CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1Problem statement :
Basically bird identification is done visually or acoustically. The main visual
components comprise of bird’s shape, its wings, size, pose, color, etc. However, while
considering the parameters time of year must be taken into consideration because
bird’s wings changes according to their growth. The acoustics components comprise
the songs and call that birds make [7]. The marks that distinguish one bird from
another are also useful, such as breast spots, wing bars which are described as thin
lines along the wings, eye rings, crowns, eyebrows. The shape of the beak is often an
important aspect as a bird can recognized uniquely.
Motivation:
BIRD behavior and population trends have become an important issue now a days.
Birds help us to detect other organisms in the environment (e.g. insects they feed on)
easily as they respond quickly to the environmental changes [2]. But, gathering and
collecting information about birds requires huge human effort as well as becomes a
very costlier method. In such case, a reliable system that will provide large scale
processing of information about birds and will serve as a valuable tool for researchers,
governmental agencies, etc. is required...
1.2Objective:
Bird species identification means predicting the bird species belongs to which
category by using an image. The identification can be done through image, audio or
video. An audio processing technique makes it possible to identify by capturing the
audio signal of birds. But, due to the mixed sounds in environment such as insects,
objects from real world, etc. processing of such information becomes more
complicated. Usually, human beings find images more effective than audios or videos.
1.3.1 Proposed System:
In this paper author is describing concept to identify species of birds by using python
TENSORFLOW and Deep Learning algorithm. Earlier technique were using birds
voice or videos to predict it species but this technique will not give accurate result as
audio may contains background or other animal voices. So images can be best option
to identify species of birds.
To implement this technique we need to train all birds species and generate a model

1
and then by uploading any image deep learning algorithm will convert uploaded
image into gray scale format and apply that image on train model to predict best
match species name for uploaded image.
Advantages
To train bird species we are using ‘Caltech-UCSD Birds 200(CUB-200-2011)’ dataset
which contains 200 species or categories of birds. Model will be built using that
dataset and tensor flow deep learning algorithm.
So the main aim of this project is to identify species of birds.

2
 CHAPTER 2

TECHNOLOGIES LEARNT
What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the
language, makes them readable all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be
used for the following –
 Machine Learning

 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )

 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes
like regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers,
threading, databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have
to write the complete code for that manually.

3
2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write
some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in
projects.
3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your

Python code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us
add scripting capabilities to our code in the other language.
4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more

productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write
less and get more things done.
5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future
bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real
world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But
in Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand,
and code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to
other more verbose languages like Java.
7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading
English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also
does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This
further aids the readability of the code.
8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming

paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us

4
model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into
one.
9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and
even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you
with your tasks.
10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some
changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with
Python. Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is
called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful
enough not to include any system-dependent features.
11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed
one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is
done in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you
don’t have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the
reason that many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can

leverage the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and
widely used so it gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in
the most popular programming language category.

5
3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows.
Programmers need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you
can professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning,
automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It
is an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it,
you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of
choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is
interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless
speed is a focal point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a
requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed
limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that
secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to
declare the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait,
what’s that? Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While
this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

6
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access
layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge
enterprises.
5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my
example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple
that the verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming
Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common?
Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's
clear that the programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose
programming language and programming environment, which had been developed in
the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica). The
greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of Python. Python was
conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at
the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill
Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer
on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica
(CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to
mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that
project and to the people who worked on it." Later on in the same Interview, Guido
van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration
with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some
of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a
simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own
version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used

7
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and
developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we
call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -
Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often
categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can
often be misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from
research in this context, but in the data science application of machine learning
methods, it's more helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models
of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help

understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be
considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to
previously seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly
observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the
extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the
"learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with
some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main
types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured

features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is
determined, it can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further
subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels
are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We
will see examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

8
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference
to any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These
models include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering
algorithms identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms
search for more succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both
types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is
still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects.
Then the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable
reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from
data to perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-
driven decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-
driven decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that
cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human
intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with
efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with

cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way
to go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of
challenges. The challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data
preprocessing and feature extraction.

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 Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption
of time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage,

availability of expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective

and well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because
this technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it

cannot be represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features

of data points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to

be deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to

researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-
world complex problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach.
Following are some real-world applications of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

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 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as

a “Field of study that gives computers the capability to learn without being
explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine
Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According
to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth
and an average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to
start learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also
the path you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning
Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely
talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps
according to your needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate
Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t
need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic
understanding.

11
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist.
If you are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be
that heavily focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if
you want to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and
Multivariate Calculus is very important as you will have to implement many ML
algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an
ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that
handles the collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you
need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian
Thinking is also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like
Conditional Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and
learn them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely
cannot skip is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine
Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In
fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using
various online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on
GeeksforGeeks.

12
 Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning
ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the
more complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying

some machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of
numeric features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors
are fed as input to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be
features like color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our
model. For the fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set
of input would be the name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected
outputs(labels), so after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then
map new data to one of the categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it
will provide a predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with

labeled data using classification and regression models. This learning process
continues until the required level of performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then
finding the underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the
data itself using factor and cluster analysis models.

13
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and
error. So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current
state and that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and
patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce
website like Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase
histories of its users to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant
to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it
means giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also
improve the algorithms on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus
softwares; they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at
recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency.

This lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model.
As the amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more
accurate predictions faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional
and multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where
it does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience

14
to customers while also targeting the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must
wait for new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their
purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive
resources to function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for
you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train
an algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased
predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements
being displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of
errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed,
it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to
correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at
alt.sources in February 1991. This release included already exception handling,
functions, and the core data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object
oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in
this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce,

15
 which Guido Van Rossum never liked. Six and a half years later in October 2000,
Python 2.0 was introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage
collector and it was supporting unicode. Python flourished for another 8 years in the
versions 2.x before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python
3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards compatible with Python
2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming
constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of
the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to
do it." Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a
heterogeneous list cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be
comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be
used to have the "old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal
layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and
different intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant
whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative,
functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

16
 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not
need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious
repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric,
but it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or
understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development,
the ease with which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills
and the huge standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools
have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later
been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable

programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research
and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-

performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains

various features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

17
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-
dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using
Numpy which allows Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety
of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data

manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly
used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data
analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical
steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load,
prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range
of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics,
Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures

in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms.
Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells,
the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user interface
toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can
generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc.,
with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail
gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface,

particularly when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control
of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or
via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via

a consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD
license and is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and

18
 commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant
whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It

supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative,
functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious
repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric,
but it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or
understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development,
the ease with which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills
and the huge standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools
have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later
been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your

computer devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a
very popular high-level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes
code readability with its notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

19
There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is
how to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start
learning Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version
of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7
device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how
to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand
better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google
Chrome or any other web browser. OR Click on the following
link: https://www.python.org

20
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in
Yellow Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective
to their version. Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for
windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

21
 To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or
Windows x86 web-based installer.
 To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three
options: Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer
or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.

Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding
which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with
the second part in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the
Release Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.

22
Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add
Python 3.7 to PATH.

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on

Close.

23
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and
correctly installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”

24
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and
press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must
first uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one. 

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”

25
Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on
File > Click on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here
I have named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print (“Hey World”) and Press Enter.

26
 You will see that the command given is launched. With this, we end our tutorial on how
to install Python. You have learned how to download python for windows into your
respective operating system.
Note: Unlike Java, Python doesn’t need semicolons at the end of the statements
otherwise it won’t work. 
This stack that includes:

 world.

Django – Design Philosophies

Django comes with the following design philosophies −

 Loosely Coupled − Django aims to make each element of its stack

independent of the others.
 Less Coding − Less code so in turn a quick development.
 Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) − Everything should be developed only in
exactly one place instead of repeating it again and again.
 Fast Development − Django's philosophy is to do all it can to facilitate hyper-
fast development.
 Clean Design − Django strictly maintains a clean design throughout its own
code and makes it easy to follow best web-development practices.

27
 Advantages of Django

Here are few advantages of using Django which can be listed out here −

 Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) Support − Django provides a bridge

between the data model and the database engine, and supports a large set of database
systems including MySQL, Oracle, Postgres, etc. Django also supports NoSQL
database through Django-nonrel fork. For now, the only NoSQL databases supported
are MongoDB and google app engine.
 Multilingual Support − Django supports multilingual websites through its
built-in internationalization system. So you can develop your website, which would
support multiple languages.
 Framework Support − Django has built-in support for Ajax, RSS, Caching
and various other frameworks.
 Administration GUI − Django provides a nice ready-to-use user interface for
administrative activities.
 Development Environment − Django comes with a lightweight web server
to facilitate end-to-end application development and testing.

As you already know, Django is a Python web framework. And like most modern
framework, Django supports the MVC pattern. First let's see what is the Model-View-
Controller (MVC) pattern, and then we will look at Django’s specificity for the
Model-View-Template (MVT) pattern.

MVC Pattern

When talking about applications that provides UI (web or desktop), we usually talk
about MVC architecture. And as the name suggests, MVC pattern is based on three
components: Model, View, and Controller. Check our MVC tutorial here to know
more.

Django MVC – MVT Pattern

The Model-View-Template (MVT) is slightly different from MVC. In fact the main
difference between the two patterns is that Django itself takes care of the Controller
part (Software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and View),
leaving us with the template. The template is a HTML file mixed with Django
Template Language (DTL).

28
The following diagram illustrates how each of the components of the MVT pattern
interacts with each other to serve a user request −

Fig 2.2: Django MVC – MVT Pattern

The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a
URL and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.

Jupyter Notebook

The Jupyter Notebook is an open source web application that you can use to create
and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and text.
Jupyter Notebook is maintained by the people at Project Jupyter.

Jupyter Notebooks are a spin-off project from the IPython project, which used to have
an IPython Notebook project itself. The name, Jupyter, comes from the core
supported programming languages that it supports: Julia, Python, and R. Jupyter ships
with the IPython kernel, which allows you to write your programs in Python, but
there are currently over 100 other kernels that you can also use.

Anaconda :-

What is Anaconda Python?

29
 Together with a list of Python packages, tools like editors, Python distributions
include the Python interpreter. Anaconda is one of several Python distributions.
Anaconda is a new distribution of the Python and R data science package. It
was formerly known as Continuum Analytics. Anaconda has more than 100
new packages.

This work environment, Anaconda is used for scientific computing,  data

science, statistical analysis, and machine learning. The latest version of
Anaconda 5.0.1 is released in October 2017.

The released version 5.0.1 addresses some minor bugs and adds useful features,
such as updated R language support. All of these features weren’t available in
the original 5.0.0 release.

This package manager is also an environment manager, a Python distribution,

and a collection of open source packages and contains more than 1000 R
and Python Data Science Packages.

Why Anaconda for Python?

There’s no big reason to switch to Anaconda if you are completely happy with
you regular python. But some people like data scientists who are not full-time
developers, find anaconda much useful as it simplifies a lot of common
problems a beginner runs into.

Anaconda can help with –

 Installing Python on multiple platforms

 Separating out different environments
 Dealing with not having correct privileges and
 Getting up and running with specific packages and libraries

How to Download Anaconda 5.0.1?

30
31
 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 System Architecture

3.2 Module description

Random forest:
Random Forest is the go to machine learning algorithm that uses a bagging approach
to create a bunch of decision trees with random subset of the data. A model is trained
several times on random sample of the dataset to achieve good prediction
performance from the random forest algorithm. In this ensemble learning method, the
output of all the decision trees in the random forest, is combined to make the final
prediction. The final prediction of the random forest algorithm is derived by polling
the results of each decision tree or just by going with a prediction that appears the
most times in the decision trees.
For instance, in the above example - if 5 friends decide that you will like restaurant R
but only 2 friends decide that you will not like the restaurant then the final prediction
is that, you will like restaurant R as majority always wins.

32
K – nearest neighbor:

K-nearest neighbor’s algorithm (k-NN) is a non parametric method used

for classification and regression In both cases, the input consists of the k closest
training examples in the feature space. The output depends on whether k-NN is used
for classification or regression:

 In k-NN classification, the output is a class membership. An object is

classified by a plurality vote of its neighbors, with the object being
assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors (k is a
positive integer, typically small). If k = 1, then the object is simply
assigned to the class of that single nearest neighbor.

 In k-NN regression, the output is the property value for the object. This
value is the average of the values of k nearest neighbors.

K-NN is a type of instant-based learning, or lazy learning, where the function

is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until
classification.

Both for classification and regression, a useful technique can be to assign

weights to the contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer neighbors
contribute more to the average than the more distant ones. For example, a
common weighting scheme consists in giving each neighbor a weight of 1/d,
where d is the distance to the neighbor

The neighbors are taken from a set of objects for which the class (for k-NN
classification) or the object property value (for k-NN regression) is known.
This can be thought of as the training set for the algorithm, though no explicit
training step is required.

A peculiarity of the k-NN algorithm is that it is sensitive to the local structure

of the data.

Bagging classifier:

33
A Bagging classifier is an ensemble meta-estimator that fits base classifiers each on
random subsets of the original dataset and then aggregate their individual predictions
(either by voting or by averaging) to form a final prediction. Such a meta-estimator
can typically be used as a way to reduce the variance of a black-box estimator (e.g., a
decision tree), by introducing randomization into its construction procedure and then
making an ensemble out of it.
Each base classifier is trained in parallel with a training set which is generated by
randomly drawing, with replacement, N examples (or data) from the original training
dataset – where N is the size of the original training set. Training set for each of the
base classifiers is independent of each other. Many of the original data may be
repeated in the resulting training set while others may be left out.
Bagging reduces over fitting (variance) by averaging or voting, however, this leads to
an increase in bias, which is compensated by the reduction in variance though.

AdaBoost:

Adaptive boosting is a machine learning meat algorithm formulated. It can be used in

conjunction with many other types of learning algorithms to improve performance.
The output of the other learning algorithms ('weak learners') is combined into a
weighted sum that represents the final output of the boosted classifier. AdaBoost is
adaptive in the sense that subsequent weak learners are tweaked in favor of those
instances misclassified by previous classifiers. AdaBoost is sensitive to noisy data
and outliers. In some problems it can be less susceptible to the over fitting problem
than other learning algorithms. The individual learners can be weak, but as long as the
performance of each one is slightly better than random guessing, the final model can
be proven to converge to a strong learner.

Every learning algorithm tends to suit some problem types better than others, and
typically has many different parameters and configurations to adjust before it achieves
optimal performance on a dataset, AdaBoost is often referred to as the best out-of-
the-box classifier.[2] When used with decision tree learning, information gathered at
each stage of the AdaBoost algorithm about the relative 'hardness' of each training
sample is fed into the tree growing algorithm such that later trees tend to focus on
harder-to-classify examples.

34
Multilayer perceptron (MLP):

A multilayer perceptron(MLP) is a class of feed forward artificial neural

network (ANN). The term MLP is used ambiguously, sometimes loosely to refer
to any feed forward ANN, sometimes strictly to refer to networks composed of
multiple layers of perceptrons (with threshold activation); see § Terminology.
Multilayer perceptrons are sometimes colloquially referred to as "vanilla" neural
networks, especially when they have a single hidden layer.

An MLP consists of at least three layers of nodes: an input layer, a hidden layer and
an output layer. Except for the input nodes, each node is a neuron that uses a
nonlinear activation function. MLP utilizes a supervised learning technique
called back propagation for training. Its multiple layers and non-linear activation
distinguish MLP from a linear perceptron. It can distinguish data that is not linearly
separable.

Artificial neuron network (ANN):

An artificial neuron network (ANN) is a computational model based on the structure
and functions of biological neural networks. Information that flows through the
network affects the structure of the ANN because a neural network changes - or
learns, in a sense - based on that input and output.

ANNs are considered nonlinear statistical data modelling tools where the complex
relationships between inputs and outputs are modelled or patterns are found.

ANN is also known as a neural network.

An ANN has several advantages but one of the most recognized of these is the fact
that it can actually learn from observing data sets. In this way, ANN is used as a
random function approximation tool. These types of tools help estimate the most cost-
effective and ideal methods for arriving at solutions while defining computing
functions or distributions. ANN takes data samples rather than entire data sets to
arrive at solutions, which saves both time and money. ANNs are considered fairly

35
 simple mathematical models to enhance existing data analysis technologies.

ANNs have three layers that are interconnected. The first layer consists of input
neurons. Those neurons send data on to the second layer, which in turn sends the
output neurons to the third layer.

Training an artificial neural network involves choosing from allowed models for
which there are several associated algorithms.

3.3System Specification

3.3.1 Software Requirements

Functional requirements for a secure cloud storage service are straightforward:

1. The service should be able to store the user’s data;

2. The data should be accessible through any devices connected to the Internet;

3. The service should be capable to synchronize the user’s data between multiple
devices (notebooks, smart phones, etc.);
4. The service should preserve all historical changes (versioning);

5. Data should be shareable with other users;

6. The service should support SSO; and

7. The service should be interoperable with other cloud storage services, enabling
data migration from one CSP to another.
• Operating System: Windows

• Coding Language: Python 3.7

• Script:

• Database :

3.3.2 Hardware Requirements:

36
 • Processor - Pentium –III

• Speed – 2.4 GHz

• RAM - 512 MB (min)

• Hard Disk - 20 GB

• Floppy Drive - 1.44 MB

• Key Board - Standard Keyboard

• Monitor – 15 VGA Colour

Cloud computing has three fundamental models, these are:

3.4 Detailed Design

UML is an acronym that stands for Unified Modeling Language. Simply put, UML
is a modern approach to modeling and documenting software. In fact, it’s one of the
most popular business process modeling techniques.

It is based on diagrammatic representations of software components. As the old

proverb says: “a picture is worth a thousand words”. By using visual representations,
we are able to better understand possible flaws or errors in software or business
processes.

UML was created as a result of the chaos revolving around software development and
documentation. In the 1990s, there were several different ways to represent and
document software systems. The need arose for a more unified way to visually
represent those systems and as a result, in 1994-1996, the UML was developed by
three software engineers working at Rational Software. It was later adopted as the
standard in 1997 and has remained the standard ever since, receiving only a few
updates.

GOALS:

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can

37
 develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.

3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.

4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.

5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.

6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks,

patterns and components.
7 Integrate best practices.

i. USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of

behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to
present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of
actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use
cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions are
performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.

upload image

Run DCNN Algorithm

User

View Identified Species

View Score card

38
ii. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a
construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called
event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

user Database

upload image

Run DCNN Algorithm

View Identified species

View Score card

iii. CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is

a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing
the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships
among the classes. It explains which class contains information.
 user

Choose image()
Upload Image()
Run DCNN Algorithm()
view identified species()
View Score card()

Database

Data Flow diagram :-

Data flow diagrams are used to graphically represent the flow of data in a business
information system. DFD describes the processes that are involved in a system to
transfer data from the input to the file storage and reports generation.
Data flow diagrams can be divided into logical and physical. The logical data flow
diagram describes flow of data through a system to perform certain functionality of
a business. The physical data flow diagram describes the implementation of the
logical data flow..

DFD graphically representing the functions, or processes, which capture,

manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system and its environment and
between components of a system. The visual representation makes it a good
communication tool between User and System designer. Structure of DFD allows
starting from a broad overview and expand it to a hierarchy of detailed diagrams.
DFD has often been used due to the following reasons:
 CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import collections
from datetime import datetime
import hashlib
import os.path
import random
import re
import sys
import tarfile

import numpy as np
from six.moves import urllib
import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.python.framework import graph_util

from tensorflow.python.framework import tensor_shape
from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile
from tensorflow.python.util import compat
FLAGS = None
MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS = 2 ** 27 - 1 # ~134M

def create_image_lists(image_dir, testing_percentage, validation_percentage):

if not gfile.Exists(image_dir):
tf.logging.error("Image directory '" + image_dir + "' not found.")
return None
result = collections.OrderedDict()
sub_dirs = [
os.path.join(image_dir,item)
for item in gfile.ListDirectory(image_dir)]
sub_dirs = sorted(item for item in sub_dirs
if gfile.IsDirectory(item))
for sub_dir in sub_dirs:
extensions = ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'JPG', 'JPEG']
file_list = []
dir_name = os.path.basename(sub_dir)
if dir_name == image_dir:
continue
tf.logging.info("Looking for images in '" + dir_name + "'")
for extension in extensions:
file_glob = os.path.join(image_dir, dir_name, '*.' + extension)
file_list.extend(gfile.Glob(file_glob))
if not file_list:
tf.logging.warning('No files found')
continue
if len(file_list) < 20:
tf.logging.warning(
'WARNING: Folder has less than 20 images, which may cause issues.')
elif len(file_list) > MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS:
tf.logging.warning(
'WARNING: Folder {} has more than {} images. Some images will '
 'never be selected.'.format(dir_name, MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS))
label_name = re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]+', ' ', dir_name.lower())
training_images = []
testing_images = []
validation_images = []
for file_name in file_list:
base_name = os.path.basename(file_name)
hash_name = re.sub(r'_nohash_.*$', '', file_name)
hash_name_hashed = hashlib.sha1(compat.as_bytes(hash_name)).hexdigest()
percentage_hash = ((int(hash_name_hashed, 16) %
(MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS + 1)) *
(100.0 / MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS))
if percentage_hash < validation_percentage:
validation_images.append(base_name)
elif percentage_hash < (testing_percentage + validation_percentage):
testing_images.append(base_name)
else:
training_images.append(base_name)
result[label_name] = {
'dir': dir_name,
'training': training_images,
'testing': testing_images,
'validation': validation_images,
}
return result

def get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, index, image_dir, category):

if label_name not in image_lists:
tf.logging.fatal('Label does not exist %s.', label_name)
label_lists = image_lists[label_name]
if category not in label_lists:
tf.logging.fatal('Category does not exist %s.', category)
category_list = label_lists[category]
 if not category_list:
tf.logging.fatal('Label %s has no images in the category %s.',
label_name, category)
mod_index = index % len(category_list)
base_name = category_list[mod_index]
sub_dir = label_lists['dir']
full_path = os.path.join(image_dir, sub_dir, base_name)
return full_path

def get_bottleneck_path(image_lists, label_name, index, bottleneck_dir,

category, architecture):
return get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, index, bottleneck_dir,
category) + '_' + architecture + '.txt'

def create_model_graph(model_info):
with tf.Graph().as_default() as graph:
model_path = os.path.join(FLAGS.model_dir, model_info['model_file_name'])
with gfile.FastGFile(model_path, 'rb') as f:
graph_def = tf.GraphDef()
graph_def.ParseFromString(f.read())
bottleneck_tensor, resized_input_tensor = (tf.import_graph_def(
graph_def,
name='',
return_elements=[
model_info['bottleneck_tensor_name'],
model_info['resized_input_tensor_name'],
]))
return graph, bottleneck_tensor, resized_input_tensor

def run_bottleneck_on_image(sess, image_data, image_data_tensor,

decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
 bottleneck_tensor):
resized_input_values = sess.run(decoded_image_tensor,
{image_data_tensor: image_data})
bottleneck_values = sess.run(bottleneck_tensor,
{resized_input_tensor: resized_input_values})
bottleneck_values = np.squeeze(bottleneck_values)
return bottleneck_values

def maybe_download_and_extract(data_url):
dest_directory = FLAGS.model_dir
if not os.path.exists(dest_directory):
os.makedirs(dest_directory)
filename = data_url.split('/')[-1]
filepath = os.path.join(dest_directory, filename)
if not os.path.exists(filepath):

def _progress(count, block_size, total_size):

sys.stdout.write('\r>> Downloading %s %.1f%%' %
(filename,
float(count * block_size) / float(total_size) * 100.0))
sys.stdout.flush()

filepath, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(data_url, filepath, _progress)

print()
statinfo = os.stat(filepath)
tf.logging.info('Successfully downloaded', filename, statinfo.st_size,
'bytes.')
tarfile.open(filepath, 'r:gz').extractall(dest_directory)

def ensure_dir_exists(dir_name):
if not os.path.exists(dir_name):
os.makedirs(dir_name)
bottleneck_path_2_bottleneck_values = {}

def create_bottleneck_file(bottleneck_path, image_lists, label_name, index,

image_dir, category, sess, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor):
tf.logging.info('Creating bottleneck at ' + bottleneck_path)
image_path = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, index,
image_dir, category)
if not gfile.Exists(image_path):
tf.logging.fatal('File does not exist %s', image_path)
image_data = gfile.FastGFile(image_path, 'rb').read()
try:
bottleneck_values = run_bottleneck_on_image(
sess, image_data, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)
except Exception as e:
raise RuntimeError('Error during processing file %s (%s)' % (image_path,
str(e)))
bottleneck_string = ','.join(str(x) for x in bottleneck_values)
with open(bottleneck_path, 'w') as bottleneck_file:
bottleneck_file.write(bottleneck_string)

def get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, index, image_dir,

category, bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor, architecture):
label_lists = image_lists[label_name]
sub_dir = label_lists['dir']
sub_dir_path = os.path.join(bottleneck_dir, sub_dir)
 ensure_dir_exists(sub_dir_path)
bottleneck_path = get_bottleneck_path(image_lists, label_name, index,
bottleneck_dir, category, architecture)
if not os.path.exists(bottleneck_path):
create_bottleneck_file(bottleneck_path, image_lists, label_name, index,
image_dir, category, sess, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor)
with open(bottleneck_path, 'r') as bottleneck_file:
bottleneck_string = bottleneck_file.read()
did_hit_error = False
try:
bottleneck_values = [float(x) for x in bottleneck_string.split(',')]
except ValueError:
tf.logging.warning('Invalid float found, recreating bottleneck')
did_hit_error = True
if did_hit_error:
create_bottleneck_file(bottleneck_path, image_lists, label_name, index,
image_dir, category, sess, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor)
with open(bottleneck_path, 'r') as bottleneck_file:
bottleneck_string = bottleneck_file.read()
bottleneck_values = [float(x) for x in bottleneck_string.split(',')]
return bottleneck_values

def cache_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, image_dir, bottleneck_dir,

jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture):
how_many_bottlenecks = 0
ensure_dir_exists(bottleneck_dir)
for label_name, label_lists in image_lists.items():
for category in ['training', 'testing', 'validation']:
 category_list = label_lists[category]
for index, unused_base_name in enumerate(category_list):
get_or_create_bottleneck(
sess, image_lists, label_name, index, image_dir, category,
bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture)

how_many_bottlenecks += 1
if how_many_bottlenecks % 100 == 0:
tf.logging.info(
str(how_many_bottlenecks) + ' bottleneck files created.')

def get_random_cached_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, how_many, category,

bottleneck_dir, image_dir, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_input_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor, architecture):
class_count = len(image_lists.keys())
bottlenecks = []
ground_truths = []
filenames = []
if how_many >= 0:
for unused_i in range(how_many):
label_index = random.randrange(class_count)
label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]
image_index = random.randrange(MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS + 1)
image_name = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index,
image_dir, category)
bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(
sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir, category,
bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
 bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
filenames.append(image_name)
else:
for label_index, label_name in enumerate(image_lists.keys()):
for image_index, image_name in enumerate(
image_lists[label_name][category]):
image_name = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index,
image_dir, category)
bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(
sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir, category,
bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
filenames.append(image_name)
return bottlenecks, ground_truths, filenames

def get_random_distorted_bottlenecks(
sess, image_lists, how_many, category, image_dir, input_jpeg_tensor,
distorted_image, resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):
class_count = len(image_lists.keys())
bottlenecks = []
ground_truths = []
for unused_i in range(how_many):
label_index = random.randrange(class_count)
label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]
image_index = random.randrange(MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS + 1)
image_path = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir,
category)
if not gfile.Exists(image_path):
 tf.logging.fatal('File does not exist %s', image_path)
jpeg_data = gfile.FastGFile(image_path, 'rb').read()
distorted_image_data = sess.run(distorted_image,
{input_jpeg_tensor: jpeg_data})
bottleneck_values = sess.run(bottleneck_tensor,
{resized_input_tensor: distorted_image_data})
bottleneck_values = np.squeeze(bottleneck_values)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
bottlenecks.append(bottleneck_values)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
return bottlenecks, ground_truths

def should_distort_images(flip_left_right, random_crop, random_scale,

random_brightness):
return (flip_left_right or (random_crop != 0) or (random_scale != 0) or
(random_brightness != 0))

def add_input_distortions(flip_left_right, random_crop, random_scale,

random_brightness, input_width, input_height,
input_depth, input_mean, input_std):
jpeg_data = tf.placeholder(tf.string, name='DistortJPGInput')
decoded_image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(jpeg_data, channels=input_depth)
decoded_image_as_float = tf.cast(decoded_image, dtype=tf.float32)
decoded_image_4d = tf.expand_dims(decoded_image_as_float, 0)
margin_scale = 1.0 + (random_crop / 100.0)
resize_scale = 1.0 + (random_scale / 100.0)
margin_scale_value = tf.constant(margin_scale)
resize_scale_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=1.0,
maxval=resize_scale)
scale_value = tf.multiply(margin_scale_value, resize_scale_value)
 precrop_width = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_width)
precrop_height = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_height)
precrop_shape = tf.stack([precrop_height, precrop_width])
precrop_shape_as_int = tf.cast(precrop_shape, dtype=tf.int32)
precropped_image = tf.image.resize_bilinear(decoded_image_4d,
precrop_shape_as_int)
precropped_image_3d = tf.squeeze(precropped_image, squeeze_dims=[0])
cropped_image = tf.random_crop(precropped_image_3d,
[input_height, input_width, input_depth])
if flip_left_right:
flipped_image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(cropped_image)
else:
flipped_image = cropped_image
brightness_min = 1.0 - (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_max = 1.0 + (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=brightness_min,
maxval=brightness_max)
brightened_image = tf.multiply(flipped_image, brightness_value)
offset_image = tf.subtract(brightened_image, input_mean)
mul_image = tf.multiply(offset_image, 1.0 / input_std)
distort_result = tf.expand_dims(mul_image, 0, name='DistortResult')
return jpeg_data, distort_result

def variable_summaries(var):
with tf.name_scope('summaries'):
mean = tf.reduce_mean(var)
tf.summary.scalar('mean', mean)
with tf.name_scope('stddev'):
stddev = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(var - mean)))
tf.summary.scalar('stddev', stddev)
tf.summary.scalar('max', tf.reduce_max(var))
tf.summary.scalar('min', tf.reduce_min(var))
 tf.summary.histogram('histogram', var)

def add_final_training_ops(class_count, final_tensor_name, bottleneck_tensor,

bottleneck_tensor_size):
with tf.name_scope('input'):
bottleneck_input = tf.placeholder_with_default(

if (i % FLAGS.eval_step_interval) == 0 or is_last_step:
train_accuracy, cross_entropy_value = sess.run(
[evaluation_step, cross_entropy],
feed_dict={bottleneck_input: train_bottlenecks,
ground_truth_input: train_ground_truth})
tf.logging.info('%s: Step %d: Train accuracy = %.1f%%' %
(datetime.now(), i, train_accuracy * 100))
tf.logging.info('%s: Step %d: Cross entropy = %f' %
(datetime.now(), i, cross_entropy_value))
validation_bottlenecks, validation_ground_truth, _ = (
get_random_cached_bottlenecks(
sess, image_lists, FLAGS.validation_batch_size, 'validation',
FLAGS.bottleneck_dir, FLAGS.image_dir, jpeg_data_tensor,
decoded_image_tensor, resized_image_tensor, bottleneck_tensor,
FLAGS.architecture))
# Run a validation step and capture training summaries for TensorBoard
# with the `merged` op.
validation_summary, validation_accuracy = sess.run(
[merged, evaluation_step],
feed_dict={bottleneck_input: validation_bottlenecks,
ground_truth_input: validation_ground_truth})
validation_writer.add_summary(validation_summary, i)
tf.logging.info('%s: Step %d: Validation accuracy = %.1f%% (N=%d)' %
(datetime.now(), i, validation_accuracy * 100,
len(validation_bottlenecks)))
 # Store intermediate results
intermediate_frequency = FLAGS.intermediate_store_frequency

if (intermediate_frequency > 0 and (i % intermediate_frequency == 0)

and i > 0):
intermediate_file_name = (FLAGS.intermediate_output_graphs_dir +
'intermediate_' + str(i) + '.pb')

default=10,
help='How often to evaluate the training results.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--train_batch_size',
type=int,
default=100,
help='How many images to train on at a time.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--test_batch_size',
type=int,
default=-1,
help="""\
How many images to test on. This test set is only used once, to evaluate
the final accuracy of the model after training completes.
A value of -1 causes the entire test set to be used, which leads to more
stable results across runs.\
"""
)
parser.add_argument(
'--validation_batch_size',
type=int,
default=100,
help="""\
How many images to use in an evaluation batch. This validation set is
 used much more often than the test set, and is an early indicator of how
accurate the model is during training.
A value of -1 causes the entire validation set to be used, which leads to
more stable results across training iterations, but may be slower on large
training sets.\
"""

random_brightness, input_width, input_height,

input_depth, input_mean, input_std):
jpeg_data = tf.placeholder(tf.string, name='DistortJPGInput')
decoded_image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(jpeg_data, channels=input_depth)
decoded_image_as_float = tf.cast(decoded_image, dtype=tf.float32)
decoded_image_4d = tf.expand_dims(decoded_image_as_float, 0)
margin_scale = 1.0 + (random_crop / 100.0)
resize_scale = 1.0 + (random_scale / 100.0)
margin_scale_value = tf.constant(margin_scale)
resize_scale_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=1.0,
maxval=resize_scale)
scale_value = tf.multiply(margin_scale_value, resize_scale_value)
precrop_width = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_width)
precrop_height = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_height)
precrop_shape = tf.stack([precrop_height, precrop_width])
precrop_shape_as_int = tf.cast(precrop_shape, dtype=tf.int32)
precropped_image = tf.image.resize_bilinear(decoded_image_4d,
precrop_shape_as_int)
precropped_image_3d = tf.squeeze(precropped_image, squeeze_dims=[0])
cropped_image = tf.random_crop(precropped_image_3d,
[input_height, input_width, input_depth])
if flip_left_right:
flipped_image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(cropped_image)
else:
flipped_image = cropped_image
 brightness_min = 1.0 - (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_max = 1.0 + (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=brightness_min,
maxval=brightness_max)
brightened_image = tf.multiply(flipped_image, brightness_value)
offset_image = tf.subtract(brightened_image, input_mean)
mul_image = tf.multiply(offset_image, 1.0 / input_std)
distort_result = tf.expand_dims(mul_image, 0, name='DistortResult')
return jpeg_data, distort_result
def variable_summaries(var):
with tf.name_scope('summaries'):
mean = tf.reduce_mean(var)
tf.summary.scalar('mean', mean)
with tf.name_scope('stddev'):
stddev = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(var - mean)))
tf.summary.scalar('stddev', stddev)
tf.summary.scalar('max', tf.reduce_max(var))
tf.summary.scalar('min', tf.reduce_min(var))
tf.summary.histogram('histogram', var)
def add_final_training_ops(class_count, final_tensor_name, bottleneck_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor_size):
with tf.name_scope('input'):
bottleneck_input = tf.placeholder_with_default(
bottleneck_tensor,
shape=[None, bottleneck_tensor_size],
name='BottleneckInputPlaceholder')
ground_truth_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,
[None, class_count],
name='GroundTruthInput')
layer_name = 'final_training_ops'
with tf.name_scope(layer_name):
with tf.name_scope('weights'):
initial_value = tf.truncated_normal(
 [bottleneck_tensor_size, class_count], stddev=0.001)

from __future__ import absolute_import

from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import collections
from datetime import datetime
import hashlib
import os.path
import random
import re
import sys
import tarfile

import numpy as np
from six.moves import urllib
import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.python.framework import graph_util

from tensorflow.python.framework import tensor_shape
from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile
from tensorflow.python.util import compat

FLAGS = None
MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS = 2 ** 27 - 1 # ~134M

def create_image_lists(image_dir, testing_percentage, validation_percentage):

if not gfile.Exists(image_dir):
tf.logging.error("Image directory '" + image_dir + "' not found.")
return None
result = collections.OrderedDict()
 sub_dirs = [
os.path.join(image_dir,item)

for item in gfile.ListDirectory(image_dir)]

sub_dirs = sorted(item for item in sub_dirs
if gfile.IsDirectory(item))
for sub_dir in sub_dirs:
extensions = ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'JPG', 'JPEG']
file_list = []
dir_name = os.path.basename(sub_dir)
if dir_name == image_dir:
continue
tf.logging.info("Looking for images in '" + dir_name + "'")
for extension in extensions:
file_glob = os.path.join(image_dir, dir_name, '*.' + extension)
file_list.extend(gfile.Glob(file_glob))
if not file_list:
tf.logging.warning('No files found')
continue
if len(file_list) < 20:
tf.logging.warning(
'WARNING: Folder has less than 20 images, which may cause issues.')
elif len(file_list) > MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS:
tf.logging.warning(
'WARNING: Folder {} has more than {} images. Some images will '
'never be selected.'.format(dir_name, MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS))
label_name = re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]+', ' ', dir_name.lower())
training_images = []
testing_images = []
validation_images = []
for file_name in file_list:
base_name = os.path.basename(file_name)
hash_name = re.sub(r'_nohash_.*$', '', file_name)
hash_name_hashed = hashlib.sha1(compat.as_bytes(hash_name)).hexdigest()
if how_many >= 0:
for unused_i in range(how_many):
label_index = random.randrange(class_count)
label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]
image_index = random.randrange(MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS + 1)
image_name = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index,
image_dir, category)
bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(
sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir, category,
bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
filenames.append(image_name)
else:
for label_index, label_name in enumerate(image_lists.keys()):
for image_index, image_name in enumerate(
image_lists[label_name][category]):
image_name = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index,
image_dir, category)
bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(
sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir, category,
bottleneck_dir, jpeg_data_tensor, decoded_image_tensor,
resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor, architecture)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
filenames.append(image_name)
return bottlenecks, ground_truths, filenames
def get_random_distorted_bottlenecks(
sess, image_lists, how_many, category, image_dir, input_jpeg_tensor,
distorted_image, resized_input_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):
class_count = len(image_lists.keys())
bottlenecks = []
ground_truths = []
for unused_i in range(how_many):
label_index = random.randrange(class_count)
label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]
image_index = random.randrange(MAX_NUM_IMAGES_PER_CLASS + 1)
image_path = get_image_path(image_lists, label_name, image_index, image_dir,
category)
if not gfile.Exists(image_path):
tf.logging.fatal('File does not exist %s', image_path)
jpeg_data = gfile.FastGFile(image_path, 'rb').read()
distorted_image_data = sess.run(distorted_image,
{input_jpeg_tensor: jpeg_data})
bottleneck_values = sess.run(bottleneck_tensor,
{resized_input_tensor: distorted_image_data})
bottleneck_values = np.squeeze(bottleneck_values)
ground_truth = np.zeros(class_count, dtype=np.float32)
ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0
bottlenecks.append(bottleneck_values)
ground_truths.append(ground_truth)
return bottlenecks, ground_truths

def should_distort_images(flip_left_right, random_crop, random_scale,

random_brightness):
return (flip_left_right or (random_crop != 0) or (random_scale != 0) or
(random_brightness != 0))

def add_input_distortions(flip_left_right, random_crop, random_scale,

 random_brightness, input_width, input_height,
input_depth, input_mean, input_std):
jpeg_data = tf.placeholder(tf.string, name='DistortJPGInput')
decoded_image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(jpeg_data, channels=input_depth)
decoded_image_as_float = tf.cast(decoded_image, dtype=tf.float32)
decoded_image_4d = tf.expand_dims(decoded_image_as_float, 0)
margin_scale = 1.0 + (random_crop / 100.0)
resize_scale = 1.0 + (random_scale / 100.0)
margin_scale_value = tf.constant(margin_scale)
resize_scale_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=1.0,
maxval=resize_scale)
scale_value = tf.multiply(margin_scale_value, resize_scale_value)
precrop_width = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_width)
precrop_height = tf.multiply(scale_value, input_height)
precrop_shape = tf.stack([precrop_height, precrop_width])
precrop_shape_as_int = tf.cast(precrop_shape, dtype=tf.int32)
precropped_image = tf.image.resize_bilinear(decoded_image_4d,
precrop_shape_as_int)
precropped_image_3d = tf.squeeze(precropped_image, squeeze_dims=[0])
cropped_image = tf.random_crop(precropped_image_3d,
[input_height, input_width, input_depth])
if flip_left_right:
flipped_image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(cropped_image)
else:
flipped_image = cropped_image
brightness_min = 1.0 - (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_max = 1.0 + (random_brightness / 100.0)
brightness_value = tf.random_uniform(tensor_shape.scalar(),
minval=brightness_min,
maxval=brightness_max)
brightened_image = tf.multiply(flipped_image, brightness_value)
offset_image = tf.subtract(brightened_image, input_mean)
mul_image = tf.multiply(offset_image, 1.0 / input_std)
 distort_result = tf.expand_dims(mul_image, 0, name='DistortResult')
return jpeg_data, distort_result
def variable_summaries(var):
with tf.name_scope('summaries'):
mean = tf.reduce_mean(var)
tf.summary.scalar('mean', mean)
with tf.name_scope('stddev'):
stddev = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(var - mean)))
tf.summary.scalar('stddev', stddev)
tf.summary.scalar('max', tf.reduce_max(var))
tf.summary.scalar('min', tf.reduce_min(var))
tf.summary.histogram('histogram', var)
def add_final_training_ops(class_count, final_tensor_name, bottleneck_tensor,
bottleneck_tensor_size):
with tf.name_scope('input'):
bottleneck_input = tf.placeholder_with_default(
bottleneck_tensor,
shape=[None, bottleneck_tensor_size],
name='BottleneckInputPlaceholder')
ground_truth_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,
[None, class_count],
name='GroundTruthInput')
layer_name = 'final_training_ops'
with tf.name_scope(layer_name):
with tf.name_scope('weights'):
initial_value = tf.truncated_normal(
[bottleneck_tensor_size, class_count], stddev=0.001)
 CHAPTER – 5
TEST RESULTS

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to

discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to
check the functionality of components, subassemblies, assemblies and/or a finished
product It is the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the
Software system meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an
unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test type addresses a
specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs.
All decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of
individual software units of the application
.it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit
tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process,
application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a
business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains
clearly defined inputs and expected results.

Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to

determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more
concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate
that although the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully
unit testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration
testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination
of components.

Functional test

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are

available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system
documentation, and user manuals.

Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted. Invalid

Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected. Functions
: identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes
must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests
are identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.
 System Test

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An
example of system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test.
System testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven
process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least
its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black
box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most
other kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as
specification or requirements document, such as specification or requirements
document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as a black box
.you cannot ―see‖ into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without
considering how the software works.
5.1 Unit Testing:
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test
phase of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit
testing to be conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

 Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.

Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.

 Pages must be activated from the identified link.

 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format

 No duplicate entries should be allowed

 All links should take the user to the correct page.

5.2 Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or

more integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused
by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications,
e.g. components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the
company level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

5.3 Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires

significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the
functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.
 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
So the main aim of this project is to identify species of birds.
To test this application i am using below images

In above screen some bird’s images are there but we don’t know its name or species
name. So by uploading this image to application we can get their species name
Screen shots
To run this project double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen
In above screen click on ‘Upload Bird Image’ button to upload bird image

In above screen i am uploading one image of bird called ‘457.jpg’. After upload will
get below screen

Now click on ‘Run DCNN Algorithm & View Identified Species’ button to know the
species name of uploaded bird
In above screen we got 5 related birds images of uploaded image and we can see the
species name of bird on title bar of image. So by uploading any image we can know
the name of bird. You can upload any image and get it name and uploading image
name should be as integer value.
Now click on ‘View Score Graph’ button to view the graph

In above graph we got matching score of all 5 related birds and in above graph x-axis
represents name of bird and y-axis represents matching score.
Accuracy value of this algorithm you can see in below screen
In above screen in selected text you can see Accuracy value.
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

The present study investigated a method to identify the bird species using
Deep learning algorithm (Unsupervised Learning) on the dataset (Caltech-UCSD
Birds 200) for classification of image. It consists of 200 categories or 11,788 photos.
The generated system is connected with a user-friendly website where user will
upload photo for identification purpose and it gives the desired output. The proposed
system works on the principle based on detection of a part and extracting CNN
features from multiple convolutional layers. These features are aggregated and then
given to the classifier for classification purpose. On basis of the results which has
been produced, the system has provided the 80% accuracy in prediction of finding
bird species.
 CHAPTER-8 REFERENCES
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