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Exam 2014, answers

Applied mathematics 1A (University of KwaZulu-Natal)

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University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg

EXAMINATION WITH SOLUTIONS
June 7th, 2014

INTERNAL EXAMINER : DR JEAN MEDARD T NGNOTCHOUYE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: DR F CHIROVE

Subject (course code): Math 132 (Applied Mathematics 1A)

Time: 3 Hours
Total Marks: 100 Marks

INSTRUCTIONS
For Marker Only
1. Fill in the following:
1 /20

2 /18

Stick Bar Code here 3 /18

4 /20

5 /17
Signature
6 /7

Σ /100
2. A complete paper has fourteen pages, including this cover
page. Check that you have them all.

3. There are six questions, with marks given to the right.

Answer all questions and show all working. Marks will
be deducted for not showing your working.

4. Write in ink. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

If the space is not enough, you can use the reverse of the
previous page, and indicate that you did so.

5. You may leave your answers in terms of π or in surd form.

Use g = 9.81 N/kg for the gravity constant. For answers
with decimal numbers, use two decimal places.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 2

Question 1 [20 Marks]

(a) Mark each statement as True (T) or False (F). (5)

(i) The row reduced echelon form of a matrix is unique. (T)

(ii) A square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exist a matrix C of the same
size such that AC = I where I is the identity matrix. (F)
 
(iii) The solution set of the linear system whose augmented matrix is a1 a2 a3 a4 b
is the same as the solution set of the vector equation x1 a1 +x2 a2 +x3 a3 +x4 a4 = b.
(T)
(iv) An homogeneous system of equation is always consistent. (T)
(v) If A, B, C and D are square invertible matrices of the same size, (ABCD)−1 =
D −1 B −1 C −1 B −1 . (F)
(vi) If A is an invertible matrix, then the equation Ax = b is always consistent for
each b. (T)
vii) If the square matrix A has a two rows which are multiple of each other, then A
is invertible. (F)
(viii) Cramer’s rule can be used to solve any system of linear equations.(F)
(ix) If A is a square matrix det A5 = 5 det A. (F)
(x) If A is a square matrix, the determinant of AT A is always positive. (T)

(b) Consider the following system of four equations with five unknowns


 2x1 − 3x2 + x3 − 3x4 + 2x5 = 6
2x1 − 3x2 + 5x3 − x4 + x5 = 8


 4x3 + 3x4 + 2x5 = 3
−2x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 − 9x5 = −6.


(i) Write the system of equations in matrix form. (2)

Solution  
  x1  
2 −3 1 −3 2   6
 2 −3 5 −1 1  x2   8 
  x3  =  
0 0 4 3 2   3
x4 
−2 3 3 3 −9 −6
x5
(ii) Use Elementary row operations to reduce the matrix of detached coefficients to
row echelon form. (3)
Solution:
 
2 −3 1 −3 2 6 Ref Row
 2 −3 5 −1 1 8  R2 ← R2 − R1
 
0 0 4 3 2 3
−2 3 3 3 −9 −6 R4 ← R4 + R1
 
2 −3 1 −3 2 6
0 0 4 2 −1 2 Ref Row
 
0 0 4 3 2 3 R3 ← R3 − R2
0 0 4 0 −7 0 R4 ← R4 − R2

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 3

Question 1 [Continued]

 
2 −3 1 −3 2 6
0 0 4 2 −1 2 
 
0 0 0 1 3 1  Ref Row
0 0 0 −2 −6 −2 R4 ← R4 + 2R3
 
2 −3 1 −3 2 6
0 0 4 2 −1 2
 
0 0 0 1 3 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
There are many way of doing this,this is just one of them.
(iii) Use your answer of (ii) above to solve the system of equations (2)
Solution
The equivalent system is

 2x1 − 3x2 + x3 − 3x4 + 2x5 = 6
4x3 + 2x4 − x5 = 2
x4 + 3x5 = 1


9
Solve to find x1 = 2 + 32 x2 − 51
8 x5 , x3 = 47 x5 , x4 = 1 − 3x5 with x2 , x5 free.
(iv) Write the solution set in parametric form and interpret geometrically the solu-
tion set. (2)
Solution
9 3 51  9 3  51 
2 + 2 x2 − 8 x5 2 2 −8
 x2   0   1 
 07 
 
7
     
x= 
4 x5  =  0  + x2  0  + x5  4 
      
 1 − 3x5   1   0   −3 
x5 0 0 1
The solution set is a plane.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 4

Question 1 [Continued]

(c) Write the vector equations that is equivalent to the given systems of equations (2)

x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 − x4 = 2
−2x1 + 4x3 = −7
(i) 2x1 + 3x2 + 11x3 = 3 (ii)
5x1 + 4x2 − 3x3 = 6
x1 + 5x2 − 10x3 − 11x4 = 5

Solution:
         
1 −1 3 −1 2
(i)x1 2 + x2  3  + x3  11  + x4  0  = 3
1 5 −10 11 5
       
−2 0 4 −7
(ii) x1 + x2 + x3 =
5 4 −3 6

(d) The augmented matrix of the vector equation x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 + x4 a4 + x5 a5 = b

has been reduced to row echelon form as
 
1 1 0 2 −1 2
0 0 1 3 2 1
 
0 0 0 6 0 3
 
0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0

Is b a linear combination of a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 and a5 ? justify (2)

Solution:
No,
 the rightmost column
 of the matrix is pivot or the last non-zero row is in the form
0 0 0 0 0 4 .

(e) Find the solution of the homogeneous system of equations associated with the aug-
mented matrix in (d) above. (2)
Solution:
The system equivalent to the homogeneous system is

x1 + x2 + x4 − x5 = 0
x3 + 3x4 + 2x5 = 0
6x4 = 0.

The solution is calculated as

x1 = −x2 + x5 , x3 = −2x5 , x4 = 0, x2 , x5 free.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 5

Question 2 [18 Marks]

(a) A 4 × 3 matrix A has entries given by aij = 2i j − j 2 + 5. Write down A (2)

Solution:
For example a11 = 2 − 1 + 5 = 6 and
 
6 5 2
8 9 8
A= 10 13 14


12 17 20

(b) Consider
 the matrices
  
6 2 1 10 2 −6    
0 1 0 1 2 −1 1 0 1
5
−1 3
 9

A= 2 3 −1 , B =  1 , C = 1 2 0 −4 , D = 0 1 0
0 1
6 1 7 10 2 1 1
8 −1 4 −3 −1 0
Work out the matrix operations and if undefined, say why (2+2+1+1+2)
Solution:

     
30 6 −18 12 2 2 18 2 −20
−3 9 27 
−0 2 10  =  −3 7 17 
 
(i) 3B − 2A = 
3

0 3  4 6 −2  −1 −6 5 
−9 −3 0 16 −2 8 −25 −1 −8
   
10 2 −6   −34 8 −22 −78
−1 3 0 1 2 −1
9 1 2 0 −4 =  57 14 61
 79 
(ii) BC = 1

0 1  6 2 9 9 
6 1 7 10
−3 −1 0 −1 −5 −6 7
 
6 0 2 8
T
(iii) A = 2 1 3
 −1
1 5 −1 4
(iv) A + C undefined as A and C do not have have the same size.
    
1 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2
(v) D3 D 2 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 = 0 1 0
2 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 3
    
3 1 2 1 0 1 7 3 5
D 3 = D 2 D = 0 1 0 0 1 0 =  0 1 0 .
4 2 3 2 1 1 10 5 7

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 6

Question 2 [Continued]

(c) Consider the 3 × 3 matrix  

1 3 0
A = 2 7 2 .
5 16 1

(i) Using elementary row operations, find the inverse A−1 of A. (6)
Solution:
   
1 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
2 7 2 0 1 0 ∼ 0 1 2 −2 1 0
5 16 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 −5 0 1
   
1 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
∼ 0 1 2 −2 1 0 ∼ 0 1 2 −2 1 0 
0 0 −1 −3 −1 1 0 0 1 3 1 −1
   
1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 25 3 −6
∼ 0 1 0 −8 −1 2  ∼ 0 1 0 −8 −1 2  and the inverse of A is
0 0 1 3 1 −1 0 0 1 3 1 −1
 
25 3 −6
A−1 = −8 −1 2 
3 1 −1

(ii) Use your answer of (i) to solve the system of equations


 x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = −2
3x1 + 7x2 + 16x3 = 0
2x2 + x3 = 1.


HINT: The inverse of the transpose of a matrix is the transpose of its inverse. (2)
Solution:
The system of equation can be written in matrix form as
    
1 2 5 x1 −2
3 7 16 x3  =  0 
0 2 1 x3 1
 
−2
which reads AT x =  0  . The solution is then
1
      
−2 25 −8 3 −2 −56
x = (A−1 )T  0  =  3 −1 1   0  =  18  .
1 −6 2 −1 1 −7

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 7

Question 3 [18 Marks]

(a) With as few operations as possible, find the following determinants. (1+2+1)
Solution:

 
 3 2 111 112
 
 0 0 0 0 
(i) 
=0
412 0 53 12 
 1 2 5 6 
 
4 11 12 
 
(ii) 0 11 4  = 4 × 11 × (−6) = −264
0 0 −6
 
3 6 1 0 1

1 2 0 0 3

(iii)  4
 8 1 0 2 = 0 since column 2 is a multipe of column 1.
−1 −2 3 1 5
 
2 4 2 2 1
 
a b c 
 
(b) Let d e f  = 6. Find the following determinants: (4)
g h i 
Solution:
   
a −15b c   a b c 
   
(i) d −15e f  = −15 × 6 = −90 (ii) 4d − 15g 4e − 15h 4f − 15i =
g −15h i   g h i 
4 × 6 = 24   
a b c   a b c 
   
(iii) g h i  = −6
  (iv) 
 d e f =6

d e f  g + 150a h + 150b i + 150c

(c) Use cofactor expansion to work out the following determinant. (3)
Solution:
 
6 3 2 4 0  
 3 2 4 0   
9 0 −4 1 0   3 2 4
8 −5 6 7 1 = 4(−1)4+1  0 −4 1 0 = −4×(−1)3+4 0 −4 1 = 4(−4(6−
     
  −5 6 7 1  
4 0 0 0 0   2 3 2
 2 3 2 0 
4 2 3 2 0
8) − (9 − 4)) = 12.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 8

Question 3 [Continued]

(d) Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system (2)

3x1 + 2x2 = 5
x1 − x2 = 12

Solution:
The system can be written in matrix form as
    
3 2 x1 5
=
1 −1 x2 12

and the solution via cramer’s rule is

   
5 2  3 5 
   
12 −1 27 1 12 31
x1 =   = , x2 =   =− .
3 2 
  5 3 2 
  5
1 −1 1 −1

(e) Find the area of the paralellogram with vertices at (−1, 3), (0, 4), (2, 2) and (1, 1).
Solution: (2)
From a drawing in the xy plane, two adjacent sides of the paralellogram are found as
u = (1, 1) and v = (2, −2). Hence the area is
 
1 2
|det | = | − 4| = 4 unit2 .
1 −2

(f) Find the volume of the parallelipiped with one vertex at the origin and the adjacent
verttices at (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 5) and (6, 1, 3). (3)
Solution:
The volume is the absolute value of the determinant
   
1 1 6 1 1 6 
2 2 1 = 0 0 −11 = 44 unit3 .
  
   
1 5 3 0 4 −3 

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 9

Question 4 [20 Marks]

(a) The car shown weighs 14 kN and is held stationary on the smooth incline surface by
a cable exterting an horizontal tension T on the car.

(i) Draw a free-body diagram of the car. (1)

20◦
T

20◦ N

(ii) Determine the magnitudes of the the tension T and the normal force N exerted
on the car by the inclined surface. (3)
Solution:
With a frame of reference with the x−axis horizontal right and the y−axis vertical
up, the equilibrium equations reads

20◦ = 0
P
P Fx = T − N cos
Fy = N cos 20◦ − 14 = 0

Solve the system of equation simulataneously to have

14
N= = 14.89 (N ) T = 14tan 20◦ = 5.09 (N ).
cos 20◦
With a frame of reference with the x−axis along the incline up and the y− xis
normal to it, we have
◦ ◦
P
P Fx = T cos 20 − 14◦ sin 20 = 0◦
Fy = N − 14 cos 20 − T sin 20 = 0

Solve the system of equation simulataneously to have

14
N= = 14.89 (N ) T = 14tan 20◦ = 5.09 (N ).
cos 20◦

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 10

Question 4 [Continued]

(b) A construction worker on the moon, where the acceleration of the gravity is g =
1.62 m/s2 , holds a 100 kg crate in the position shown. What force must he exerts on
the cable to hold the crate in equilibrium? (4)

5◦

30◦
F
W

Solution:
◦ − T sin 5◦ = 0
P
P Fx = F cos 30
Fy = T cos 5 − F sin 30◦ − 100g = 0
◦

sin 5◦
The first equation gives F = cos 30◦ T and therefore (cos 5◦ − sin 5◦ tan 30◦ )T = 100 ×
1.62. This gives
162
T = = 171.27 (N ) F = 17.23 (N ).
cos 5◦ − sin 5◦ tan 30◦

(c) Two tow trucks lift a 150 kg mortoclycle out of a ravine following an accident. If the
motorcycle is in equilibrium in the position shown, what are the tensions in the cables
AB and AC? (5)

TAB
TAC

Solution:
The forces acting at A in terms of their components can be written as

TAB = brAB = b(−14, 16), TAC = crAC = c(10, 20), W = (0, −150 g).

The equilibrium equation TAB + TAC + W = 0 gives the system of equations

−14b + 10c = 0 150×9.81
Solve to get c = 1.4b and then b = 16+20×1.4 . The magni-
16b + 20c = 150 g.
tude of the tensions in the cables are then

TAC = 711.011 (N ), TAB = 1046.93 (N ).

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 11

Question 4 [Continued]

(d) The suspended mass m1 = 75 kg Neglecting the masses of the pulleys, determine the
value of the mass m2 necessary for the system to be in equilibrium. (3)

11111111111
00000000000
00000000000
11111111111
A

2m1 g
B 2m1 g

m1 g m1 g

C C B
m1

m1 g m1 g
m2
m2 g

Solution:
From the figure above m2 g = 4m1 g or m2 = 4m1 .

(e) The sum of moments about point A due to the forces and couples acting onthe bar is
zero. What is the magnitude of the couple C? (4)

Solution:
We have X
MA = 20 − 5 × 2 − 3 × 4 − 8 × 3 + C = 0.
Solve to get C = 26 kN.m.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 12

Question 5 [17 Marks]

(a) The truss shown has a pin support at A and a roller support at E. The suspended
weights are each of mass m. (i) Draw a free body diagram of the truss and find the
reaction at the supports in terms of m. (ii) The supports at A and E will each safely
support a force of 6 kg magnitude. Based on this criterion, what is the largest safe
value of m? (4)

Ay
Ax

mg

mg
E

Solution:
(i) P
P Fx = Ax + E = 0
P Fy = Ay − 2mg = 0
MA = 0.3E − (0.2 + 0.4)mg = 0.
Solve to get
Ax = −0.2mg, Ay = 2mg, E = 0.2mg.
(ii) We want to have 0.2mg ≤ 6g and (−0.2mg)2 + (2mg)2 ≤ 36g2 which gives m ≤ 30
and m ≤ 2.98. Hence the largest safe value of m is m = 2.98 kg.

(b) State whether each L−shaped bars shown is properly or improperly supported. If the
bar is properly supported, determine the reactions at its supports with F = 5 N and
L = 4 m. (4)
C
C
F F

Bx A
A
By B

The left L-shaped is improperly support since all the reactions at thesupport are
concurrent at B and the applied force F exerts a moment about B. For the right
L-shaped, we have P
P Fx = C − 5 = 0
P Fy = B − A = 0
MB = 4A + 2 × 5 − 4C = 0.
10
which gives B = A = 4 = 2.5 N, C = 5 N.

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 13

Question 5 [Continued]
√
(c) The tension in the cable AB is 100 21 N and all the lengths are in meters.

Cy

MCx MCy
Cx
MCz
Cz

(i) Write the tension in the cable F in terms of its components. (1)
Solution:√
F = 100√ 21eAB and r√AB = B − A = (6, 0, 4) − (4, 4, 5) = (2, −4, −1) and
|rAB = 22 + 42 + 1 = 21. Hence
√
F = 100 21eAB = 100(2, −4, −1) = (200, −400, −100).

(ii) Determine the reactions at the fixed support C. (5)

Solution:
See free body diagram of the bar above. The equilibrium equations reads C+F =
0 which gives

Cx = −200 (N ); Cy = 400 (N );
Cz = 100 (N ).
 
 i j k 

The moment of F about C is worked out as MC = rCA ×F =  4 0 5  =
200 −400 −100
P
(2000, 1400, −1600) and from the equilibrium equation MC = 0 which gives

MCx = −2000 (N.m), MCy = −1400 (N.m), MCz = 1600 (N.m).

(iii) Determine the components of F that is parallel and normal to the line CD where
D has coordinates (4, 4, 3) m. (3)
Solution:
The unit vector that points from C to D is found as eCD = |rrCDCD |
= √(4,0,3)
42 +32
=
1
5 (4, 0, 3). Now

1
Fp = (eCD · F)eCD = (800 − 300)(4, 0, 3) = 20(4, 0, 3) = (80, 0, 60) (N ).
25
and

Fn = F − Fp = (200, −400, −100) − (80, 0, 60) = (120, −400, −160) (N ).

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Applied Mathematics 1A: Examination 2014. 14

Question 6 [7 Marks]

(a) Consider the truss shown below with a pin support at A and a roller support at G
with F = 75 N.

Ay

Ax

F G
2F

(i) Find the reactions at the supports. (2)

Solution:
P
P Fx = Ax = 0
P Fy = Ay − 3 × 75 + G = 0
MA = −75 − 2 × (2 × 75) + 3G = 0.
which gives G = 75 (N ), Ax = 0, Ay = 150(N ).
(ii) Determine the axial forces in members BD, BE and CE and specify if the mem-
bers are in tension or compression. (5)
Use the method of sections to cut the truss to get the free body diagram below.

◦
P
P Fx = TBD + TBE sin 45 + T◦CE = 0
P Fy = 150 − 75 − TBE cos 45 = 0
MB = −150 + TCE = 0.
which gives
75 75
TCE = 150 (N ), TBE = , TBD = − − 150 = −256.066 (N ).
cos 45◦ cos 45◦
It follows that

CE : 150 (N ) (T ); BE : 106.066 (N ) (T ); BD : 256.066 (N ) (C).

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