MODULE 1

The Arts and the Humanities

THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES

…If a man is to live like a human being, his heart and mins must be nourished. And the
best spiritual nourishment comes from Humanities. – Anonymous

The word humanities comes from the Latin “humanus” which means human,
cultured, refined. It is based on the philosophical view of humanism which stresses the
dictum of Protagoras, a Greek Philosopher, that “man is the measure of all things,”
implying that the humanities emphasizes the dignity and worthiness of man and
recognizes creative expressions.

Humanism believes that man should be humanized, socialized and educated to

respond positively to rapid changes. It is in the humanities course where appreciation of
the arts can be strengthened because the artists convey their thoughts, beliefs, values and
feelings thought he visual arts, literary arts, dance and music.

LESSON 1

WHAT ART IS?

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
a. Define arts
b. Distinguish the similarities and differences of art works
c. Understand the basic assumptions about arts
d. Apply some guidelines to aid in understanding a work of art

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 1

 Art is derived from the Latin word “ars,” meaning ability or skill. In this sense, art
is used in many varied ways. It covers those areas of artistic creativity that seek to
communicate beauty primarily through the sense. Art embraces the visual arts, literature,
music and dance.
In a more specialized sense, art applies to such activities that expresses aesthetic
ideas by the use of skill and imagination in the creation of objects, environment and
experiences which can be shared with others. We can say we are involved in art work
when:
 we plan, design and construct our houses artistically
 we paint and decorate them beautifully, when we landscape the garden artistically
 we paint a poster
 we write poems, essays, biographies, short stories and plays
We can also say that we are involved in art when we compose a melody, sing
songs beautifully, and dance gracefully. All these imply that anything accomplished with
great skill is art. Hence, there is art of dressing, of relaxing, art of cooking and in almost
all human activities.

A Work of Art
A work of art is an activity that involves both imagination and skill in
accomplishing it. It creates aesthetic feelings or experiences which delight and satisfy our
desire for beautiful things. It is great when the aesthetic experience it creates uplifts us
and stays vividly in our minds. Much more a work of art is presented in beautiful
language, interesting to read, arouses emotional response, and has rich imagery.
According to Bogart, a work of art is a record of a particular artist’s view. It
shows something that he has seen, felt and thought of and recorded it as an arrangement
of designs, colors, lines and tones or words which satisfy is aesthetic purpose.
A work of art is the product of the artist’s unique personality influenced
consciously or unconsciously by factors such as: his environment, traditions, national
traits, religious beliefs, economic conditions, his ideals or even the climate and
geography.
A work of art represents or reflects the individual, the character of the period and
the place where it was produced.

Similarities and Differences of Art Works

The arts differ in some important ways. Words are used in the verbal arts like
poetry, prose and drama, while musical notes are used in musical compositions.
The visual arts like painting, sculpture and architecture, use lines, colors and tones
or canvass. Operas and novels on the other hand tell stories and so do music and dances.
However, it is faster and easier to understand and appreciate a song or a dance than a
painting and a symphony.
In the case of poetry, the fixtures of the poetic frame are rhyme, meter, expressive
sound and distinctive grammatical construction of words and metaphor. These are not
found in novels and short stories.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 2

 The emotion or passion evoked by a work of art differs from person to person.
But there is one common element among the works of art and that is, they are concerned
with the audience’s or readers’ feelings and emotions.

Some Basic Assumptions about the Arts

Our attitude towards the arts may be influenced by these assumptions:

1. Art has been created by various people, at all places and time. Art exists because it is
liked and enjoyed.
2. Art is something to be seen, or heard.
3. Art is the product of man’s imagination, good taste and skill in doing things.
4. Nature is artful. Its beauty and artistry could be enhanced.

Some Guidelines in Understanding a Work of Art

Here are some guide questions to aid one’s understanding of a piece of art work
particularly in the visual arts:
1. What did the artist make? What is it about? (This concerns the subject.)
2. What did the artist want to show in his work? What is the artwork for? (This
concerns the function of the art.)
3. What is the artwork made of? (This refers to the materials or medium used.)
4. How is the material put together or organized? (This refers to the materials or
medium used.)
5. What is the personality or individuality of the artwork? (This refers to the style
and mood or temper of the artwork.)
6. How good is it? (This is the judgment.)

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 3

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

Answer briefly and concisely.

1. What is a work of art?

2. What is the relation of arts to the humanities?
3. What are the values of arts in our lives?
4. Following the guidelines in understanding a work of art, choose two arts of
different type and interpret it.

II. Compare and Contrast

Based on the media used, compare and contrast the following.

1. Visual Arts and Literary Arts

2. Musical Arts and Art of Dance

LEARNING ACTIVITY

1. Examine a work of art. Identify and give its features. Why do

you call it a work of art?

2. Cite instances when the artist’ work may influence our ways of
life, thoughts and feelings.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 4

LESSON 2

THE ARTISTS IN THE WORLD OF ART

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Identify the artists in the world of art

b. Determine the role of the different artists
c. Familiarize with some notable Filipino and foreign artists

The artist’s credo “art for arts sake” implies that beauty is the reason for the
artwork. Thus, the artist must concern is the minds of the viewers or readers. The artist
communicates his thoughts, fantasies, observations, and self-revelation through his art.
He seeks to open our eyes and ears that we may see the world more clearly and find the
meaning of the arts in our lives. Thus, our role is to sense what the artist is trying to tell
us through his artwork.

Artists are called by many varied names.

1. The Visual Artists. The visual arts include the painter, the architect and the sculptor.

 Painter paints pictures and objects from his own imaginations. He says, “I think, I
see.” Through his paintings, the painter reveals what he thinks he has seen so that
we, too, can see it with our own eyes.
 Sculptor, draws and carves from original designs and sketches. He makes scale
model statues of human beings, monuments, buildings and decorations in clay and
chisels out statues from marbles, stone, wood and clay.
 Architect plans, designs and constructs public and commercial buildings, private
residences, theaters, factories, schools and similar structures. He plans the layout
of structures and coordinates the structural ornamental elements into a unified
design. He prepares sketches of proposed buildings and writes the specifications.
He prepares scale drawings and the details for the use of building sites to ensure
compliance with the plans and specifications. He also designs and overseas the
repair and remodeling of buildings. He lays out the development of urban areas.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 5

2. Artists in Music and Dance

In the art of music, the artists are the musicians, the singers, and the composers.

 Composer puts tones together and composes melodies and songs. He conceives
and originates pieces of music. He is a song writer. He says “I think, I hear.”
Through his musical compositions, the composer conveys his thoughts and
feelings which he wishes to share with others.
 Musician is an artist who is also called by other names such as composer,
performer, instrumentalist, symphonist, organist, pianist, violinist, flutist, harper,
trumpeter, bugler and drummer. He may be a music leader, bandmaster,
choirmaster, concertmaster or song leader.
 Singer is a songster, an opera singer, prima donna or a diva. He may be a vocalist
or a soloist. He is also an artist who sings aesthetically to delight and entertain
others.
 Choreographer is an artist who composes or teaches choreography, or the art of
representing stage dancing by signs or music. He composes and arranges dance
movements or patterns to accompany a piece of music or to develop a theme.
 Dancer is an artist who moves his body artistically. He also makes gestures
beautifully with the music that accompanies his movements. He is involved in
stage or ballet dancing. The female ballet dancer is known as danseuse while the
male ballet dancer is called danseure.
3. The Literary Artists

The artists in literature are known as poets, novelists, writers or authors,

playwrights and dramatists.

 Poet - a literary artist who puts words aesthetically together in verse form. He
expresses his thoughts and feelings in verse or poems. He says “This is the way I
can best express my inner thoughts and feelings.”
 Novelist - a writer of fiction with originality. He is also known as writer of
stories.
 Playwright - writes plays and adapts his materials for the stage, radio, television
or motion pictures production.
 Dramatist - writes compositions in prose and poetry arranged for excitement to be
performed by actors and actresses on stage to portray a character or to tell a story
through action or dialogue of characters. The dramatist is engaged in dramatic art.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 6

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

Answer briefly and concisely.

1. Why are the artists called by so many names?

2. What makes it unique in the name of the artist?

II. Identification

Identify what is being describe in the following statement. The first letter of
the answer is given as your clue.

1. C is an artist who composes or teaches choreography, or the art of

representing stage dancing by signs or music
2. S draws and carves from original designs and sketches.
3. P is a literary artist who puts words aesthetically together in verse
form.
4. P says, “I think, I see.”
5. D is an artist who moves his body artistically.
6. D writes compositions in prose and poetry arranged for excitement
to be performed by actors and actresses on stage to portray a character or to tell a
story through action or dialogue of characters.
7. C says “I think, I hear.”
8. S is a songster, an opera singer, prima donna or a diva. He may be a
vocalist or a soloist.
9. A plans, designs and constructs public and commercial buildings,
private residences, theaters, factories, schools and similar structures.
_ 10. P says “This is the way I can best express my inner thoughts and
feelings.”

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 LEARNING ACTIVITY

1. List at least five (5) notable Filipino artist together with their famous
artwork in each type of art. (table form)
a. Visual arts
b. Literary arts
c. Art of Music
d. Art of Dance

2. Give at least five (5) notable foreign artist together with their famous
artwork in each type of art.
a. Visual arts
b. Literary arts
c. Art of Music
d. Art of Dance

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 8

LESSON 3

THE EARLY BEGINNINGS OF ART IN THE

PHILIPPINES

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Trace the early beginning of art in the Philippines

b. Familiarize with the significant dates and happenings in the history of
arts in the Philippines

The cultural heritage of the Filipinos is the wellspring of Philippine Arts. It

reflects the artfulness of the people since prehistoric times. A study of the early
beginnings of art in the country shows the relation of the arts to the life and time out of
which they sprung. By tracing the pathways of the arts in this country, we can acquire a
richer and fuller understanding of the spirit and inner life of the people as reflected in
their works of art in painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music and dance.

Date Significant Happenings

500,000 The first expression of art can be traced from prehistoric times which
years ago dates 500,000 years ago. However, these indigenous art forms and national
treasures pertain more to archeology rather than art. They are interesting and
revealing, but they do not produce aesthetic enjoyment.
 10th Foreign traders played a major role in the development of art in the
century Philippines. A great number of trade potteries, porcelain and stonewares have
A.D been recovered in the Philippines which provide evidence of trade during the
 1280- protohistoric period. Their presence is probably the result of casual trading
1368 with Arab traders and later by Chinese junks that sailed through the island
 1368 during voyages or explorations. Some Chinese potteries found in the
A.D. – Philippines are from the late Tang and Northern Sung dynasties in the 10th
1644 century A.D., the Yuan dynasty in 1280-1368 and the early Ming dynasty in
A.D. the 1368 A.D. – 1644 A.D. Samples of early art works are potteries,
porcelain and stonewares.
11th-13th Such artworks have also have been found in the graves of pre-
4th-5th Spanish Filipinos, as well as in the home of mountain people and cultural

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 9

centuries minorities who still treasure these attractive ceramics wares for their ritual
value. Most common finds made by Chinese ceramics artist, artists and
technicians are figurines, ceramics, dishes, bowls, jarlets, vases, and boxes.
These wares usually dated to the 4th-5th centuries. Chinese wares produced in
11th-13th centuries were exported to Philippines, Japan, Malaysia and
Indonesia. Vietnam or Annamese wares found in the archeological site in the
Philippines are dishes decorated and saucer-like and attribute to the 14th-5th
centuries. Various decorations in Ming blue and white have such motifs as
the lotus flower, “the flying-fish dragon” and “white dragon”.
2,680 The Duyong cave in palawan and the Tabon cave complex (two
B.C. burial site with charcoal in grave fill dated roughly 2,680 B.C.) yielded shell
ear pendants and a polished stone adze and shell axe-adze presenting a
typical Philippine Early Neolithic site.
Meanwhile, the excavation of Bato cave in Sorsogon province in
Southern Luzon shows the late Neolithic jar-burial tradition, associated with
stone ornaments, pottery, and stone tools.
500 B.C In Palawan Tabon cave complex, in Chamber A of the mannungul
710 B.C. cave, was found a burial jar with distinct cover showing the figures of men in
a boat, presumably paddling toward the after-life. The pottery assemblage
from the Late Neolithic site which date roughly 710 B.C. showed a mastery
of intricate design that the Metal Age in the Philippines covers the period
from 500 B.C., and possibly earlier to the 10th century A.D. This period
shows the development of glass technology and art of weaving in the
Philippines as the Filipinos strove for better control over their environment.
In various archaeological sites, bronze and copper objects were rare and
limited. The typical artifacts in the Early Metal Age were beads and bracelets
made of glass. Some of these could have been brought to the Philippines by
migration of people from the south and south-west before the appearance of
iron. Beads made of agate, carnelian, amethyst, rock, crystal, and sapphire
are believed to have originated in mainland Southeast Asia. Artifacts that
characterize the Early Metal Age include bronze-socketed adze and
beautifully carved jade ornaments made of hard green nephrite. Among these
are ear pendants of the “Lingling - O” type, related to the pendants still worn
by the Ifugao tribes of Northern Luzon. Jar burial was continuously practiced
and continued in the 20th century by the Tagabanuas of Palawan.

The carnelian beads were the typical artifacts in the Late Metal Age.
Pottery making which already existed during the Neolithic period, became a
highly developed technology. Some pottery forms were footed trays
elaborate jars with the boat of the dead on its cover. Geometric lines and
curvilinear designs were common, as well as mat and basket impressions and
painted designs: The art of pottery became sophisticated, hence, the period
became known as the Golden Age of the Philippine Pottery.
Influences from neighboring countries made themselves felt during
the Metal Age primarily through trading. Dwelling were constructed in the
open air with the use of metal implement. These dwelling are believed to be

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 the prototypes of the Filipino rural home the present-day structure raised
from the ground, with relatively stepped roofs and flooring of split bamboo
or hard wood, ideally suited for a tropic, lowland environment. The impact of
contacts with peoples of mainland Asia and the Middle East resulted in new
ideas, values and attitudes among the early Filipinos. These contacts date
from the ninth century with traders and adventurers sailing the Philippine
seas and leaving traces in many archaeological sites. The archaeological site
in Manila’s Sta. Ana district suggests that the china trade stimulated the
resettlement of new Filipino communities near bays and major rivers to
enable the inhabitants to participate more effectively in the trades. The Sta.
Ana archaeological record reveals that the residents of the site acted as
middlemen in the trading of Chinese porcelain and other products in
neighboring areas. In the Santa Ana site, 19 graves of children yielded a
striking number of 170 pieces of trade pottery consisting mostly of brown
wares and the rest are Celadon spouted vessels, small plates and eared jarlets.
One grave contained a necklace of 59 glass beads of Chinese origin.
In the archaeological area in the coasted trip of Calagatan peninsula
in Batangas province south of Manila were found 500 Filipino graves which
yielded porcelain and stonewares from China and Annam or Vietnam, along
with glass jewelry, stone beads, iron tools and weapons, spindle whorls and
brass and copper ornaments. About 70 percent of the Chinese pottery was of
Chinese origin. The Calagatan escavation also yielded earthen net sinkers,
remains of edible mollusks and burial and refuse heaps. This indicates that
Filipino settlements, while conducting direct trade with China, exploited
marine and river resources.
1975 The excavation in various archaeological sites in Butuan City yielded
almost the entire range of ceramics types produced in China. It was only
sometime in 1975 when ceramics of earlier date were discovered in the
Northeastern coast of Mindanao, especially in Butuan City on a delta at the
mouth of Agusan River. Chinese archaeologists identified the wares or
artifacts in Butuan, Samar, Leyte and Rizal provinces as Guandong wares
from China. They consisted of bowls and dishes with string, boxes, ewers,
jarlets botlles, basin and jars. The decorative techniques employed by the
Guandong potters during the Sung Dynasty were stamp impressions,
engraving, moulding, incising, combing, painting, and spotting with wide
ranging designs.
12th and Foreign archeologists in the Philippines, in published literature from
15th Janse, Sullivan, Beyer and Fox cited that tens-of-thousands of Oriental
centuries tradewares in the country which originated from South China, Siam
(Vietnam). On the other hand, most of the ceramic wares found in the
excavations done by the National Museum’s archaeological teams in many
localities in the country, belong to the Ming period of Chinese history or
between the 12th and 15th centuries. They were normally found in
association with burials as grave furniture or “pabaon”, a traditional practice
among other people in Southeast Asia.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 11

Southwestern Philippine Art

Islamic influence has been absorbed in Southwestern Philippine Art. Among the
people who have absorbed the Islamic cultural specializations in varying degrees are the
Maranaw, Tausog, Maguindanao and Sama-Badjao. Their decorative or ornamental art
(“okir or okil”) distinctly belongs to this part of the country. The male art is
predominantly curvilinear design, while the female art is largely geometric in form. What
prevails in both art is an abstracted decorative art that reduces nature to symbolic art
motifs that are combined in increasing complexity. Representations in both art forms are
not realistic especially for living things because this is frowned upon due to Islamic
influence. Masculine decorative compositions are usually devised from few basic motifs
like circle, bird, leaf and fern, and flower. Some of the basic motifs in the feminine form
o their ornamental art include the circle, “Artificial Moon”, square, rectangle, diamond,
and zigzag. Basic motifs are combined in varieties of designs like adjacent squares with
contrasting colors and four-sided design in a series. Completed designs are mountain-
like, multi-colored leaves of trees and yellow bamboo. Before the advent of commercial
paints, earth and vegetables dyes were used. The common animate representations are the
serpent and artificial cock. The depiction of human and animal figures in art is inhibited
by Islam. The “S” form is the most simple abstraction of the serpent and this is the most
commonly used figure in Maranaw art. The cock is often placed atop a bamboo pole
among flags and buntings during festive occasions. Other figurative motifs in Maranaw
art are forms like crocodile, parrot or grasshopper head, swallow’s tail which forms part
of larger design. Contact with other cultures in recent years resulted in the addition of
newer figures as the eagle, lion, peacock, elephant and others. The indigenous art “okil”
of the people of Sulu archipelago antedates the arrival of the Islam. The earliest examples
of this art are found in the grave markers curved from coral and stone, the ownership of
which could no longer be established. The later wooden markers in many of the Islands
still retain the indigenous floration of motifs

It is said that when a Badjaw dies, the grave marker used consists of parts of his
boat frames. Distinct part of the marker is the abstracted form of the sea cow with a
stylish form of a person riding its back. The female figures are identified with combs,
while the males are provided with turbans. A more recent appearance in Sulu are stylish
frames of beds that are ornately conceived to mark graves. Canopies, buntings, flags and
food offerings in the grave yards exude a feeling of life and the continuing relationship
with the non-living.

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 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay
Answer briefly and concisely.

1. What is the major role of the foreign traders in the development of art in the
Philippines?
2. Which of the southwestern Philippine art do you like most? Explain.

III. Matching Type

Match the words in Column A to those in Column B
Column A Column B
1. male art in Islam a. consisted of circles, bird, leaf, fern, flower
2. female art in Islam b. consisted of square, rectangle, diamond,
3. masculine decorative motifs zigzag and artificial fern
4. feminine for ornamental art c. common animate representations in Islam
5. Serpent and artificial cock d. predominantly curvilinear design
6. “okil” e. largely geometric in form
7. crocodile, parrot, grasshopper f. other artistic figurative motifs of the
Maranaws
g. the indigenous art of the people in Sulu
archipelago

IV. True or False

Write True if the sentence is correct. Write False if it is wrong.

1. The Chinese pottery found in the archaeological diggings in Calatagan,

Batangas were of Chinese origin.
2. Bowls, dishes, boxes, bottles, basins and jars were the common artifacts found
in Butuan, Leyte and Rizal provinces.
3. Stylish frames of beds ornately prepared are found in grave yards of the
Badjaws to exude life and loveliness.
4. The depiction of human and animal figures in art is inhibited by Islam culture.
5. Art in the middle ages were revealed in the great churches and cathedrals which
were built to serve the social and religious activities of people.
6. The “S” form is the simplest abstraction of the serpent and this is the most
commonly used figure in Maranaw art.

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 7. The artworks found in burial sites reveal the traditional practice “pabaon” among
people in Southeast Asia.
8. Islamic art are not realistic because art about nature is frowned upon by the
Islams.
9. Architecture, painting and sculptured decorative arts were combined to tell the
story of humanity and Christianity.
10. Most of the artifacts found in archaelogists are mainly of Chinese origin.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

Think of creative way to present the early beginnings of art in the

Philippines. You can do it in a form of scrapbook or explosion box and
the like.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 14

 MODULE 2
THE VISUAL ARTS

THE VISUAL ARTS

Visual arts is a modern but imprecise umbrella term for a broad category of art
which includes a number of artistic disciplines from various sub-categories. These are the
arts that meet the eye and evoke an emotion through an expression of skill and
imagination. They include the most ancient forms such as painting and drawing, and the
arts that were born thanks to the development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking,
photography and installation rt, the latter a combination of multiple creative expressions.
Though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, different eras in the earth history have had
their own principles to define beauty, from the richly ornamented taste of the Baroque to
the simple, utilitarian style of the Prairie School.

The visual arts are those creations that we can see rather than something like the
auditory arts, which we hear. These art forms are extremely diverse, from the artwork
that hangs on your wall to the movie you watched last night.

LESSON 1

PAINTING

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Define painting
b. Identify the elements of painting
c. Describe the evolution of painting
d. Determine the types of painting
e. Familiarize with some Filipino and foreign painters

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 Painting is one of the fine arts that depicts various intrinsic values of man through
imaginative aggregation of lines and color. It expresses the artist’s perceptions and
feelings on a particular selected subject. Usually, the artist selection of a subject comes
from his understanding and interpretation of his feelings and emotions. It reveals through
his brush or pen what he thinks or feel, giving the subject its meaning for the art lover to
enjoy and draw meaning as well.

Painting, the expression of ideas and emotions,

with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a
two-dimensional visual language. The elements of
this language—its shapes, lines, colours, tones, and
textures—are used in various ways to produce
sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on
a flat surface. These elements are combined into
expressive patterns in order to represent real or
supernatural phenomena, to interpret a narrative
theme, or to create wholly abstract visual
relationships. Canvas of Simon Saulog

An artist’s decision to use a particular medium, such as tempera, fresco, oil,

acrylic, watercolour or other water-based paints, ink, gouache, encaustic, or casein, as
well as the choice of a particular form, such as mural, easel, panel, miniature, manuscript
illumination, scroll, screen or fan, panorama, or any of a variety of modern forms, is
based on the sensuous qualities and the expressive possibilities and limitations of those
options. The choices of the medium and the form, as well as the artist’s own technique,
combine to realize a unique visual image.

Elements of Painting

The common elements of a painting include subject, medium, line, color, texture,
volume, perspective, form and style.

1. Subject. This element answers the what of the piece of painting. Is it a field of flowers
moving with the wind? Is it a daily task of fishermen, farmers, the industry workers, or
the firemen? Is it an elderly man, a child or an adolescent in activity?

2. Medium. This refers to the materials used by the artist in his panting, which include:

 Fresco - which pigment is mixed with water and applied to wet plaster;
 Water color – which is a pigment mix with water and applied to the surface of
smooth or rough paper, generally white in color
 Oil – which is done on canvass or prepared wood panel
 Tempera – a mixing pigment with eggs and applying this on a very hard smooth

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 surface and usually several layers of rubbed plaster (gesso)
Other media available are pencil, charcoal, ink and the like.

Evolution of Painting

Painting progressed slowly through the Medieval, Renaissance, Mannerist,

Baroque, Classic Rococo, Neoclassic and Romantic periods. The authors confine
attention to the Realistic and Naturalistic, Impressionistic and Modern periods.

Realistic and Naturalistic Painting

Realistic artists portray objects, sceneries, activities, figures as they have been seen
and experienced. It is a first hand replica of what they actually see and feel. Filipino
artists are very good in realistic painting, that they turn to landscape painting. Other
artists such as the French saw reality in peasant subjects.
The French artists behind Realistic and Naturalistic painting are Honor’s Devonier
(1808-1879), Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) and Edouard Manet (1832-1883).
Devonier’s paintings communicate ideas and at the same time they are
masterpieces of design, form, receding and advancing, planes and underlying patterns.
His favorite subjects are the life of the poor people, the washerwoman, the prostitute, the
corrupt judge, and the venal attorney. His genuine talent is shown in his work: The
Laundress, Third Class Coach, Rue Transnonian, to name a few.
Courbets (1819-1877), Bonjour Monsieur Courbet is a painting of himself in
shirt sleeves, his back laden with canvasses, tamping and doffing his hat to a dealer. His
most controversial painting however, is the L’Atelier (ThePainter’s Studio) and which is
subtitled Real Allegory. Courbet can capture elements in society, connect them and given
them spiritual meaning.
Monet (1832-1883). His work entitled Luncheon on the Grass, which created the
greatest sensation, demonstrated his ability to blend clothed and nude figures with
landscape and instill life in the same picture. His other excellent works included the
Olympia, the Absinthe Drinker and Gare St. Lazaro (“St. Lazaro Station”).
American artist also produced many excellent Realistic paintings in the 19 th
century. Homer’s (1836-1910) Breezing Up is an example of realistic painting in
America. His great achievement was painting loneliness, power and the danger of the
sea.
In the Philippines, one of the realistic-naturalistic painters is Fernando Amorsolo.
He is known as the father of Philippine painting, Amorsolo’s works depicted Philippine
scenes and way of life especially in the countryside.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 17

 Planting rice by Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/377387643745713278/

Impressionistic Painting

Impressionism portrays the effects of experience upon the consciousness of the

artist and the audience. The artist is characterized as one concerned more with the
technique of suggesting light and color to the picture than with the subject matter.
Leaders of the movement included Claude Monet who portrayed landscapes predicting
sunlight playing on water; August Renoir who showed movement on human figures
especially women radiating vitality and health; Camille Pissarro who was called the
Village impressionist because he painted peasant or countryside scenes; and George
Seurat who made composition using dots, a technique called pointilism.
On the whole, the impressionist show features of “vagueness,” “fleeting” and
“transitory”.

Filipino Impressionism: Jenny’s Serendipity Art Blog

Expressionistic Painting

The terms that characterize this type of painting are “Harsh,” “brutal,”
“introspective” and “morbid.” The artist uses free distortion of form and color through
which he gives visual form to inner sensations or emotions. The emotional expressions in

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 18

 these paintings could be described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence or chaos and
tragedy.

Van Gogh, a Hollander, painted The Starry Night which depicts his violence and
subjective attitude which is the feature of expressionism. He expressed in canvass his
turbulent spirit in strong color and writhing forms which parenthetically announces the
birth of a peaceful atmosphere as calmness follows a storm.

Ernest Ludiurg Kirchner (1880-1938) is a German expressionist who portrayed

his emotion and experience with large, simple forms and clear colors. His painting, The
Street, conveys the emotional state of a German City following World War I. Defeat and
the sickening show of rage and fear are everywhere apparent in his painting.

Emil Nolde’s (1867-1956) paintings showed bold strong colors: yellow-orange,

blue-green and red-violet which are considered ugly colors for the painter. His works
include See Christ and the children and St. Simeon and the Women, where the faces of
the people look like masks.

Among the famous American expressionists are Max Weber (1881-1961) and
Ivan Albright. Weber Tranquility utilizes dark and rich colors and the forms are
distorted. Albrithts painting exudes brutality and vulgarity.

In the Philippines, Juan Luna, of the many Filipino heroes and E. Aguilar Cruz
are considered as expressionists, translated into canvass his deplorable thoughts and
feelings about war and destruction in Spolarium. E. Aguilar Cruz, a modern Filipino
expressionist, was a Philippine Ambassador to UNESCO in Paris in 1979. His early
works tended to lean on impressionism but later in life, he painted more and more in the
Expressionist style.

https://www.google.com=filipino+expressionistic+painting

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 19

 Modern Paintings

Exciting modern art leaves this perceptive eye alive, dynamic and forceful.
Abstraction must be clearly understood because modern art is anchored on abstract. One
meaning of the term is to “take away” and the other is to “synthesize”. The first meaning
could be better explained in the work of Raphael, the Sistine Madonna, in which the sky
seems to be filled with angels. However, only the heads of the angels could be seen while
their bodies are abstracted but they are perceived to be really in the sky. In the painting
titled, Birth of Venus, the water ripples near the shore are assumed to be affected by the
gentle breeze. The viewer cannot see the ripples further away but this is assumed and the
artist has summarized the effect of the breeze.

Cubism is a form of abstraction. In this style, objects are first reduced into cubes
and flattened into two-dimensional shapes. These are arranged in overlapping planes.

Cubism: Manilenya

Surrealism has its place, too, in modern art. The surrealist brings elements of
subconscious to the surface. This is expressed in symbolic forms. Surrealism is almost
the antithesis of abstract art because it tends to sacrifice plastic values in favor of the
symbolic power of the image. A few famous surrealist paintings included works of:
Salvador Bali’s Persistence of Memory, Marc Chagall’s The Bride and Groom of the
Eiffel Tower, Paul Klee’s The Twiterring Machine, Joan Miro’s Person Throwing a
Stone at a Bird and Dog Barking at the Moon, Max Ernest’s Europe after the Rain; and
Pablo Picasso’s Sattinmbanques (Families of Acrobats), Les Demoisselles d’ Avignon,
Guernica and Paradise.

 Morris Graves - an American surrealist but not a pure one since his subjects are
usually birds and plants derived partly from surrealism and partly from
Buddhism. His paintings depicting surrealism style were Little Known Bird of the
Inner Eve and Preening Sparrow.

 Peter Blum - a surrealist painter whose The Eternal City depicted a Surrealist
Rome with Mussolini’s violent green head jumping out of a jack-in-the box.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 20

 Some modern Filipino painters are: Arturo Luz with his abstract painting: The Night
Poem 3, Samonte and his Raising, Olazo and his work: Woodcut 1, 1981; Lao, Ocampo,
Joya, Mauro Santos, Manuel Soriano to name a few.

Other great and famous Filipino painters worthy of mention are:

1. Fernando Amorsolo, known as the father of Philippine painting. He depicted in his

works Philippine scenes and the way of life in the countryside.

2. Juan Luna, known for his “Spolarium” a

painting masterpiece in canvas in which he
translated his deplorable thoughts and feelings
about war and obstruction. He is a famous hero and
expressionistic Filipino painter.

3. E. Aguilar Cruz, an expressionistic painter of the “Picnic in Mt. Arayat.” He was a

former Philippine Ambassador to the UNESCO in Paris in 1979. The ashes of his
remains were scaltered in the field near Mt. Arayat. He was born in Magalang,
Pampanga.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 21

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. What does the artist express in his paintings?

2. Why do artist differ in the subjects of their arts work?
3. What are the things that a painting could convey?
4. Name some important factors that influence the history of painting.
5. Give at least two paintings by Filipino artists which you appreciate most.
Express the various elements used by the artist.

II. True or False

Write True if the sentence is correct. Write False if it is wrong.

1. The element of painting tells what the painting is all about.
2. The materials used by the painter is referred to texture.
3. Impressionistic painting portrays the effect of experience upon the artist and the
audience.
4. Realistic painting conveys the artist’s feelings and what he actually sees.
5. In expressionistic painting, the artist gives visual form to inner sensations or
emotional expressions.
6. The common emotional expressions reflected by the artist in expressionism are
joy and happiness, pathos, violence, tragedy, defeat and morbidity.
7. Modern art deals on abstractions.
8. Abstract painting expresses the feeling that man is becoming depersonalized.
9. Surrealism uses abstraction using symbolic power of the image.
10. Cubism is a form of abstract in which the objects are first reduced into cubes
and flattened into two dimensional shapes.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 22

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

1. Close your eyes for three minutes. Think of the beautiful things
that surround your home, the other beautiful things you have
seen in other places which you have admired. Paint these in a
coupon bond. Give title to your work, identify the medium used
and classify whether naturalistic, realistic, impressionistic and
abstract painting. Do this in Table form presentation.

2. Do a pottery painting. You can think of your own design.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 23

 LESSON 2

ARCHITECTURE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Define architecture
b. Identify the structural materials of architecture
c. Describe the evolution and types of architecture
d. Familiarize with Philippine architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing and erecting buildings. It connotes the
style and method of design and construction that reflect the cultural and religious temper
of the era. Design is further influenced by the functional demands that arise from nature
and man like as well as the medium of construction available.
Styles and construction designs of buildings depends on the prevailing climate. If
the climate is cool, the design of the building should be on how to keep it warm. If the
climate is warm, the emphasis of the design is to keep it cool. If the place is frequently
visited by typhoons, the houses in such places are low and sturdy. If the place is in the
earthquake belt, the construction and style are likewise made to consider the condition.
Massive materials are used for cold climate countries but light materials are used for
warm climate countries.

Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur Church: UNESCO World Heritage Site

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 24

 Structural Materials

The designer and architect takes into account at least three different basic
materials for a building. These are materials for the roof, the walls and the floors. The
three main qualities to be considered are the following:
1. Structure – This determine how the structure reacts to the wind, floods, water,
movement and the like. This is reaction to stress. The structural design and form
are directly part of these considerations.
2. Texture – This has to do with the roughness or smoothness of the material. It
directs the choice of tools to use. This should blend with the internal structure of
the building.
3. Aspect – This refers to a particular colors and outside skin after tooling. This is
an apparent feature to the layman. Every material’s intrinsic qualities are looked
into. This is important to achieve consistency in design.

The Evolution and Type of Architecture

Ancient relics and old castles and temples show the richness and beauty of ancient
civilization and culture. Their architectural designs and styles are the forerunners of the
19th and 20th century architecture.

 Egyptian Architecture
The Egyptian architecture which dates
back 4,000 to 2,280 BC is characterized by
enormous pyramidal structures. This is
evident in many Egyptian temples. A huge
gateway covers the entire front of the
building called pylon and rows of columns
support the huge structure. Egyptian
columns are of two types, the flower
columns with wide, bellshaped capital; and
the bred columns of which the uppermost
part of the capital is smaller than the lower Pyramid of Egypt
like a bud of a flower.

 Mesopotamia Architecture
The Mesopotamian architecture is
characterized by a brisk tower called
ziggurat built at successive level having the
form of a pyramid of successively receding
stories. The Assyrians developed the arch
and its multiple, the canopy-shaped vault-
the most important and influential
architectural design.
Ziggurats The giant Pyramid Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 25

  Greek Architecture
Greek architecture in 1100 to 100
BC uses the post-and lintel construction as
in the Egyptian temples but at lower height
and of smaller proportion. There are three
styles or orders of Greek architecture
namely: the Doric (e.g. Temple of Apollo at
Old Crintz andin the Parthenon), theIonic
(e.g. Altena Nike); and the Corinthian (e.g.
The Temple of Zeus at Athens).
Classical Greek Architecture

In Corinthian style, the column is taller than the Ionic and its capital
shows two rows of acanthus leaves with volutes. It has an ornamented horizontal
band or strip on the wall, with a face, forehead or frontal surface. It also has a
square slab having 2 vertical groves or gliphs in the middle and a half grove at
each end.

 Roman Architecture
Roman architecture which dates
from 1000BC to 400 AD is similar to
that of the Greek’s with some
innovations. They built not only temples
but also buildings, baths, law courts,
amphitheaters, aqueducts and bridges.
They utilize the arch and the first-round
dome as illustrated in the Patheon.

 Romanesque Architecture
This developed in the 11th to 12th
century. The structure is characterized
with very heavy walls with small
window opening stone arch or inverted
roof window. They have a wide nave and
narrow and lower side aids with
tranusepts. This resembles the Russian
style.

Italy Cathedral
 Gothic Architecture
This developed from 1194 to 1500.
The structure is characterized with
pointed arch, making the building larger
and taller, and buttresses to support the
building. Decorations are more elaborate.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 26

 Sculpture forms type decoration on the three postals which are heavy with
religious depictions and relics. Gothic cathedrals usually have two towers.

 Renaissance Architecture
It developed in the 15th and 16th
century. It was influenced by Greek and
Roman styles comes to the force but with
a difference. These are the over-hanging
cornice, the string course, the pilaster and
the ornamental pediment. The dome is
made much steeper and is adopted in
smaller buildings and symmetrical
structures of great simplicity and beauty
apparent in England and is known as the Georgian style and in the U.S. as the
American colonial style.

 Baroque Architecture
This developed in the 17th century
and in the early 18th century. It is
characterized by elaborate sculptural
ornamentation. Columns and entablaturates
were decorated with garlands of flowers
and fruits, shells and water. Nineteenth
century architecture is a period of
electricism, which means freedom to use
the styles of the past. At this period,
churches go gothic, thentus, baroque.
Government buildings, go renaissance, thus, Italian Baroque
different styles of architecture could be seen
in many structures.

 Modern Architecture
This characterized the 20th century
structure which developed two new
materials: structural steel and reinforced
steel which gave rise to skeleton and
cantilever construction of modern
skyscrapers and buildings of any shape:
semi-circular, round or square. The
cantilever was used by Frank Lloyd Wright,
an American architect to supplement
columnars or pillars for verandas.

Mountain Modern Architecture

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 27

 Philippine Architecture

The architectural structure and design of the

Filipino homes evolved from the nipa hut which is
commonly found in the countryside. It is made of a
combination of different materials like nipa, palm,
leaves, wood and bamboo. The climate, rainfall,
weather conditions and the availability of materials
are the factors that influenced the structure and
design of the Filipino nipa hut.
Example

Other type of houses in the Philippines are made of stronger materials like stones,
cement, bricks, wood and tiles. They show influence of Spanish architecture. The
windows are wide for free circulation of air. These are made of wood and Capiz shells.
The roof are steep and made of tiles.

Nowadays, Filipino modern houses are

influence by western style of architecture. They are
made of cement, wood, marble floor, tiles,
galvanized iron and glass or plastic for the
windows and doors. They use the post-and-lintel
form of support.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 28

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. What does architecture connote?

2. Explain why weather and climate conditions of the country or place are important
factors to consider in the style and construction design of buildings.
3. Give the factors that influence the style and construction design of the buildings.
4. Describe what you think is a Filipino architecture.

II. True or False

Write True if the sentence is correct. Write False if it is wrong.
1. The Romanesque architecture is characterized by enormous pyramidal
structures.
2. The Goethic architecture employed the pointed arch.
3. Mesopotamian architecture is characterized by elaborate sculptural
ornamentation.
4. The Egyptian architecture in 1100 to 100 BC uses the post-and-lintel
construction as in the Egyptian temples but at lower height and of smaller proportion.
5. The most distinctive features of the Goethic cathedrals are the pointed arch,
stone vault on a rib framework and supporting structure of slender piers stabilized on the
exterior by flying buttresses.
6. Roman architecture utilized the arch and the first-round dome as illustrated in
the Patheon.
7. Philippine architecture originated from the simple but lovely nipa huts made of
bamboo and wooden walls and nipa.
8. Renaissance architecture is characterized with very heavy walls with small
window opening stone arch or inverted roof window.
9. Structure determines how it reacts to the wind, floods, water, movement and the
like.
10. Contemporary types of architecture use predominantly the post and lintel
support in instructing homes, offices, theater, etc.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 29

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Show the differences and similarities of architecture of homes in

your locality. Describe each and cite reasons for their
differences. Present an example for each through pictures.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 30

 LESSON 3

SCULPTURE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Define sculpture
b. Identify the features of sculpture
c. Describe the Greek, Boroque-Rococo, Neoclassic and Modern
sculpture

Sculpture puts together into a beautiful, meaningful

shape such as materials as stone, wood, metal, and other hard
materials. Stone, natural or man-made, is bountiful in the
Philippines.

Sculpture may be the oldest of the arts. The earliest

drawings were probably carved on rocks or scratched on the
earth surface. Therefore, these drawings were as much
forerunners of relief sculpture as of painting. From the few
surviving primitive sculpture as of painting. From the few
surviving primitive sculpture pieces, it can be deduced that
prehistoric sculpture was always made to be used in rituals. In
his constant, fight for survival, the early man made sculpture to
provide spiritual support. Ifugao Bulul Rice God Statue

Figures of men, women, and animals and combination of all these served to
honor the strange and sometimes frightening forces of nature, which were worshiped as
evil or good spirits. Oddly shaped figures must have represented prayers for strong sons,
good crops and abundant fish. Sculpture in the form of masks was worn by priests or
medicine men in dances designed to drive away evil spirits or beg favors from good
ones.
Perhaps, because they are permanent, stone and metal have always been
important materials for the sculptor. Other materials that were used include wood, ivory,
jade, bone, glass and plaster. For a sculpture some materials are converted to other

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 31

 material, clay is by far the most frequently used substance, but various kinds of wax have
also been employed.
In modern times the sculptor has turned to new materials such as plastics, fiber
glass, stainless steel, and aluminum.

Daniel de la Cruz’s Touchstone

Features of a Sculpture

Characteristics or features to look for in a piece of sculpture, as in other forms of

art, are the following:

1. Line
Line features are the shape of piece of arts. These lines could be horizontal,
vertical and diagonal. These lines lead the viewer’s eyes full perspective of the
subject of the sculpture. The horizontal lines generally connotes peace and
tranquility while the vertical lines are forceful and dynamic. They allow the
subject to “stand”. The diagonal lines, meanwhile, are generally called the action
lines. These show movement.

2. Color
Color is generally referred to as to its property hue and value. This means the
amount of white and black in the hue and intensity or brightness. Color is the
decorative element put into the art piece. Generally in sculpture, the piece of art
remains natural in color but in some cases color is added specially when glass or
plastic is combined with the main material, be it metal, wood or stone.

3. Texture
Texture refers to the way the object feel to touch. This is a feature of sculpture
that is important because these are pieces which could be felt. The materials like
stone, marble, wood, glass, plastic and steel and other scraps used feel different
as we touch them. The material could be smooth, rough, rugged or fine textured.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 32

 4. Volume
Volume means solidity or thickness. The sculpture is concerned with volume
because a sculpture occupies space. This is viewed from any direction where one
stands. It could be in front, at he back, at its side, above or under it.

5. Perspective
Perspective refers to depth or distance. This could be cleaned from statues. The
two features of perspective are linear and aerial. Linear perspective means that
the figures become smaller as they recede into the distance. The parallel
horizontal lines below eye level seem to rise, tapering smaller into the horizon.
On the other hand, those lines above eye level seem to descend to the vanishing
point. Aerial perspective means that a figure becomes fainter or less visible in the
distance. This is due to the atmosphere effect. Another characteristic of linear
perspective is foreshortening. This applies to the human body. Thus, the arms,
limb or body is at right angles to the viewers to look shorter than their normal
length. These are the tendencies brought about by perspective viewing.

6. Form
When one talks of form of art pieces it means the over-all design. Artists’ favorite
designs are triangles, circles and rectangles. There are two kinds of forms: the
closed form and the open form. Closed form shows the elements of the pieces of
art as contained within the frame which focuses the eye to the picture. Open form
extends the viewing outside the piece of art and the outside becomes a part of it.

7. Style
Artists show individuality in their art style. They show differences in lies and
dislikes, temper, outlooks in life and background as a child, adolescent or adult. It
expresses their feelings and emotions. Often, they select their style according to
their taste although sometimes influenced by great artists, friends and their
creative mind. They also fit their style to their subjects, their life styles, the
environment where they move, the time and place in where the artist live.

Greek Sculpture

The Greeks believed in “man as the measure of all things” hence, their fondness of
the human form. The head is always seen in profile, the torso in frontal view and the feet,
again, in profile. This is similar to the Egyptian style.
In Athens, Polyclitus championed the use of mathematical proportions. They
believe that the human body could be best
depicted if the height of man is seven times the
height of the head.
Parthenon is worth mentioning here. Phideas
was chief sculptor of all the figures of Parthenon.
This was believed to be the highest expression of

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 33

 the Greek spirit. The figures were described as depicting gravity and grace, harmony and
balance

Lysippus is another Greek sculptor. His work show faces that look animated and
express personality. One of his great sculptures is the head of Alexander the Great.

In the 15th century, Italy’s sculpture was on the lead extending for the next two hundred
years. One of the prominent sculptors of his period is Lorenzo Ghiberti. He was the
sculptor of the bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence. This depicts 28 scene from the
life of Christ each in a geometrical frame. Michelangelo called them the Gates of
Paradise. The best Florentine sculptor was Donatello. His figures are described as utterly
natural and yet idealized, poised and full of vigor. One of his works made of bronze is
named David. Two other Davids were done by Verrocchio and other by Michelangelo.
Andrea del Verrocchio’s work is a master of Anatomy and is very realistic in form.
Leonardo de Vinci got his start form Verrocchio’s studio.

Baroque-Rococo Sculpture

Baroque sculpture generally used every conceivable type of ornamentation. The

characters are generally religious figures. These are saints, angels, cherubs, animals,
metal sunbursts with garlands of flowers, leaves, shells and scrolls. These are usually
painted in gold on wood or carved stones.

In the Philippines, churches, some as old as four

centuries are citadels of faith. True to the Filipino
tradition of eclecticism, they showcase stunning
frescoes and stained glass windows, quaint relief
sculpture of Caucasian saints amidst oriental foliage,
oddly mismatched towers, belfries cumwatchtowers
built well away from the main chapel, and lateral
buttresses that gave birth to the term: “ earthquake
baroque”.

Saint Lorezo Ruiz Statue

Neoclassic and Modern Sculpture

Neoclassic started in 1764 in Europe, England and America. Classism was popular
through the French revolution and the Napoleonic era. This style is characterized as
design features which are noble and the manner pieces are sculptured are refined and
dignified. Subjects are generally heroes who are devoted to sacrifice for a noble cause.

Neoclassicism was famous during the reign of Louis XVI of France. The most
famous sculptor of the time was Jean Antoine Houdon who created three statues of
Voltaire. Houdon was a famous portraitist in sculpture.

Modern sculpture dates to the 19th century. This could be seen in statues that adorn
public buildings., parks, plazas, cemeteries and other places where people convene.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 34

 Sculpture of today reveals the expression of personal idiosyncracy considering the idea
of service and a revelation of love of earth and man.

The acclaimed modern sculptors are August Rodin, Matisse, Picasso, Rechmbruck,
Artistide Mailol, Brancusi, William Zorach, Alexander Archipenko, Henry Moore, Julio
Gonzales. The medium used are wood, marble, stones, metal, strings, plastic. These
could be presented in realistic or abstract forms depending on the wish of the artist.
There are even “mobiles” that sway with the wind or by mechanized motors.

Famous Filipino sculptors are Tolentino, Abueva, Saprid, Castrillo and many
others. Most of their works are landmarks in places of interest in the Philippines.

Neoclassicism

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 35

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay
1. What were the early forms of sculpture used in
1.1 rituals to provide spiritual support
1.2 prayers for good crops and fish
1.3 driving away evil spirits
2. Name the materials used by sculptors. Which of these are commonly used? Cite the
advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft material sin sculptural work.
3. In modern times, what new materials are used by the sculptor?

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. is the oldest of the arts.
2. The Greek believe in “man as the measure of all things”, hence, their fondness of the
form.
3. The work of show faces that look animated and express personality.
4. The artist show individuality in their .
5. is believed to be the highest expression of the Greek spirit.
6. The form of design extends the viewing outside the piece of art and the
outside becomes a part of it.
7. refers to how object feels to the touch, either as smooth, rough or rugged.
8. can be seen in statues that adorn public buildings, parks, plazas, cemeteries
and other places where people convene.
9. refers to depth or distance which could be gleaned from the status.
10. of the art work refers to the over-all design.
11. is characterized as design features which are noble and the manner pieces
are sculptured, refined and dignified.
12. is a feature in sculpture which means solidity or thickness, hence it
occupies space.
13. is the decorative element put into the art piece.
14. generally used every conceivable type of ornamentation.
15. features of a sculptural works refer to the horizontal, vertical and diagonal
lines.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 36

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Do a soap carving of your own design.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 37

 MOULE 3
THE ART OF LITERATURE

THE ART OF LITERATURE

The literary arts refer to the written word and include writing, editing,
critiquing, teaching, reviewing, and other activities related to written communication.
These activities take place in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, writers'
workshops/centers, book and magazine publishing companies, and libraries. The "book
arts" are related to a book's physical presentation and can involve its paper, binding,
printing, or design. Possible occupational titles include writer, editor, reviewer, teacher,
librarian, archivist, researcher, publisher, interpreter, and translator.

The word literature came from the Latin word “Litterae”, meaning letters. In
this sense, essays, novels, short stories, poems, biographies, auto-biographies and
journals are considered literature. In its broadest sense, literature is everything oral and
written. The medium of literature is language. The words are combined into sentences to
express ideas, thoughts, feelings, desires and values. In a narrower sense, literature may
be about a subject or period of time lie literature in Architecture, Painting, Sculpture,
Music and Dance from 1990-1991.

On the other hand, literature refers to a French phrase, “belles-lettres”,

meaning beautiful writing. In this sense, literature is any written or spoken language
which possesses aesthetic quality. The aesthetic aspect of literature is focused on the
beautiful experiences which are derived from the written or spoken words.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 38

 LESSON 1

TYPES AND ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Define literature
b. Identify the types of literature
c. Describe the elements literature

Literature is classified into prose narrative and poetry. Prose fiction includes the
novel, shorts story and drama while Narrative poetry includes the epics, romances and
ballad. Basically, literature is divided into fiction and non-fiction.
Fiction is something the writer make up using his imagination.
Non-fiction meanwhile, tries to stick to facts as she knows them.
Examples of these are biographies, essays, autobiographies and diaries.

The literacy types of writing includes the novels, short stories, essays, poetry and
drama. They are artistic writings characterized by the beauty of expression and
intellectual and emotional appeal and narrate the writer’s personal and vicarious
experiences and imagination. The writer express his thoughts, opinion, ambitions, values
and feelings in a language that appeals to the emotions and intellect of the readers.

THE SHORT STORY

A short story is a prose fiction which had its early beginnings in parables, fables,
tales, allegory and folklores. It is a work of fiction short enough to be read in a
single setting. A story becomes an interpretative story when it makes us aware of
and understand ourselves and others.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 39

 ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY

A. Plot or Action. This element of the story is the artistic arrangement of actions-
sequence of beginning, middle, and an end. The basis of the plot is a struggle or conflict
with an opposing force.
Parts of a fully developed plot. According to Villanueva and others, a fully
developed plot has the following parts: exposition, development, turning point, climax
and denouement.

EXPOSITION
It provides the background or the information about the situation that gives rise to
the problem. It introduces the character, the setting and the point of view.

DEVELOPMENT
It consists of a number of incidents showing a movement such as a series of
changes in position and of time or a series of complications pointing to a solution
of the problem and preparing the reader to understand and accept the turning
point.

TURNING POINT
It may be an accident, a speech or a gesture which may mean the difference
between a favorable or an unfavorable solution. It is the point in the story where a
logical solution is reached and no other solution is possible.

CLIMAX
It is the highest point of the story which the greatest interest and evokes the most
intense feelings. The exposition and development have been building up to the
climax when the forces come together in maximum concentration.

DENOUEMENT
It refers to the “unraveling” of the plot, the action or intrigue ends in success or
failure, the mystery is solved or the misunderstanding is cleared away.

CONCLUSION
It refers to the ending of the story depending on the outcome of the actions. The
plot of the story is more concerned with the “How” and “Why” of the events.
Thus, when the struggle is over, the story must end quickly.

B. Character. The second important element of a story is the character. They may be
person who act and talk as men and women do and display moral, emotional and
intellectual qualities and react with one another.

C. Setting. Setting refers to the place and time of the story. It may be used to create an
atmosphere that is symbolic to enhance the meaning of the story. It may be given in

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 detail to give a semblance of reality.

D. Theme. The theme sums up the meaning of the story. Oftentimes, the theme is not
directly stated, but rather revealed in the totality of the literary piece. It is a vision of life
conveyed to the reader by the elements that make up the story.

E. Point of view. The fifth element is the point of view of the writer. When the writer
uses the personal pronoun I, he takes the first-person point of view. When the narrator
tells the story from his point of view in his particular area of participation, he takes all
the knowing point of view which implies that the narrator acts as if he knows everything
that happens in the story, including the thought of the character.

NARRATIVE POETRY

Poetry is another form of literary art which expresses the poet’s heart and mind.
Written in metrical form or patterned language, poetry is the art of rhythmic
composition written or spoken. It is intended to provide pleasure through
beautiful, elevated, imaginative expression of strong feelings and the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.
A POEM
Therefore, is a poetic composition in verse that is characterized by highly
developed artistic form, the use of rhythm, and the employment of heightened
language to express an imaginative interpretation of a situation or idea.

THE EPIC
An epic or heroic poem is a long dignified poem in lofty style. The hero is more
than an ordinary person. His strength and deeds are useful to the entire place.
The literary epic is designed to arouse the people’s reverence to god, country and
family. Examples of local epics are “Bantugan”, “Lam-ang” and “Ibalon”.
Art epics refers to a long narrative poem somewhat more sophisticated, idealized
and conciously more artistic than folk or popular epic.
Art lyric. Art lyric is a delicate, highly polished short poem noted for triviality.
Ballad. A ballad is a story in verse told in a song. It has a more common- place
tone than the epic.

DRAMATIC POETRY

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
The poet uses certain elements or qualities that produce aesthetic feelings. He
produces images from his sense expressions through the words he uses. He
creates images of touch, taste, smell and temperature.

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

The poet uses words that denote the exact literal dictionary meaning. He also uses
words that connote or give the associate or related meaning.

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 Examples: “We need not to feel ship-wrecked When Jesus is at the help”.

IMAGERY
This means the representation of sense experience through language. Image are
formed as we see, hear, taste, smell and touch. The image is the mental
duplication or associated meaning. the cross is used as a symbol of suffering.
Other images can be symbolized by the words in these lines:
“Life shadows lengthen, death appears
And I am at times beset by fears
Until by faith Christ’s hand I see
Outreached in love to welcome me.”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

A poet uses beautiful thoughts to add emotional coloring to the poem. These are
called figures of speech that quicken the imagination and stimulate the emotions.
They give beauty to the poem. The common figures of speech are simile,
metaphor, personification, apostrophe, hyperbole and oxymoron.
Simile is used in comparing two unlike things. The poet uses simile when he says:
“Thou art Peter , art like a rock.”
Metaphor is used in indirect comparison. The poet uses metaphor when he says:
“Thou art Peter and upon this rock I build my church.”
Personification is used when the poet gives human characteristics and capabilities
to non human or inanimate objects, ideas as in these day.”
Apostrophe. The poet uses apostrophe when he addresses an absent person as if
he were present or an abstract idea or inanimate object as if it has life.
Hyperbole. The poet or writer uses hyperbole when he excessively exaggerates
for effect as in these lines:
“The students roasted their professor during the forum”
“She is as secretive as a mouse”
“He moves like lightning”.
“His mind is like a sponge”.
“He is walking encyclopedia”
Oxymoron. The poet uses oxymoron when he combines contraries or opposite to
portray a particular image or to produce a striking effect.
Examples;
His absence is a blessing in disguise.
The smaller, the better.
Less is more.
“Parting is a sweet sorrow”

RHYTHM AND METER

This is the fourth element of poetry. Meter in language refers to the number of
accented syllables in a line of poetry that occur at apparently equal intervals of
time. Rhythm is the movement or space in poetry which is achieved through the

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 regular accentuation of syllables in a line. The poet uses rhythm in the sequencing
of sounds to achieve a good or aesthetic effect on his work.

Example:
When the burden seems so heavy
And my load so hard to bear
He has promised to comfort me and lengthen my care
It is not the load that bear you down
It is the fact that you are alone to bear.

MEANING AND IDEA

Another important element of poetry is the meaning and idea. The meaning of a
poem is in the experiences it expresses. The value of the poem is derived from the
total experiences it communicates between the line and linking them to our
experiences.

THE DRAMA

Another literary type of writing is the drama, a composition in prose/or poetry

which tells a story through the dialog and action. It is written primarily to be
enacted on stage. It is the dramatization of human experience before an audience.
The actors present the words and deeds of the dramatist’s characters so as to
create the impression that the story is actually taking place before the audience.
The language in drama is confined to the dialogue among the characters.

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

Drama has the same elements as in a short story. It has plot, character, setting and
theme. It also utilizes the elements of thought, language, climax/denouement, music and
spectacles, costume and make up, and scenery and lightning.

1. Plot. It means a summary of the play story. At the same start of the play, the author
introduces the characters and gives a brief information about the past and present
situation. This part is called the exposition. It helps explain what happens later.

2. Character. The people in the play appears hold the interest of the audience. The main
character or the protagonist faces the conflict or struggle with outside forces or within
himself.

3. Setting. This element provides the particular time and place of the action. It is found in
the various scenes in the costumes, the music, and lighting. These are the stage property.
The audience is moved by what he sees and what he hears in the play.

4. Theme. This element of drama gives what the story means. It is the heart or main

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 focus of a play. Themes is revealed through the plot.

5. Thought. This element refers to the ideas and the comments in human experience that
are directly or indirectly stated.

6. Language. This element of drama refers to the dramatic dialogue. It may be in prose or
verse. When the dialogue is the actual way people talk, it is called naturalistic dialogue.
When the dialogue oratorical, it is called rhetorical dialogue. The verse dialogue uses
poetry for the purpose of drama.

7. Climax/Denouement. This element of drama refers to the that stirs the most intense
feelings. It is the turning point of the story. In the denouement or the final part of the play
that follows the climax, the conflict is brought to an end. The playwright explains the
how and the why things turned out the way it did. It clarifies the complicated situation.

8. Music and Spectacle. This element of drama refers to the “background” music, the
speech and movement. The element of spectacle enhances the setting or atmosphere
whether of happiness or the sorrow.

9. Costume and Make-up. This element of drama refers to the clothes worn by the actors
of the play. The performers are helped to put on their costumes by a dressing crew. The
make-up crew assists the performers on their dressing crew. The make-up crew assist the
performers to provide the make-up needed after they are dressed. By the costumes and
make-up of the performers, the audience is attracted or moved by sights that they see on
stage.

10. Scenery and lighting. The elements includes the backdrops or large props which
should be real. The scenery suggest the scene. It should be simple so that the imagination
of the audience will complete the picture. Happy colors are white, yellow and oink
brighten the stage.

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 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. What are the common characteristics of the literary types?

2. What elements in the drama and essay are not found in the short story, novel and
poetry?
3. When is poetry a work of art?
4. What are the purposes and intentions of essay writers in writing on a topic, issue or
problem?
5. What figures of speech are used by writers to enhance the beauty of their work?

II. Matching Type

Match the words in Column A to those in Column B
Column A Column B
1. Drama a. the highest point of a story which arouses the
2. Character greatest interest and intense feelings
3. Protagonist b. the unraveling of the plot
4. Omniscient point of view c. gives the background information about the
5. Confident situation which gives to rise the problem
6. Novel d. a composition in prose or poetry which tells a
7. Antagonist story through dialog or action and is enacted on stage
8. Theme e. the principal character of the story who
9. Scenery and lightning undergoes the conflict
10. Climax f. the villain in the story who opposes the principal
11. Development character or a hero
12. Exposition g. a character in the story to whom the
13. Denouement protagonist/main characters reveal their secrets and
14. Plot innermost feelings
h. the narrator who takes the all knowing point of
view
i. the participants in the action of a story
j. the artistic arrangement of actions or sequence of
events in the story
k. a point in the story where the logical solution is
reached.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 45

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Create a short story of your one day life during the quarantine
period due to pandemic Covid 19. Identify the types and
elements used.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 46

 LESSON 2

APPROACHES TO TEACHING LITERATURE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Describe the approaches in teaching literature

b. Identify the ways of presenting the subject of literature
c. Know how to judge a work of art

The sound approaches to teaching of prose are hose that emphasize literary
experiences rather than the facts surrounding the literary works.

The Emotive Approach

 This approach stresses the beauty or the pleasure implicit in the selection. The
author’s description of situations, his word choice, the plot development and the
portrayal of character can arouse interest and appreciation for the prose of work.
 Prose literature can be fun when we enjoy the process of reading and talking
about a piece of literature.
 Part of the fun comes from understanding the techniques of narratives. And some
of the fun may come from the activities related to literature.

Historical Approach
 Emphasizes the author and background of the selection.
 The intention is to present the author as a human being and to clarify time
relationship.
 At its best, the approach may make us recognize that each writer is an outgrowth
of his age, that his era is valuable. By presenting visual aids like maps, drawings,
pictures, slides filmstrips. So that the student will familiar with the period which
include clothing, modes of transportation, types of house, social manners and
others.

Socio- Psychological Approach

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  Another approach to understanding literature is the socio-psychological approach
that seeks to develop the student into thinking and feeling human being.
 Prose narratives can help increase social awareness. Stories and plays may make
young adolescent aware of other people.

Didactive Approach
 This approach stresses the authors purpose, not the moral of the story. Under this
approach, three basic questions should be answered, namely;
What does the author show about life?
How does he show it?
Why do you agree or disagree?
This question may be supplemented by others, involving a discussion of
incident in the story and similar incidents familiar to the students. They may or
may not accept the opinion of the author if their observations show that the author
is or may be wrong.

 The merits of the didactive approach are these:

It teaches the students to read between the lines.
It makes him think.
It contributes to the building of his personal philosophy of life.
 A writer does not bluntly state his purpose. The student must put together clues to
discover with the purpose is. From wide reading and much thinking, the student
or reader eventually formulates a philosophy which may be useful in making
decisions in his present and later life.

Paraphrastic Approach
 In this study of a difficult prose, the paraphrastic approach is particularly useful.
Such approach involves the translation of sentences, of paragraphs or longer
passages into languages readily comprehensible to the students.
 The paraphrastic approach may be enlivened and made interesting with the use of
illustration.

Analytical Approach
 This approach involves the analysis of literary characteristics, an examination of
the ways in which an author achieves the desired effects.
 It involves a study of the interrelationships among setting, style, characterization
and plot. It may also.
 The students may note the method that an author employs to portray the setting,
and discusses why such details are included while some are excluded; the
characters behaviour in relation to their environment and their philosophies; and
their opinions of the author as influenced by their outlook in life.
 Some questions that may be asked in the analytical approaches are as follows:
What does the action of the character show about the kind of person he is?
What effect does the setting have upon the character?
What does the writer say about the situation?
 This approach helps to make clear the prose type under study.

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  The analysis is intended to help the students see that stories do not happen, nor
that the personal essays are just any thought of the writer, but are made by an
author who skilfully weaves together a number of essential and related episodes
or paragraphs.
 The approaches mentioned are means to making the students understand and
appreciate or enjoy prose works.
 One approach may be used at a time to achieve the desired targets.
 Overuse of a certain approach may be monotonous and the study of literature
may not be fully enjoyed.
 The use of five or six approaches is much more likely to hit the desired targets
than with only one.
 The study of literature is like a big game hunting. What we hunt are not lions or
tigers, but the pleasure and understanding of literature as an influence upon life.

Ways of Presenting the Subject of Literature

1. It is usually presented by words that express the ideas the writer wants to convey
clearly.

2. One way to of presenting the subject is by use of words which describe

realistically the images and events clearly and vividly.

3. Another way is through abstraction that is, the writer only gives the idea of
character and situation. Thus, the readers make the conclusion.

4. Also, one way of presenting the subject is through symbolisms. Sign are given on
stage to convey some elements of the story. Symbols are used to emphasize a
point.

5. Examples of symbols used in presenting a subject are a Christmas card, the star
of Bethlehem and the manager. These are symbolizing service. The story beads
symbolize religion.

6. A narrative story can be told and presented by scenes from beginning to the end.
Another way is to presented the characters through the actions of another.

7. The picture of a glamorous character changes when the narrator describes her
more clearly and vividly revealing her defects or shortcomings. A story can be
presented more vividly through a series of pictures of focusing on different
occurrences of the story without interruption.

8. The flows of ideas, memories, sensations and associations are presented through

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 short scenes and actions that tell what is happening to various people at various
times. The scenes are unified to give a composite picture.

Judging a Poetry

According to Stein (1975) a work of poetry is useful when it can provide solace,
joy and inspiration. Certain guidelines are essential in judging poetry such as the
following:
 The words used are both informative and evocative.
 The words penetrate the depths the poet has sounded;
 There is poetic rhythm which means that there thought and emotional rhythm
flow of the poem;
 There must be synthesis of content and design. That is, the balance between what
is said how it is said;
 The symbols and images the poet suggest which are called metaphors help clarify
his experiences. The physical, mental and emotional meanings are fused with one
complete whole and the images react upon each other like in a painting.

Judging A Work of Art

In assessing a work of art, the following criteria may be applied:

I. Sincerity
1.1 Is the artist honest in his intentions or is he frank and open?
1.2 Is he striving for effect either by affected emotions or sensations or excited
feelings?
1.3 Can we get the artist’s point without being sentimental?
II. Universality
2.2 does the work embody or symbolize universal truth hidden in the particular
work? Is the work applicable.
2.2 Does the work of art only have momentary value?
III. Magnitude
3.1 Is the scope broad or monumental? Does it cover a wide ground of subject
matter?
3.2 Is it worth the effort to return to the work to understand it more deeply?
IV. Craftsmanship
4.1 Does the artist understand his craft?
4.2 Is his workmanship sound
4.3 Is the work of good taste? Poor taste?
4.4 Is the work artful?

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 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. What are the different ways of presenting the subject of literature?

2. What should be emphasized in the study of short stories, novels, essay? Why?
3. When do we say a work of poetry is useful?
4. Which of the approaches in the study of prose appeal to you best? Why?

II. Fill in the Blanks

Complete the following sentences.

1. The approach emphasizes the author and the background of the selection.
2. According to , a work of poetry is useful when it can provide solace,
joy and inspiration.
3. The sound approaches to the teaching and learning of prose are those that emphasizes
experiences.
4. Visual arts like , , , and are used
in the historical approach to familiarize the student or reader with the period or era the
writing was made.
5. approach involves the analysis of literary characteristics, an examination
of the ways in which an author achieves the desired effects.
6. The symbols and images the poet suggest which are called help clarify
his experiences.
7. The contributes to the building of the students’ personal philosophy of life.
8. The use of in the paraphrastic approach enlivens the lesson.
9. The approach stresses the beauty or the pleasure implicit in the selection.
10. What we hunt in the study of literature are and as influences
upon life.
11. literature can be fun when we enjoy the process of reading and talking
about a piece of literature.
12. Didactive approach stresses the authors purpose, not the of the story.
13. An approach to understand literature is that seeks to develop the student
into thinking and feeling human being.
14. A writer does not bluntly state his purpose, the student must put together
to discover the purpose.
15. narratives can help increase social awareness.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 51

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Compose a poem about the pandemic Covid-19. Judge your

work base on the criteria in the previous lesson. Identify also
what approach did you use and justify.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 52

 MODULE 4
THE ART OF MUSIC

THE ART OF MUSIC

Music is the art of merging and regulating sounds of changing pitch to

produce melodious harmony expressive of various ideas and emotions. Music which
deals primarily with sound, uses words called lyrics usually rhythmic in cadence to
harmonize with musical score.

The primary function of music is to express joy, pain, etc. and to entertain.
As an art, music bases its appeal on the sensuous beauty of musical sounds. Like other
arts, music deals with emotions. It is a “pure art” which enables it to convey emotions
with great intensity and can directly affect people. Good music radiates joy.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Identify the elements of music

b. Describe the media of music
c. Differentiate the kinds of music

LESSON 1

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 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

The elements that comprises music are the following:

1. Rhythm – This is the overall movement or swing and is considered the most
essential element of music. Rhythm includes meter which means measure of
rhythmic unit. Tempo on the other hand refers to the movement of music whether
fast or slow.

2. Melody – is the succession of musical sounds or tones in an orderly manner. A

tone is a sound in music which designates the pitch and depends on the vibration
rate per second.

3. Dynamics – This means the force or percussive effects; degree of loudness and
softness. Forte means loud, messoforte – very loud, piano – soft, and pianissimo
– very soft.

4. Harmony – This is the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones. This is called
counterpoint or polyphony which is particularly favored by modern composers.

5. Texture – This refers to the number of tones one is expected to apprehend

simultaneously. When the texture is relatively thin air seems to circulate freely
between the tones and what each instrument is doing can clearly be heard.

6. Color – This is the result of the difference in timber or quality of tone in a variety
of voices and instruments. Familiarity with the quality of sound of musical
instruments can enable one to pick them out from a symphony orchestra.

7. Style – This refers to the composer’s or singer’s way of doing his part. This is the
result of his temperament, outlook in life and training.

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 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. What is the most essential element of music? Why?

2. How does music influence the life of people?

II. Differentiate the following:

1. Rhythm and Harmony

2. Melody and Dynamics
3. Texture and style
4. Color and Rhythm

LESSON 2

MEDIA OF MUSIC

The Media of Music

1. The vocal media

The most natural form of music is the song produced by the human voice. As the
voice comes from within the human body, it is the most personal and direct of all
musical instruments. There are differences in range and register of voices. The six classes
of vocal register are:

 Soprano – high register female voice

 Mezzo-soprano – medium register female voice
 Alto or contralto – low register female

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  Tenor – high register male voice
 Baritone – medium register male voice
 Base – low register male voice

If each range is sung by many singers, the group is called a choir or a chorus. This
kind of music (choral music) may either be accompanied by a group of instruments or by
a solo key board instrument. If unaccompanied, it is sung acapella. It may also be in
combination with an orchestra.

Voices can also be classified in accordance with their timbre or quality of sound.
 Coloratura soprano – the highest and lightest of all voices. Music suited to this
voice is full of runs and light ornamentals.
 Lyric soprano – sings less ornamented music, is less high and flute like. This
voice is suited to sweet melodies in which beautiful tone is predominant quality.
 Dramatic soprano – is heavier than the lyric soprano and convey intense emotions
in dramatic situations.
 Mezzo soprano – this voice is between the soprano and contralto in range and
quality.
 Contralto – this voice is low and qualitatively rich.
 Tenor – the highest type of voice in men
 Lyric tenor – similar to lyric-soprano, this voice is particularly suited to sweet
melodies.
 Dramatic-tenor – similar to dramatic-soprano, this voice is heavier than the lyric
tenor, and could convey intense emotions in dramatic situations.
 Baritone – is between tenor and bass
 Bass – the lowest and deepest in quality

The Instrumental Media

Musical instruments are mechanisms which are able to generate musical

vibrations and wafts them into the air. The various musical instruments are the means by
which the composer communicates to the listener, they are mediums of expression. They
are mediums of expression.
An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics or vocals.
With origins in tribal music, instrumental music is now associated with recorded music.
Also known as „minus one,‟ „hybrids,‟ and „score.‟ Instrumental medium pertains to the
different instruments played by musicians.
Basically, there are three types of musical instruments – those which are bowed,
those which are blown and those which are struck.

1. Those which are bowed or plucked are the string instruments.

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 String instruments are musical instruments that produce sound from
vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification, they are called
chordophones. Two classifications are bowed and plucked. Bowing – method
used in some string instruments, including the violin, viola, cello, and the double
bass. The bow consists of a stick with many hairs stretched between its ends and
causes a stick-slip phenomenon that makes the string vibrate. Plucking – method
used in playing string instruments, such as the banjo, ukulele, guitar, harp, lute,
using a finger or a plastic plectrum (pl. plectra) to pluck the strings.

2. Those which are blown are grouped into:

a. the brass instruments-usually made of brass
b. the woodwinds originally made of wood

Wind instruments are musical instruments that contain a resonator

(usually tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing
into a mouthpiece. Two classifications are brass and woodwind. Woodwind
instruments change their pitch by changing where the air escapes. They use a
wooden reed to form the mouthpiece. Brass instruments change their pitch by
changing the length of the tubing which the air passes through. They do not
having any moving parts that vibrate to produce the sound, and they are also
called labrosones, meaning “lip-vibrated instruments.”

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 Those which are made of metals and are usually blown like the flute and
the piccolo.

3. Instruments which are struck are called percussion instruments.

Percussion instruments are musical instruments sounded by being struck
or beaten.  Two classifications are pitched percussion and unpitched percussion. 
Pitched percussion have definite pitch, such as xylophones and glockenspiels,
while unpitched percussion have indeterminate pitch and maintained rhythm,
such as cymbals and maracas. Most drums, or membranophones belong under the
pitched category. 


4. The Keyboard Instrument

Keyboard instruments are musical instruments played using a keyboard.

Keyboard instruments have categories that fall under with the Hornbostel-Sachs
classification: Chordophones, Aerophones, Idiophones, an d Electrophones.

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 The Ensemble Medium

Ensemble music is produced when two or more performers equally sing or play a
piece of music. This is called ensemble medium. Instrumental ensemble exist in
countless combinations.
1. The orchestra – This is the most significant of the ensembles which can be composed
of any group of instrumental performers and is usually under the direction of a
conductor. The orchestra varies in size – it may be small group or an ensemble composed
of a hundred or more players. Two thirds of orchestra players in large orchestras are
string players and one third are wind players. The percussion instruments are handled by
three to five players.
2. The symphony orchestra – This is a large ensemble wherein all the types of principal
instruments are included: 100 players compose the modern symphony orchestra,
although this number vary in accordance with the kind of music being played. Four
sections are formed according to four instrumental groups: the strings, the woodwind, the
brass and the percussion. At least one instrument in each of these sectors fall into each of
the four basic ranges – soprano, alto, tenor and bass.
3. Concerto – In this ensemble, one solo instrument (violin, piano, etc.) is given a
dominant role in music.
4. Band – An instrumental ensemble, large like the orchestra but is exclusively composed
of wind and percussion instruments. This is usually associated with games, funerals,
parades, etc. or events held outdoors. It is also used as a concert ensemble.
5. Rondalla – This is the most popular instrumental group. It is a band composed largely
of stringed instruments; the banduria which play the lead part and the melody, the laud
and the octavina which carry the alto and contrapuntal parts, the piccolo, tuned above the
banduria which is assigned to ornamental passages, the guitar and the bajo which lend
solidarity to the rhythm and support to the harmonity.
6. Chamber orchestra – This term applies to small instrumental ensembles. There are
only few performers for a certain musical part. Chamber ensembles are those made up of
2 to 8 or 9 instruments with one player to each part. Among the most common chamber
music ensembles are the following:
6.1 Solo sonata – a solo instrument for which a music piece is written with an
accompaniment in the piano.
6.2 String quartet – consists of 2 violins, a viola and a cello. A piano quartet is
forms when a piano replaces one of the four instruments.
6.3 Duos, Trios, Quintets, etc. – Two instruments have equal importance in a duo,
for three instruments – trio, for five – quintet, etc. These ensembles may consist of any
combination of instruments, including string, woodwinds, brass, keyboard and
percussion and when played in church is termed as church ensemble.
6.4 Special ensembles – Composers of music look for new mediums as music
develops to suit their changing musical ideas. The trend was the development of
electronics in recent years. Electronic instruments, many composers feel, are more
versatile than the traditional instruments and more capable of achieving the sounds they
want.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 59

 ASSESSMENT

IDENTIFICATION

A. Identify which type of musical instruments they belong.

Instrument Type
1. Piano
2. Clarinet
3. Viola
4. Cymbals
5. Trumpet
6. Guitar
7. Accordion
8. Xylophone
9. Flute
10. Harp

B. Identify what is being described in the following.

1. medium or expression of musical composers
2. high register female voice
3. this voice is low and qualitatively rich
4. the most popular instrumental group
5. Oldest of all musical instrument
6. produce sound from vibrating strings
7. the lowest and deepest in quality
8. musical instruments played using a keyboard
9. sings less ornamented music, is less high and flute like
10. produced when two or more performers equally sing or play a piece
of music.
11. Combination of vocal instrumental music
12. musical composition or recording without lyrics or vocals
13. small instrumental ensembles
14. musical instruments sounded by being struck or beaten
15. medium register female voice
16. Most natural form of music
17. one solo instrument (violin, piano, etc.) is given a dominant role in
music.
18. musical instruments that contain a resonator
19. similar to dramatic-soprano
20. High register male voice

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 60

 INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Identify at least one Filipino singer along each of the six classes of
vocal register. Give also one of his/her song that corresponds to the vocal
register.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 61

 LESSON 3

KINDS OF MUSIC

Kinds of Music

1. Program Music

This kind of music is connected with elements of a story or poem. Unlike absolute
or pure music, program music is abundant with literary or pictorial connotations. It is
generally classified into three as follows:
 Imitative – music copies the actual sound of the subject, as in the imitation of
animals which during that time, was very popular.
 Descriptive program music pictures and event or scene. Program music
composers have thought that no matter how descriptive music may be, it must
exist in terms of music, that is, the story interest should not take the place of
musical interest.
 Narrative music intends to tell a story or represent a series of related events.

2. Folk Music

Folk music is the traditional and spontaneous music of a people, race, nation or
region. It has passed down orally form one generation to another and is generally not a
composer’s work. We have a treasury of songs in folk music that reflect all phases of life
in love songs, work songs, patriotic songs, drinking songs, narrative songs, dance songs,
etc.

3. Art Song

Art song is usually composed with a piano accompaniment and is often

sophisticated. Unlike folk songs, an art song is the work of a composer who is trained in
music. The poetic structure of an art song, determine its musical form. Folk songs and art
songs differ from each other in dynamics, general expression and tempo.

4. Jazz Music

Melody are rhythm blend harmoniously in jazz music. Much of jazz music is
improvised, that is; made by the playing musician, it is not written down like classical
music. Much was borrowed by jazz music from work songs, religious and folk songs and
songs with sad words or “blues” and the instruments use tones and infections that imitate
the human voice.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 62

 5. Classical Music

Musical compositions of enduring excellence, felt to be of first significance before

modern times are called classical music. In the Philippines, among the noted Filipino
classical music composers are Buencamino, Santiago and Silos. Classical compositions
such as Madaling Araw, Nasaan ka Irog, and Hatinggabi are typical examples of this
kind of music.

6. The Opera

This is a musical drama, which for many years, has been one of the most attractive
forms of entertainment. It is a wonderful combination of vocal and instrumental music,
ensembles, soloists, chorus, ballet, orchestra, scenery, pantomime and acting. Familiarity
with music and its various forms, the dramatic plot of the story and actually seeing the
costumes, the scenery and actions in an opera are essential in order to appreciate it.

ASSESSMENT

MATCHING TYPE

Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer.

Column A
1. composed with a piano accompaniment and is often sophisticated
2. traditional and spontaneous music of a people, race, nation or region
3. musical compositions of enduring excellence, felt to be of first significance
before modern times
4. connected with elements of a story or poem
5. a musical drama
6. music copies the actual sound of the subject, as in the imitation of animals
7. rhythm blend harmoniously in jazz music
8. tell a story or represent a series of related events
9. improvised, that is; made by the playing musician, it is not written down like
classical music
10. pictures and event or scene

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 63

 Column B

a. Classical Music
b. Jazz Music
c. Program music
d. Opera
e. Art song
f. Folk music
g. Imitative music
h. Descriptive music
i. Narrative music
j. Melody

LEARNING ACTIVITY

From the poem you created in module 3,

apply melody or tune choosing from the kinds of music.
Record it.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 64

 MODULE 5
DANCE: THE ART OF MOVEMENT

DANCE: THE ART OF MOVEMENT

It demonstrates rhythm and succession in movement of the body accompanied by

music to narrate a story, to set a mood or to express an emotion. It refers to movement set
to music where organization, structure and patterns merge. Dancing came from an old
German word “danson” which means “to stretch.” It is a means of expressing one’s
emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm. It is measured motion of flow,
characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features as beats, sounds or
accents.

People dance because of various purposes such as worship, courtship, joy and
happy, magical powers, fun and entertainment, relief to life’s monotony, art and
communication.

Bayanihan Performance: Sayaw sa Bangko

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 65

 LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a. Know the history of dance

b. Identify the elements of dance
c. Describe the types of dance
d. Determine the components of dance

LESSON 1

HISTORY AND ELEMENTS OF DANCE

Dance follows the way of life of man, from the primitive to the social systems.

 In the earlier times, the priest are the performers, while the worshippers watched.
 The ancient Egyptians were the most notable for their dances. The theme of their
dances pertains to the stars and the rhythm of the universe called ASTRAL
BALLETS
 In Greece, they had dances for narrating stories, dances for religious events, and a
dance specifically for soldiers, the PYRRHIC DANCES
 Greek influence in Roman civilization brought the continuation of the traditional
dance forms with innovations from the golden age such as pantomime
 The advent of Christianity beget a long gap in the progress of dance because
church fathers believed that church dance will cause jeopardy to the spread of
Christianity as dances came from pagans worshiping their Gods and such will
retain pagan memories to those who had just been baptized.
 Renaissance time produced a sense of novelty and creativity

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 66

 Elements of Dance

1. THEME - considered as the main ingredient and one of the most important elements
of dance

2. DESIGN - is planned organization or pattern of movement in time and space

Rhythm = pattern of movement in time
Floor pattern = pattern of movement in space

3. DYNAMICS - is an organized pattern created by the action of the dancers as they use
their body to express themselves.

4. STEPS - include leaps, turns and runs

5. GESTURES - communicate specific emotions or ideas in sign language

6. TECHNIQUE - a skill in executing movement of the dancer that has complete control
of the muscles of his body

7. MUSIC - used to accompany the dance that motivates the movement of the dancers

8. COSTUMES AND PROPERTIES - contributes to the visual elements of dance

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 67

 ASSESSMENT

ARRANGE ME!

Arrange the jumbled letters to form the word that is being described.

1. AIECNANESR is the time that produced a sense of novelty and

creativity.
2. MADNCYS is an organized pattern created by the action of the
dancers as they use their body to express themselves
3. SEMSOCUT contributes to the visual elements of dance
4. TALASR ATLSBLE is the theme of ancient Egyptians dances that
pertains to the stars and the rhythm of the universe
5. MTEEH considered as the main ingredient and one of the most
important elements of dance
6. PSTES include leaps, turns and runs
7. QEIUNETHC a skill in executing movement of the dancer that has
complete control of the muscles of his body
8. RCPRIYH AENDC dance specifically for soldiers
9. GEINSD is planned organization or pattern of movement in time
and space
10. SCUMI used to accompany the dance that motivates the
movement of the dancers
11. TIPERS are performers in the earlier times
12. TMYRHH pattern of movement in time
13. SSEERTG communicate specific emotions or ideas in sign
language
14. KGEER influence in Roman civilization brought the continuation
of the traditional dance forms with innovations from the golden age such as pantomime
15. OLOFR pattern of movement in space

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 68

 LESSON 2

TYPES AND COMPONENTS OF DANCE

TYPE OF DANCE

1. RITUAL DANCE - A primitive dance performed by the ancient man for spiritual or
sacred veneration.

Mandadawak – Ritual Dance/War Dance/Manalisig

2. ETHNOLOGICAL DANCE - A native dance by specific race or ethnic group. Native

distinct qualities:

a. It is associated with national or cultural groups and is related to rituals and

mythological materials

b. It is traditional and its material and style are associated to religious rites, designed as
hymns to praise deities, bring good fortune, peace and victory in war.

Igorot Dance – Dance of the Cordillera Mountains

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 69

 3. FOLKDANCE - A form of social dancing developed concurrently among the people
of a region, passed on to generation to generation following a basic pattern.

Binasuan – Philippines: Dancing with Wine Glasses in Hand

4. SOCIAL DANCE - A popular type of dance with examples as waltz, fox strut, swing
and the old loved forms: cha-cha, boogie and tango as well as the latest rock dances.

Social Ballroom Dance

5. THEATRICAL DANCE - A classical dance performed specifically for entertainment.

It include ballet, modern dance, comedy dance and tap dance.

BALLET

It is a formalized type of dance which ha its

origin in the royal courts of the Middle Ages. A
series of solo and concerted dances in which
poses and steps are combines with light flowing
figures, accompanied by music and scenic
accessories expressive of a dramatic story, theme
or atmosphere.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 70

 MODERN DANCE

It is a dance characterized as natural and

free. It does not stick to conventions, and has
varied styles of movements usually based on
the current trend. Sometimes called
contemporary or interpretative dance.

Philippines Largest Zumba Class

Components of the Dance

1. The Dancer

It is through the body of the dancer that the art of dancing is portrayed, and the
physical, emotional and natural characteristics of the dancer determine the quality and
nature of the dance. The way in which dancers performs depends greatly on the land of
their origin, the dance styles, the national dress, even the climate.

2. The choreographer

He is the arranger of dances, either for a soloist or for a group and is the most
important figure in dance history. He has a creative mind that invents the order and
combination of steps, the pattern of group dances, the communication of narrative
through dance and extension of dance techniques by using familiar actions in new and
more complex ways.

3. Accompaniment to the Dance

Dance can be accompanied by all kinds of sound. On the other hand, it may need
no sound for the dancer who is blessed with conscious rhythm and can perform highly
complex and stylish movements in silence. It is reasonable to believe that the first
accompaniment were stamping, clapping and chanting and then, possibly drumming.

4. Theatrical effects

Where dance is spectacle, every device of costume, make-up and theatrical effect
can be used. Today, choreographers use every kind of lighting and mixed media in their
production. They use film projections. Passage of time in years can be suggested by
aging the characters, lighting can indicate different times of the day.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 71

 ASSESSMENT

I. Essay

1. Discuss the following:

a. The art of dancing is an essential element in creating a sound mind in a sound
body.
b. Dancing is a social grace.
c. Dance techniques are based mostly on footwork

2. What are the importance of the following dance components:

a. dancer
b. choreographer
c. dance accompaniment
d. theatrical effects

II. Identification
1. A popular type of dance with examples as waltz, fox strut, swing
and the old loved forms: cha-cha, boogie and tango as well as the latest rock dances.
2. The art of dancing is portrayed, and the physical, emotional and
natural characteristics of the dancer determine the quality and nature of the dance
3. It is a formalized type of dance which ha its origin in the
royal courts of the Middle Ages
4. A native dance by specific race or ethnic group. Native distinct
qualities:
5. These are device of costume, make-up and theatrical effect can be
used. Today
6. A form of social dancing developed concurrently among the
people of a region, passed on to generation to generation following a basic pattern.
7. It is a dance characterized as natural and free.
8. He is the arranger of dances, either for a soloist or for a group and
is the most important figure in dance history.
9. A classical dance performed specifically for entertainment. It
include ballet, modern dance, comedy dance and tap dance.
10. Dance can be accompanied by all kinds of sound

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 72

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

1. Create a Tik-tok account. Make at least

3 dance covers.

2. Make a scrapbook on the type of dances. At least

two example each preferably Philippine dances.

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 73

 REFERENCES

Estolas, Josefina V., et. Al. Introduction to Humanities: Arts for Fine Living. National
Bookstore, 2010. Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg. Mandaluyong City
De Bogart, Doris Van, Introduction to the Humanities: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture,
Music and Literature. National Bookstore. Philippine Copyright, 1970 by Barnes and
Noble Inc.
Bascara, Linda R., t. al. Philippine Literature. Rex Bookstore Nicanor Reyes Street,
Manila Philippines
Saymo, Apolinario, et.al. Philippine Literature. Trinitas Publishing Inc. Trinitas
Complex, Pantoc Road, Pantoc Meycauayan Bulaca

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My heartfelt gratitude to the following:

Evaluator: Dr. Annabelle Francisco

Facilitator: Mr. Charlie Dasalla
Contributor: Mr. Angelito Valle
Mrs. Estelita Viloria
Mr. Daniel Dela Cruz

ARTS APPRECIATION. MARITES M. RUIZ, Ph.D. PAGE 74