures
Design of Steel Structures

Chapter – 1
Chapter –

Fundamentals of Steel Design

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1.1 Introduction to Steel Structures
• Steel structures are assembly of structural steel shapes
joined together by means of riveted / bolted or welded
connections.

• Majority of concrete structures are cast in-situ

in situ but in
steel structures, we have to select out of those available
i the
in th market.
k t

• Joints are monolithic in concrete structures whereas in

steel structures special methods are required to join
individual members.
members
5
Steel Shapes

6
Connections

7
Bolted Connections

8
Riveted Connections

9
Simple & Moment
Resisting Joints

10
• In steel structures, connections including the details
are to be designed
g for expected
p forces.

• Steel construction is being used for almost every type

off structure
t t i l di
including hi h i
high-rise b ildi
buildings, b id
bridges,
industrial building, towers etc.

• There are main two categories of steel structures:-

– Framework or Skeletal Systems

– Shell Systems
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Framework or Skeletal Systems
• The main load carrying elements are one-dimensional
or line elements (such as beams, columns, etc.)
forming two-dimensional or three-dimensional frames.

• Examples are:-
are:

– The frameworks of industrial buildings with their

internal members such as crane girders, platforms,
etc.

– Highway and railways large span bridges.

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Industrial Building

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• Multi-storey buildings, large halls, domes etc.

• Towers,
To ers poles,
poles structural
str ct ral components of hydraulic
h dra lic
works.

• All other trusses and rigidly connected frame

st uctu es
structures.

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Shell Systems
• The main load carrying elements in this category of
structures are plates and sheets.

• Examples are:-

– Gas tanks for storage and distribution of gases.

– Tanks and reservoirs for storage of liquids.
liquids

– Bins and bunkers for storage of loose material.

– Special structures such as blast furnaces, air
heaters etc.
heaters, etc
15
– Large diameter pipes.
– All other plate and shell structures.
structures

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Large Diameter Pipe

17
Shell Structures

18
Frame & Shell Structures

19
Merits of Steel Construction

1. Reliability
• C
Consistency
i t and
d uniformity
if it in
i properties.
ti

• Better q
quality
y control due to factory
y manufacture.

• Large elasticity and ductility.

• Truly homogeneous.

• S ti fi mostt off the

Satisfies th analysis
l i & design
d i assumptions.
ti

20
2. Industrial Behavior
• R ll d steel
Rolled t l sections
ti are manufactured
f t d in i factories.
f t i

• Also,, the members mayy be cut & p

prepared
p for
assembly in factories while only joining is carried out
at site.

• Sometimes parts are also assembled in the factories,

that is, there is great adaptation to prefabrication.

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Erection

22
Hot Rolled Steel

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Hot Rolled Steel

24
Hot Rolled Steel

25
Assembling in factory

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3. Lesser Construction Time
• Because off its
B it industrial
i d t i l nature,
t progress off work
k is
i
very fast resulting in economical structures.

• The reason is that these structures can be put to use

earlier.

• The reduction in labor cost & overhead charges and

the benefits obtained from the early use of the
building contribute to economy.

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4. High Strength & Light Weight Nature
• It means that
th t the
th dead
d d load
l d will
ill be
b smaller.
ll

• Dead loads are bigger

gg p part of the total structure load.

• If dead load reduces, the resulting member will be

smaller.
ll

• This fact is important

p for long
g span
p bridges,
g , tall
buildings & for structures having poor foundations.

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• A factor (C) defined as the ratio of the density of the
material (γ) to the stress it can carry (ƒ) is one of the
least for steel.

Material C= γ/ƒ (m-1)

Aluminum 1 1 x 10-4
1.1
Steel 3.2 x 10-4
Wood 4.5 x 10-4
Concrete 24.0 x 10-4

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5. Uniformity, Durability & Performance
• D bilit means long
Durability l lif off structures.
life t t

• Steel is a homogeneous
g & uniform material.

• Satisfies the basic assumptions of analysis & design.

• If properly maintained with painting, etc., the

properties
p p of steel do not change
g appreciably
pp y with
time.

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6 Elasticity
6.
• Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than
most of the other materials because it follows Hook’s
Law upp to fairlyy high
g stresses.

• The stress produced remains proportional to the

strain
i applied
li d or stress-strain
i diagram
di remains
i a
straight line.

• The steel sections do not crack or tear before

ultimate load and hence the moment of inertia of a
steel structure can be definitely calculated. 31
7. Ductility & Warning before Failure
• Th property
The t off a material
t i l by
b which
hi h it can withstand
ith t d
extensive deformation without failure under high
tensile stresses is said to be its ductility.

• Mild steel is a very ductile material. The percentage

elongation of a standard tension test specimen after
fracture can be as high as 25 to 30%.
30%

• This gives visible deflections or evidence of

impending failure in case of overloads.
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• The extra loads may be removed to prevent collapse.

• Even if collapse occurs,

occurs time is available for
occupants to vacate the building.

• In structural members under normal loads, high

stress concentrations develop at various points.

• The ductile nature of the structural steels enable

th
them t
to yield
i ld locally
l ll att those
th points,
i t th
thus
redistributing the stresses and preventing premature
failure.
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8. Additions to Existing Structures
• Additions to
Additi t existing
i ti steel
t l structures
t t are very easy to
t
be made.

• Connections between new and existing structures

can be employed very effectively.

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9. Possible Reuse
• Steell sections
St ti can be
b reused
d after
ft a structure
t t i
is
disassembled.

10. Scrap Value

• Steel has a scrap value even though it is not re-
useable in its existing form.

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Steel Scrap

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11. Water-Tight & Air-Tight
• Steell structures
St t t provide
id completely
l t l i
impervious
i
construction.

• Structures like reservoirs, oil pipes, gas pipes etc.,

are preferably made from structural steel.

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12. Long Span Construction
• Hi h i
High-rise b ildi
buildings, l
long span bridges
b id and
d tall
t ll
transmission towers are made up of structural steel.

• Industrial buildings up to a span of 90 m can be

designed by plate girders or trusses.

• Bridge spans up to 260 m are made with plate

girders.

• For truss bridges,

bridges spans of 300 m have been used.
used
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Long Span

39
Long Span

40
Long Span

41
Long Span

42
Long Span

43
Long Span

44
Long Span

45
Long Span

46
13. Temporary Construction
• Steell structure
St t t i always
is l preferred
f d for
f t
temporary
construction.

• Army constructions during war are mostly made out

of structural steel.

• The structures may be disassembled by opening few

bolts, component parts are carried to new places and
the structure is easily reassembled.

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Creativity

48
Demerits of Steel Construction

1. High Maintenance Costs & More Corrosion

• Mostt steels
M t l are susceptible
tibl to
t corrosion
i when
h freely
f l
exposed to air and water.

• They must be periodically painted.

• Thi requires
This i extra
t costt and
d special
i l care.

• The use of weathering g steels,, in suitable design

g
applications, tends to eliminate this cost.

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• If not properly maintained, steel members can loose
1 to 1.5 mm of their thickness each year.

• Such constructions can loose weight up to 35%

during their specified life and can fail under the
external loads.

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Corrosion

51
Corrosion

52
2. Fireproofing Costs
• Although steel members are incombustible, their
strength is tremendously reduced at temperatures
prevailing in fire.

• At about 400
400°C
C, creep becomes much more
pronounced.

• Creep is defined as plastic deformation under a

constant load for a long
gpperiod of time.

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• This produces large deflections/deformations of main
members forcing g the other members to higher g
stresses or even to collapse.

• Steell is
S i an excellentll conductor
d off heat
h andd may
transmit enough heat from a burning compartment of
a building to start fire in other parts of the building.

• Extra cost is required to properly fire proof the

building.

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Steel in Fire

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3. Susceptibility to Buckling
• Steel sections usually consists of a combination of
thin plates.

• The overall steel member dimensions are also

smaller than reinforced concrete members.
members

• If these slender members are subjected to

compression, there are greater chances of buckling.

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• Buckling is a type of collapse of the members due to
sudden large g bendingg caused by y a critical
compressive load.

• Steell when
S h used d for
f columns
l i sometimes
is i not very
economical because considerable material has to be
used to stiffen the column against buckling.

57
Buckling in a
C
Composite
it column
l

58
4. Higher Initial Cost / Less Availability
• In few countries, Pakistan is one such example, steel
is not available in abundance and its initial cost is
very high compared with the other structural material.

• This is the most significant factor that has resulted in

the decline of steel structures in these countries.

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5. Aesthetics
• For certain types of buildings, the steel form is
architecturally preferred.

• However, for majority of residential & office buildings,

steel structures without the use of false ceiling and
cladding are considered to have poor aesthetic
appearance.

• A considerable cost is to be spent

p on such structures
to improve their appearance.
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• Cladding is a covering of metal, concrete, plastic or
timber p
put on the surface of a structural member to
completely encase it.

• The cladding
Th l ddi not only
l protects the
h member
b but
b also
l
improves its appearance.

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False Ceiling

62
Cladding

63
Specifications
• The adequacy of a structural member is determined
by a set of design rules, called specifications, which
include formulas that guide the designer in checking
strength,
g , stiffness,, p
proportions
p and other criteria that
may govern the acceptability of the member.

• There are a variety

Th i t off specifications
ifi ti th t have
that h b
been
developed for both materials and structures.

• Each is based on years of research and experience

gained through actual structural usage.
usage
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Following Specification will be used in this class quite often:

AISC American Institute of Steel Construction

AWS American Welding Society

AASHTO American Association of State Highway &

Transportation Officials
AREMA American Railway Engineering & Maintenance-
of-way Association
ASTM American Society for Testing & Material

AISI American Iron & Steel Institute

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

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Types of Loads
1. Dead Load

• It almost retains its magnitude and point of

application throughout the life of the structure
and is denoted by D.

• This is estimated by multiplying volume of a

member with the standard density of the
material.

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• This load constitute a bigger part of the total
load on a structure.

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2. Live Load

• The load due to persons occupying the

structure and their belongings,
belongings denoted by L.
L

• Its magnitude
g and point
p of application
pp
changes with time.

• In case of bridges, live load consists of

weight of vehicles moving over the bridge.
bridge

• Typical
yp values for common occupancy
p y types
yp
are given in next slide. 68
Occupancy or Use Live Load
(kg/m2)
Private apartments, school class rooms 200

Offices 250

Fixed-seats, assembly halls, library reading rooms 300

Corridors 400

Moveable seats assembly halls 500

Wholesales stores, light storage warehouses 600

Library stack rooms 750

Heavy manufacturing, heavy storage ware houses, 1200

sidewalks and driveways
y subject
j to trucking
g

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3. Self Load

• This is type of load which is due to self weight

of the member to be designed.
designed

• For design,
g , a reasonable value of self load
depending on the past experience is
assumed in the start which is then compared
with the actual self weight at the end.

• Corrections in design are made if necessary.

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4. Imposed Load

• This term is used for all external loads,

leaving the self weight, acting on the member
to be designed.

• This include live load, wind load, earthquake

load etc.
etc

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5. Service Load

• The maximum intensity of load expected

g the life of the structure depending
during p g
upon a certain probability of occurrence is
called service load.
load

• No additional factor of safety or overload

factor is included in the service load.

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6. Factored Load

• Service loads increased by some factor of

safetyy or overload factor are called factored
loads.

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Snow Load

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Mechanism of Load Transfer
• The gravity load passes from top to bottom through
all the members of the structure until it reaches the
underneath soil.

• The load acts at the floor finish,

finish goes to the
underneath slab and transfers to the beams and
walls.
ll

• This is then accumulated in the columns,, moves to

the foundations and then finally dissipates in the soil.

• The terms member and support are defined

f relative
to each other. 75
• There are no separate supports in the structure as in
normally seen in the structural analysis books.

• For the roof slabs, beams and walls are supports.

• For beams, columns are acting like supports, and for

the columns, foundations are acting as supports.

• Similarly, the underneath soil acts as support for the

foundations.
foundations

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• This load path is only in one direction.

• The load of roof slab may acts on the beams,

columns and foundations, but the load of column is
not acting on the beams.
beams

• Similarly, the load of foundation can not act on the

column.

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Load Path

78
End of File

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