Harvard Style

The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. In the Harvard Style each
reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with
added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end
of the text in a Reference list.
You may come across many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system.
The following information and examples are based on:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

In-text References
In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the
author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the
textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication
details. If directly quoting from a work use single quotation marks and relevant page number.
For example:
Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory.
OR
The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).
For example:
Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’.
OR
’Many of the facts in this case are incorrect’ (Larsen 1971, p. 245).

Reference List
At the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text.
In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be
listed separately as a bibliography. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of
references and a bibliography.
The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting
with the earliest date.
For example:
Jones, AB 2000, …
Jones, B 1995, …
Smith, AK 1990, …
Smith, AK 1995, …
Stein, B 2003 …
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, …
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, …
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, …
Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, …

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Young, JC 1988a, …
Young, JC 1988b, …
The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal
article, website, etc.
In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date –
title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).
Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the
citation finishes with a full stop.

Authors
Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the
number of authors.
In-text citation Reference list
One author (Jones 1995) Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!:
or technology and the future of work,
4th edn, Oxford University Press,
Jones (1995)Melbourne.
states……
Two or three authors (Stein & ReynoldsStein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000,
Where there is more than one author, 2000) Mechanical and electrical equipment
or for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley &
the in-text citation in parentheses will Sons, New York.
Stein and Reynolds
use an ampersand (&) to join them,
(2000) argue…..
whilst if the reference is part of the
sentence you use the word ‘ and .’
Four or more authors (Yarbro et al. 2000) Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman,
If there are four or more authors only or M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer
nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett,
include the first author in your in-text Yarbro et al. (2000)Boston.
citation, adding the words ‘ et al. ’ have found……
meaning ‘and others.’ However the
Reference List should include all
authors.
Several works by same (Heyland 2001) Heyland, DK 2001, ‘ In search of the
first author and year or magic nutraceutical: problems with
current approaches’, Journal of
Single author entries precede Heyland (2001)nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S.
references with multiple authors reports….. ------ & Novak, F 2001,
beginning with the same name. (Heyland & Novak‘Immunonutrition in the critically ill
A 2-em rule can be used to replace the 2001) patient: more harm than good?’,
authors’ name(s) that are repeated. or JPEN: Journal of parenteral and
Heyland and Novakenteral nutrition, vol. 25, no. 2, p.
(2001) reports….. S51.
Several works by same (Porter 2001a) Porter, ME 2001a, 'Japan: what went
author and year (Porter 2001b) wrong.' Wall Street Journal - Eastern
Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22.
If you are referring to several works by or
---- 2001b, 'Strategy and the Internet.'
the same author or group of authors Porter (2001a)
Harvard Business Review, vol. 79,
from the same year, designate these a, states….
no. 3, p. 62.

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b, c, …. with the order of the listing or
based on the letter-by-letter according to Porter
alphabetical order of the title of the (2001b) …
work.
No author given Style manual for Style manual for authors, editors and
Where an item has no named author it authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley &
printers (2002) Sons, Australia.
is cited by its title.
or
According to the
Style manual for
authors, editors and
printers (2002) …

Examples
Book

Author(s) of book - surname and initials Year of publication, Title of book - italicised, Edition.
Publisher, Place of publication.
Examples:
Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University
Press, Melbourne.

Book chapter

Author(s) of chapter - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter - in single quotation
marks’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book - italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of
publication, Page number(s).
Example:
Crawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn,
Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.

Journal article

Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article - in single quotation
marks’, Journal name - italicised, volume number, issue number, page number(s).
Example:
Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, 'An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material
within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar energy, vol. 70, no.1, pp. 51-61.

Conference paper

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Author(s) of paper - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper - in single quotation
marks’, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of published proceeding which may include place held and
date(s) - italicised, Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s).
Example:
Kovacs, GL 1994, ‘Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology’, in Computer
Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International
conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos,
California, pp.351-356.

Newspaper articles

Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article - in single quotation
marks’, Newspaper name - italicised, day month, page number(s).
Example:
Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1.
Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details in-text citation only,
NOT in the Reference List.
For example: The Australian (10 July 2002, p.1) states……

Thesis

Author of thesis - surname and initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis – in single
quotation marks’, Award, Institution under whose auspices the study was taken.
Example:
Garland, CP 1986, ‘Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods’,
MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.

Reports

Author(s) of report - surname and initials Year of publication, Title of report - italicised, Report
series code and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher (if different from
sponsoring body).
Example:
Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges :
report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education
policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.

Patents

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Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title - italicised. Patent number Date of patent
(including day and month).
Example:
Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc., Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized
ascorbic acid, U.S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991.

CD-ROM

Author/editor. Year, Title – italicised (edition), CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication.

Example:
Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas, 4th edn, CD-
ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Discussion list message

Author <author’s email address> Year of posting, title of posting – in quotation marks, description
of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, date of viewing, <URL>.
Example:
Shively, E <[email protected]> 1997, ‘CA pre-1967 information’, list server, 1 July,
Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July,
<http://listserv.indiana.edu/archives/chminf-l.html>.

Personal communication

Information gained through personal communication, either – face-to-face interview or

conversation, telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. – should be provided as an in-text citation.
Details of personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List.
The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of
the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the
family name.
Examples:
When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed…..
Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999.
It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm., 24
April).
Ms S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.
It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri [Australian Institute of
Criminology] 1999, pers. comm., 24 April).

Website documents

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Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document – italicised, name of the sponsor of the source,
date of viewing, <URL>.
Example:
AVEL: Australasian Virtual Engineering Library 2003, AVEL Sustainability Knowledge Network,
AVEL, viewed 12 March 2004, <http://www.avel.edu.au/>.

Film, videos, TV and radio programs

Title of program – italicised date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed.
Example:
What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8
August.
Or
Swiss ball: exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure
Corporation, 3 February.
Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics.