University of Management and Technology

School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Student Name: _____________________ Resource Person: _________________

Student ID: ________________________ Exam: Final
Course Title: Probability and Statistics Date: 30-6-2020
Course Code: EE306 Total Marks: 40 Marks
Semester: Spring 2020 Time Allowed: 3 hours

Review date will be announced on LMS

________________________________________________________________
_______

Question No.1 (4+4 Marks) – CLO 1

Apply the concept of probability theorems and axioms to solve the following question

PART A)

A binary symmetric channel (BSC) shown below in the figure. It takes an input given by X which can
be either 0 or 1 and the output is denoted by Y which can also be a 0 or 1. The cross over probability
p = 0.2 which means that the probability that 0 (or 1) at the input will be changed to a 1 (or 0) at
the output is 0.2.

Let the input bit X is equally likely to be a 0 or 1. Now answer the following questions,

1) What are the probabilities P[X=1], P[X=0]?

0.5, 0.5 [1 mark]
2) What is P[Y=1/X=1]?
0.8 [1 mark]
3) What is P[Y=0], the probability that the output bit is a 0?
0.5 [1 mark]
4) How can we calculate P[X=1/Y=1], the probability of input bit being 1 when the output bit is
known to be equal to 1? Using Baye’s theorem
we can calculate this 0.8 [1 mark]

PART B)

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School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Now let’s consider that we send a bit stream consisting of 4 bits through this channel. Examples of
these inputs are (0110 or 1110), meaning it could be any one of the 16 possible combinations. Given
(0000) sequence is send through this channel, 4 bits will be received at the output side. The output 4
bit sequence may or may not contain errors. Answer the following

1) How many output sequence of 4 bits are possible containing 2 or more 1’s in the output
sequence 11 [1 mark]
2) How many output sequence of 4 bits are possible containing only one 1 in the output
sequence 4 [1 mark]
3) How many output sequence of 4 bits are possible containing no 1’s in the output sequence
1 [1 mark]
4) What is the probability of having exactly 2 bits in error at the output side Since each
bit transmission can be considered an independent event hence the proabability should be
0.2^2*0.8^2= 0.0256
[1 mark]

Question No.2 (5 + 3Marks) – CLO 2

Apply the concept of discrete random variable to solve the following question

PART A)

Continuing from the scenario presented in Question 1, now consider any one of the 16 bit input
sequence is sent as input in the BS channel of Question 1, Let E be a random variable equal to the
number of errors made during this transmission?

(a) What is the PMF of E?

P E (k )= 4 p k (1− p)4−k [2 mark]
() k
(b) What is the probability that more than 2 bits are received without error?
P [ k >2 ] =P E (3 )+ P E ( 4) = 0.0256 + 0.0016 = 0.0272 [1 mark]
(c) What is the probability that the same sequence is received at the output?
P [ k=0 ] =PE (0) =0.4096 [1 mark]
(d) What is the probability that all 4 bits of the input will be received in error?
P [ k=4 ]=P E ( 4 ) = 0.0016 [1 mark]

PART B)

The random variable X has the following PMF

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School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Find P[X≤1], P[X≤2] and P[X≤5]

[1 mark for each part]

Question No.3 (8 Marks) – CLO 3

Apply the concept of continuous random variable to solve the following question

Let X be a Gaussian random variable with μ=5 and σ =3, Find the following probabilities

1) P[X>5] As \mu is 5, this

mean we want to calculated probability of Gaussian RV which is great than its mean,
implying half of the pdf which is equal to 0.5
2) P[X<=5] 0.5 same reasoning
gives the answer to this part
3) P[X>0]
( 0−5 )
[
p Z>
3 ] =1−P [ Z ≤−1.666 ] =ϕ ( 1.666 )=0.9515
− ( u−5 )
2
x
1 2 ( 3)
2

4) Write down the CDF for this random variable X F X ( x )= ∫e du

√ 2 π ( 3 )2 −∞
5) P[X=0] This is not possible since probability at a single point is undefined in case of
continuous random variable
6) What is the probability that X lies within one standard deviation from its mean value
P[2<=X<8]= 0.683 as mentioned in the book and also can be evaluated easily “68.3%
(about two-thirds) of the outcomes are within ±1 standard deviation of the expected value.
7) What is P[X> μ+2 σ ] P[X>11]
( 11−5 )
¿ p Z>[ 3 ]
=1−P [ Z ≤2 ]=1−.9775=0.0225
8) What is P[X> μ−σ ] P[X>2]=
( 2−5 )
[
p Z>
3 ]
=1−P [ Z ≤−1 ] =0.8413

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School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

[1 mark for each part]

Question No.4 (8 Marks) – CLO 4

Apply the concept of joint random variable to solve the following question

The joint PMF of the random variables X and Y is given by

2
{
P XY ( x , y )= 15
0,
,0≤ x≤ β,0≤ y≤4
otherwise

1) What is the value of β There is a typo in the question beta comes out to be equal to 1.5
which is not right since it is a discreate joint PMF, instead of 2/15 the value of PMF should have
been 1/15, then Beta would be 3. (I suggest we should give zero marks if someone has done
integration rather than summation since integration is for PDF and this is a PMF, any solution that
involves summation should be give 2 marks)

2) Event A is given by A ={ X ≤ 1 and Y >1}. What is P[A]? As mentioned above this can not be
calculated due to the typo in question. If someone has attempted this part give him 2 marks [2
marks]

3) Find Px(x) and Py(y) Px(x) would be equal to 2/3 for all x and similarly Py(y) can
not be calculated from the data given [2 marks] Px(x) can be calculated even in the presence of the
typo

4) Are these marginal PMFs uniform in nature? Justify your answer? Should have uniform in
nature since the joint PMF is uniform in nature [2 marks] This is independent of the typo so give
marks if the student has mentioned marginal PMFs are uniform

Project (8 Marks)
Uniform continuous random variable X has the following two parameters [-10, 10]. Y is another
random variable given by
Y= x , y <0
{
0, y ≥0
Find the following
1
1) f X ( x )
{
f X ( x )= 20
,−10≤ x <10
0 , otherwise
0 , x ←10
2) F X ( x )
{
F X ( x )=
x 1
20 2
+ ,−10≤ x <10
1, x≥1

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 University of Management and Technology
School of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
3)
1 δ ( y)
3) f Y ( y )
{
f Y ( y )= 20 + 2 ,−10 ≤ y ≤ 0
0 , otherwise
0 , y←10
4) F Y ( y ), Is Y a mixed random variable?

5) Find μY 2.5
{
F Y ( y )=
y 1
+ ,−10≤ y <0
20 2
1, y >0

1
6) Given the event B={Y<-5}, find f Y ∨B ( y )

7) Find E [Y ∨B] -7.5

{
f Y ∨B ( y )= 5
,−10 ≤ y ←5
0 , otherwise

8) Find VAR [Y ∨B ] 2.05

[1 mark for each part]