UNIT-VII

NON-LIFE INSURANCE

Ms. Kavita Goel

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STRUCTURE
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Lesson 1-Fire insurance
7.2.1 Definition of Fire insurance
7.2.2 Meaning of Fire
7.2.3 Types of Fire policies
7.2.4 Claim procedure for Fire insurance
7.3 Lesson 2-Marine insurance
7.3.1 History of Marine insurance
7.3.2 Definition of Marine insurance
7.3.3 Meaning of Fire perils
7.3.4 Subject matter of Marine insurance
7.3.5 Types of Marine policies
7.3.6 Assignment of policy
7.3.7 Clauses in a marine policy
7.3.8 Warranties
7.3.9 Types of losses
7.3.10 Marine insurance in India
7.4 Lesson 3-Health insurance
7.4.1 Definition
7.4.2 Health insurance policies
7.4.3 Future of Health insurance in India
7.5 Lesson 4-Motor insurance
7.5.1 Definition
7.5.2 Special Principles of Motor Insurance
7.5.3 Motor insurance policies
7.5.4 Claim settlement
7.6 Lesson 5-Miscellaneous insurances
7.6.1 Personal Accident Insurance
7.6.2 Fidelity Insurance
7.6.3 Burglary Insurance
7.6.4 Credit Insurance
7.6.5 Workmen’s Compensation Insurance
7.6.6 Travel Insurance
7.6.7 Wedding Insurance
7.6.8 Employee State Insurance Scheme
7.6.9 Unemployment Insurance
7.6.10 Personal Liability Insurance
7.7 Summary
7.8 Keywords
7.9 Glossary

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7.10 Self Assessment Questions
7.11 Sources and Further Readings

7.0 INTRODUCTION
As we have discussed that insurance is an important aid to minimize the effect
of uncertainties of life as well as property. With the increasing complexities in
our personal and professional life, the range of risks that the insurance
companies accept has also expended substantially. The broadest classification
of insurance is in terms of Life Insurance and non-Life Insurance (General
insurance).

A non-life insurance contract is different from a life insurance contract.

A life insurance contract is a long term contract, while general insurance
contract is a one-year renewable contract. The risk namely ‘death’ is certain in
life insurance. The only uncertainty is as to when it will take place, whereas in
general insurance, the insured event may or may not take place. It is difficult
to determine the economic value of life, whereas the financial value of any
asset to be insured under a general insurance policy can be determined.
Because of these peculiar features, a non life insurance contract is different
from a life insurance contract. In this lesson we will learn in detail the
treatment of each type of non-life insurance.

Section 2(6B) of the Insurance Act 1938, defines general insurance business.
According to this general insurance business means fire, marine, or
miscellaneous insurance whether carried separately or in combination.
General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) was set up with exclusive
privilege for transacting General Insurance business. After the passage of
IRDA Act 1999, GIC has been delinked from its subsidiaries and has been
assigned the role of Indian reinsurer.

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF NON-LIFE

INSURANCE

Non-life insurance refers to the property and liability insurance. Fire insurance
covers stationary property. Marine insurance covers mobile property. Bonding
is a special coverage that guarantees the performance of the contract by one
party to another. Casualty coverage includes accident and health insurance
besides the above mentioned categories. Miscellaneous Insurance business
means all other general insurance contracts including therein motor insurance.

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The role of insurance is two fold. Insurance achieves both risk transfer and
risk reduction. The insurer collects the premium from a group of business
firms who wants to protect their property against the damage caused by fire.
Insurer will then indemnify the firm that suffers a loss to property due to fire
out of the premium so collected. So the collective contributions of this entire
group of the insured have been utilized to pay for the losses of the unfortunate
few who sustain losses.

Insurance also acts as a risk reduction mechanism in various senses. Firstly,

the individual risks have been shifted to the insurance company by way of
pooling. Secondly, firm’s risk exposure is well spread out because insurer has
an access to the reinsurance market making possible a further spread of risk. If
an aircraft is destroyed, the airline company will have a big hole in its
financials. If the aircraft is insured, the loss would be spread out among a
large number of insurance companies throughout the world.

Every business enterprise is exposed to a large number of risks and

uncertainties to its premises, plant and machinery, raw materials, finished
stock and other things. Goods may be damaged or lost in the process of
transportation and may be destroyed due to fire or flood while in storage. As a
matter of fact, business means risk and uncertainties. Some of the risks can be
avoided by timely precautions but some are unavoidable and are beyond the
control of a businessman. For those types of risks, Insurance is the best
protection. By providing protection against at least some of these risks, the
insurance industry helps him better manage his risks and contributes to capital
formation in the economy. After transferring risks and uncertainties of the
business to the insurance company, the entrepreneur can focus on his core
activity- of running the business. Also, the insurance companies bring their
experience and expertise to the field of risk management. Thus, they are able
to add value to the customer’s business processes.

7.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson you should be able to:

• Define the contract of fire insurance.

• Explain the characteristics of fire insurance contract.
• Understand the meaning of the term ‘fire’.
• Describe the special policies under fire insurance.
• Write about fire claims and the procedures followed to settle a fire
claim.
• Define the contract of marine insurance.
• Explain different types of perils that can affect a marine adventure.
• How to assign a marine policy.

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• What are various clauses of a marine policy.
• Explain the difference between express and implied warranties.
• Describe different types of marine policy.
• Know the claim procedure to be followed for marine insurance.
• Define the contract of health insurance.
• Describe the various health insurance policies.
• The future of health insurance in India.
• Define the contract of Motor insurance.
• Explain the basic principles of motor insurance.
• Describe the motor insurance policies.
• Mention the classification of motor vehicles.
• Understand the operation of motor accident claims tribunal.
• Explain various types of insurances under miscellaneous insurances
like personal accident insurance, Fidelity Insurance, Travel Insurance,
Workmen’s Compensation Insurance, Wedding Insurance, Employee
State Insurance Scheme, Unemployment Insurance, Personal Liability
Insurance, Credit Insurance, Burglary Insurance etc.

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7.2 LESSON 1- FIRE INSURANCE
Fire is hazardous to human life as well as property. Loss of life by fire is
covered under Life insurance and loss of property by fire is covered under fire
insurance. Fire causes enormous damage by physically reducing the materials
to ashes.
A fire insurance policy provides protection strictly against fire. There could be
enormous reasons for fire. In practice certain other related perils are also
covered by the fire insurance policy. The General Insurance Act (Tariff)
recommends the form of the contract in which a fire insurance is to be written.
The policy form contains a preamble and operative clause, general exclusions
and general conditions.
Fire Insurance comes under tariff class of business. All India Fire Tariff is the
revised fire insurance tariff, which came into force on May1, 2001. Now a
single policy was introduced to cover all property risks called standard fire
and special peril policy in the place of three standard policies i.e. A, B&C.

7.2.1 DEFINITION

A contract of fire insurance can be defined as a contract under which one

party ( the insurer) agrees for consideration (premium) to indemnify the other
party (The insured) for the financial loss which the latter may suffer due to
damage to the property insured by fire during a specified period of time and
up to an agreed amount.

The document containing the terms and conditions of the contract is known
as ‘Fire Insurance Policy’. A fire policy contains the name of the parties,
description of the insured property, the sum for which the property is insured,
amount of premium payable and the period insured against. The premium may
be paid either in single instalment or by way of instalments.

The insurer is liable to make good the loss only when loss is caused by actual
fire. The phrase ‘loss or damage by fire’ also includes the loss or damage
caused by efforts to extinguish fire.

Scope of cover
Standard Fire and special perils policy usually cover loss due to the following
perils:

1. Fire

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Destruction or damage to the property insured by its own fermentation, natural
heating or spontaneous combustion or drying process can not be treated as
damage due to fire.

2. Lightning
It may result in fire damage or other type of damage, such as cracks in a
building due to a lightning strike.

3. Explosion
An explosion is caused inside a vessel when the pressure within the vessel
exceeds the atmospheric pressure acting externally on its surface. This policy,
however, does not cover destruction or damage caused to the boilers or other
vessels where heat is generated.

4. Storm, cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, tornado, landslide

These are all various types of violent natural disturbances accompanied by
thunder or strong winds or heavy rain fall. Loss or damage directly caused by
these disturbances are covered excluding those resulting from earthquake,
volcanic eruption etc.

5. Bush fire
This covers damage caused by burning of bush and jungles but excluding
destruction or damage caused by forest fire.

6. Riot, strike, malicious, and terrorism damages

Any loss or physical damage to the property insured directly caused by such
activity or by the action of any lawful authorities in suppressing such
disturbance is covered.

7. Aircraft damage
Loss, destruction or damage caused by Aircraft, other aerial or space devices
and articles dropped there from excluding those caused by pressure waves.

8. Overflowing of water tanks and pipes etc.

Loss or damage to property by water or otherwise on account of bursting or
accidental overflowing of water tanks, apparatus and pipes is covered.

General Exclusions:
Policy does not cover

1. The first 5% of each and every claim subject to a minimum of Rs. 10,000 in
respect of loss arising out of “Act of god perils” such as Lightning, Landslide
etc.
2. Loss, destruction or damage caused by war, invasion, act of foreign enemy,
mutiny, war like operations, civil war, military rising etc.

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3. Loss, destruction or damage caused to the insured property by pollution or
contamination.
4. Loss, destruction or damage to the stocks in cold storage premises caused
by change of tempreture.
5. Loss of earnings, loss by delay, loss of market or other indirect loss or
damage of any kind whatsoever.
6. Any loss or damage caused by or through or in consequence directly or
indirectly due to earthquake, volcanic eruption etc.
7. Loss by theft during or after the occurrence of any insured peril except as
provided under Riot, Strike and Terrorism Damage cover.
8. Loss, destruction or damage to any electrical machine, apparatus, fixture, or
fitting arising from or occasioned by over-running, excessive pressure, short
circuiting etc.
9. Expenses necessarily incurred on (i) Architect’s, surveyor’s and consulting
engineer’s fees and (ii) Debris removed by the insured following the loss to
the property insured by an peril insured in excess of 3% and 1% of the claim
amount respectively.

Add-on Covers

The insurer can issue the standard fire policy with added benefits at the option
of the policyholders by charging additional premium. These added benefits
are as follows:

1. Architects, Surveyors and Consulting engineer’s fees ( in excess of 3%

claim amount)
2. Debris removal ( in excess of 1% of claim amount)
3. Deterioration of stocks in cold storage due to power failure
4. Forest fire
5. Spontaneous combustion
6. Earthquake as per minimum rates and excess applicable as specified in the
tariff.
7. Omission to insure additions, alterations or extensions.

On the basis of judicial decisions, the following losses are also covered by fire
insurance.
(a) Goods spoiled or property damaged by water used to extinguish the fire.
(b) Pulling down of adjacent buildings by the fire brigade in order to prevent
the spread of fire.
© Breakage of goods in the process of removal from the building where fire is
raging.
(d) Wages paid to persons employed for extinguishing fire.

The following types of losses, however, are not covered by a fire policy:
(i) Loss by theft during and after the occurrence of fire.

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(ii) Loss caused by burning of property by order of any public authority.
(iii) Loss caused by underground fire.
(iv) Loss or damage to property occasioned by its own fermentation or
spontaneous combustion.
(v) Loss happening by fire which is caused by earthquake, invasion, act of
foreign enemy, warlike operations, civil wars, riot etc.

In all the above cases the insurer is not liable, unless specifically provided for
in the fire insurance policy. The insurer can issue the standard fire policy as
per the New Fire Tariff along with added benefits at the option of the
policyholders by charging additional premium.

7.2.2 MEANING OF FIRE

Fire is not described in the policy. It should therefore, be taken in the general
sense as an ignition of some kind. Damage by lightening or explosion is not
covered unless these cause actual ignition which spread into fire. A claim for
loss by fire must satisfy the following conditions;

A) The loss must be caused by actual fire or ignition and not just by high
tempreture. There should be rapid combustion that produces ignition
and may result in flames. Hence, chemical action producing heat but
not actual fire and damage caused by an acid is not considered as fire
damage.
B) The proximate cause of loss should be fire.
C) The loss or damage must relate to subject matter of the policy.
D) The fire must be accidental, not incidental. If the fire is caused through
a deliberate act of the insured or his agents, the insurer will not be
liable for the loss. Fire due to the negligence of the insured or his
servant is however, covered by the policy. If a third party willfully sets
fire to the insured’s property, the loss is by fire and the insurer is
liable.
E) The ignition must be either of the goods or of the premises where
goods are kept.

The essential features of a contract of fire insurance are as under:

1) It is a contract under Indian Contract Act, 1872.

Like other insurance contracts, fire insurance contracts are also governed
by general provisions of Indian Contract Act, 1872. It implies that fire
insurance also has to satisfy the essentials of a valid contract.

2) It is a contract of indemnity.

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The principal of indemnity implies that the insurer restores the insured to
his position before incurring the loss caused by the fire. The insured can
not claim anything more than the amount of actual loss. He can be
indemnified only to the extent of damage incurred, not the entire value of
the property insured.

3) It is a contract of utmost faith.

It is a contract of ‘uberrimae fidei’, i.e. utmost good faith. Both the insured
and the insurer must disclose everything which is in their knowledge and
can affect the contract of insurance.

4) Existence of insurable interest.

Insurable interest arises out of a pecuniary relationship between the
insured and the subject matter of the insurance. The destruction or damage
to the latter involves the insured in financial loss. Insurable interest should
exist at the time of taking a fire insurance policy and continue throughout
the policy term. Claim can be made for the loss due to fire only when the
insurable interest exists. The insurable interest in goods may arise out of
ownership, possession or contract.

The following persons have insurable interest in the subject matter of

insurance in case of fire policy:

1) A person has insurable interest in the property he owns.

2) Partner has insurable interest in the property of partnership.
3) A businessman has insurable interest in his stock, plant, machinery
and building.
4) Agent has insurable interest in the property of his principle.
5) Mortgagee has insurable interest in the property which is mortgaged.

5) It is a yearly contract.
Generally, a contract of fire insurance is a contract from year to year only
and the insurance automatically comes to an end after the expiry of the
year. However, the contract can be renewed before the expiry of the
contract.

7.2.3 TYPES OF FIRE POLICIES

The important fire insurance policies are discussed below:

1. Valued Policy. They are the exception in fire insurance. Under valued
policy, the value declared in the policy is the amount the insurer will
have to pay to the insured in the event of a total loss irrespective of the

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 actual value of loss. The policy violates the principle of indemnity. The
insurer has to pay a specified amount quite independent of the market
or actual value of the property at the time of loss. So such a policy is
very rarely issued. It may be issued only on artistic work, antiques and
similar rare articles whose value cannot be determined easily.

2. Specific Policy. Under this policy, the insurer undertakes to make good
the loss to the insured upto the amount specified in the policy.
Supposing, a building worth Rs.2,00,000 is insured against fire for Rs.
1,00,000. If the damage to the property is Rs.75,000 the insurer will get
the full compensation. Even if the loss is Rs.1,00,000 the insurer will
get the full amount. But if the loss is more than Rs. 1, 00,000 the
insured will get Rs. 1,00,000 only. Hence, the value of property is not
relevant in determining the amount of indemnity in case of a specific
policy.

3. Average Policy. Under a fire insurance policy containing the ‘average

clause’ the insured is liable for such proportion of the loss as the value
of the uncovered property bears to the whole property. e.g. if a person
gets his house insured for Rs. 4,00,000 though its actual value is Rs.
6,00,000 , if a part of the house is damaged in fire and the insured
suffers a loss of Rs. 3,00,000 , the amount of compensation to be paid
by the insurer comes out to Rs. 2,00,000 calculated as follows:

Amount of claim= Insured amount * Actual loss

Actual value of property

4,00,000 * 3,00,000 =2,00,000

6, 00,000

4. Floating policy. A floating policy is used for covering fluctuating

stocks of goods held in different lots for one premium. With every
transaction of sale or purchase, the quantities of goods kept at different
places fluctuate. It is difficult for the owner to take a policy for a
specific amount. The best way is to take out a floating policy for all the
stocks of goods.

5. Reinstatement Policy. In such a policy, the insurer has the right to

reinstate or replenish the property destroyed instead of paying
compensation to the insured in cash. It may be granted on building,
machinery, furniture, fixture and fittings only.

6. Consequential loss Policy. Sometimes the insured has to suffer a

greater financial loss on account of dislocation of business caused by fire

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 .e.g. close down business after fire for repair, to meet fixed expenses such
as rent, salaries, taxes and other expenses as usual. Such considerable loss
to the insured is not covered by the ordinary fire policy. In order to cover
such loss by fire, the ‘Consequential Loss Policy’ has been introduced.
The loss so suffered is separately calculated from the loss actually
suffered.

7. Comprehensive policy. This policy covers the risks of the fire arising
out of any cause that is civil commotion, lightening, riots, thefts, labor
disturbances and strikes etc. It is also known as ‘all insurance policy’.

8. A Blanket policy. This policy is issued to cover all the fixed and
current assets of an enterprise by one insurance.

9. Declaration policy. In this policy, trader takes out a policy for the
maximum value of stock which may be expected to hold during the year.
At a fixed date each month, the insured has to make a declaration
regarding the actual value of stock at risk on that date. On the basis of
such declaration, the average amount of stock at risk in the year is
calculated and this amount becomes the sum assured.

10. Sprinklers leakage policy. It covers the loss arising out of water
leakage from sprinklers which are setup to extinguish fire.

7.2.4 CLAIM PROCEDURE FOR FIRE INSURANCE

In the event of fire the insured must immediately give the insurer a notice
about the loss caused by fire. A written claim should be delivered with in 15
days from the date of loss. The insured is required to furnish all plans,
invoices, documents, proofs and other relevant informations required by the
insurer. If the insured failed to submit these documents with in 6 months from
the date of loss, the insurer has the right to consider it as no claim. On receipt
of the claim the insurer verifies whether the essentials of a valid claim are
satisfied or not. e.g. The cause of fire should be an insured peril. The insured
completes the form, signs the declaration given in the form as to the
truthfulness and accuracy of the information and returns the same. An official
employed by the insurer investigates small and simple claims. For large
claims, the insurance company employs independent loss surveyor. On the
basis of the claim form and the investigation report, the company then settles
the claim.

Check your progress

Q.1 Give any four essential features of Fire Insurance contract.

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Q.2 Which of the following is a friendly fire?

a) A forest fire
b) A fire set for keeping warm
c) A bus catching fire due to short circuit in the electrical system
d) Fire caused by the dropping of lighted match on a thatched roof

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7.3 LESSON 2 -MARINE
INSURANCE
Insurance on the risks of transportation of goods is one of the oldest and most
vital forms of insurance. The value of goods shipped by business firms each
year cost millions of rupees. These goods are exposed to damage or loss from
numerous transportation perils. The goods can be protected by marine
insurance contracts. It is an important element of general insurance. It
essentially provides cover from loss suffered due to marine perils. In India the
marine insurance is regulated by the Indian Maritime Insurance Act 1963,
which is based on the original English Act.

7.3.1 HISTORY OF MARINE INSURANCE

Marine insurance as we know it today can be described as mother of all
insurances. It is believed to have originated in England owing to the frequent
movement of ships over high seas for trade. In India, insurance has been in
vogue for several centuries. History holds proof that these people had a
system of pooling their contributions, if any one of their clan were to meet a
tragedy in their voyages.
Today marine insurance has assumed a vast canvas due to the expanding trade
across the globe, which involves large shipping companies that require
protection for their fleet against the perils of the sea.

7.3.2 DEFINITION

Marine insurance is a contract under which, the insurer undertakes to

indemnify the insured in the manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against
marine losses, incidental to marine adventures.
It may be defined as a form of insurance covering loss or damage to vessels
or to cargo during transportation to the high seas.

It follows from the above discussion the marine insurance is a contract

between the insured and the insurer. The insured may be a cargo owner or a

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ship owner or a freight receiver. The insurer is known as the underwriter. The
document in which the contract is incorporated is called “Marine policy”. The
insured pays a particular sum, which is called premium, in exchange for an
undertaking from the insurer to indemnify the insured against loss or damage
caused by certain specified perils.

The salient features of a contract of marine insurance are as follows:

1. It is based on utmost good faith. Both the insured and the insurer must
disclose everything which is in their knowledge and can affect the contract of
insurance.

2. It is a contract of indemnity. The insured is entitled to recover only the

actual amount of loss from the insurer.

3. Insurable interest in the subject-matter insured must exist at the time of the
loss. It need not exist when the insurance policy is taken. Under marine
insurance, the following persons are deemed to have insurable interest:
a) The owner of the ship.
b) The owner of the cargo.
c) A creditor who has advanced money on the security of the ship or
cargo.
d) The mortgagor and mortgagee.
e) The master and crew of the ship have insurable interest in respect of
their wages.
f) In case of advance freight, the person advancing the freight has an
insurable interest if such freight is not repayable in case of loss.

4. It is subject to the doctrine of causa proxima. Where a loss is brought by

several causes in succession to one another, the proximate or nearest cause of
loss must be taken into account. If the proximate cause is covered by the
policy, only then the insurance company will be liable to compensate the
insured.

5. It must contain all the essential requirements of a valid contract, e.g. lawful
consideration, free consent, capacity of the parties, etc.

7.3.3 MEANING OF MARINE PERILS

Maritime perils can be defined as the fortuitous (an element of chance or ill
luck) accidents or casualties of the sea caused without the willful intervention
of human agency. The perils are incidental to the sea journey that arises in
consequence of the sea journey. There are different forms of perils, of which

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only a few are covered by insurance while others are not. Accordingly we
have insured and uninsured perils.

Insured perils are storm, collision of one ship with another ship, against
rocks, burning and sinking of the ship, spoilage of cargo from sea water,
mutiny, piracy or willful destruction of the ship and cargo by the master
(captain) of the ship or the crew, jettison etc.
Uninsured perils are regular wear and tear of the vessel, leakage (unless it is
caused by an accident), breakage of goods due to bad movement of the ship,
damage by rats and loss by delay. All losses and damages caused due to
reasons not considered as perils of the sea are not provided insurance cover.

.
7.3.4 SUBJECT MATTER OF MARINE INSURANCE
The insured may be the owner of the ship, owner of the cargo or the person
interested in freight. In case the ship carrying the cargo sinks, the ship will be
lost along with the cargo. The income that the cargo would have generated
would also be lost. Based on this we can classify the marine insurance into
three categories:

(a) Hull Insurance

Hull refers to the ocean going vessels (ships trawlers etc.) as well as its
machinery. The hull insurance also covers the construction risk when the
vessel is under construction. A vessel is exposed to many dangers or risks at
sea during the voyage. An insurance effected to indemnify the insured for
such losses is known as Hull insurance.

(b) Cargo Insurance

Cargo refers to the goods and commodities carried in the ship from one place
to another. The cargo transported by sea is also subject to manifold risks at the
port and during the voyage. Cargo insurance covers the shipper of the goods if
the goods are damaged or lost. The cargo policy covers the risks associated
with the transshipment of goods. The policy can be written to cover a single
shipment. If regular shipments are made, an open cargo policy can be used
that insures the goods automatically when a shipment is made.

(c) Freight Insurance

Freight refers to the fee received for the carriage of goods in the ship. Usually
the ship owner and the freight receiver are the same person. Freight can be
received in two ways- in advance or after the goods reach the destination. In
the former case, freight is secure. In the latter the marine laws say that the
freight is payable only when the goods reach the destination port safely.
Hence if the ship is destroyed on the way the ship owner will loose the freight
along with the ship. That is why, the ship owners purchase freight insurance
policy along with the hull policy.

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(d) Liability Insurance
It is usually written as a separate contract that provides comprehensive
liability insurance for property damage or bodily injury to third parties. It is
also known as protection and indemnity insurance which protects the ship
owner for damage caused by the ship to docks, cargo, illness or injury to the
passengers or crew, and fines and penalties.

7.3.5 TYPES OF MARINE POLICY

There are different types of marine policies known by different names

according to the manner of their execution or the risk they cover. They are:

1. Voyage Policy
Under the policy, the subject matter is insured against risk in respect of a
particular voyage from a port of departure to the port of destination, e.g.
Mumbai to New York. The risk starts from the departure of ship from the port
and it ends on its arrival at the port of destination. This policy covers the
subject matter irrespective of the time factor. This policy is not suitable for
hull insurance as a ship usually does not operate over a particular route only.
The policy is used mostly in case of cargo insurance.

2. Time Policy
It is one under which the insurance is affected for a specified period of time,
usually not exceeded twelve months. Time policies are generally used in
connection with the insurance of ship. Thus if the voyage is not completed
with in the specified period, the risk shall be covered until the voyage is
completed or till the arrival of the ship at the port of call.

3. Mixed Policies
It is one under which insurance contract is entered into for a certain time
period and for a certain voyage or voyages, e.g., Kolkata to New York, for a
period of one year. Mixed Policies are generally issued to ships operating on
particular routes. It is a mixture of voyage and time policies.

4. Valued Policies
It is one under which the value of subject matter insured is specified on the
face of the policy itself. This kind of policy specifies the settled value of the
subject matter that is being provided cover for. The value which is agreed
upon is called the insured value. It forms the measure of indemnity in the
event of loss. Insured value is not necessarily the actual value. It includes (a)
invoice price of goods (b) freight, insurance and other charges (c) ten to
fifteen percent margin to cover expected profits.

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5. Unvalued policy
It is the policy under which the value of subject matter insured is not fixed at
the time of effecting insurance but has to be ascertained wherever the subject
matter is lost or damaged.

6. Open policy
An open policy is issued for a period of 12 months and all consignments
cleared during the period are covered by the insurer. This form of insurance
Policy is suitable for big companies that have regular shipments. It saves them
the tedious and expensive process of acquiring an insurance policy for each
shipment. The rates are fixed in advance, without taking the total value of the
cargo being shipped into consideration. The assured has to declare the nature
of each shipment, and the cover is provided to all the shipments. The assured
also deposits a premium for the estimated value of the consignment during the
policy period.
.
6. Floating Policy
A merchant who is a regular shipper of goods can take out a ‘floating policy’
to avoid botheration and waste of time involved in taking a new policy for
every shipment. This policy stands for the contract of insurance in general
terms. It does not include the name of the ship and other details. The other
details are required to be furnished through subsequent declarations. Thus, the
insured takes a policy for a huge amount and he informs the underwriter as
and when he makes shipment of goods. The underwriter goes on recording the
entries in the policy. When the sum assured is exhausted, the policy is said to
be “fully declared” or “run off”.

7. Block Policy
This policy covers other risks also in addition to marine risks. When goods are
to be transported by ship to the place of destination, a single policy known as
block policy may be taken to cover all risks. E.g. when the goods are
dispatched by rail or road transport for shipment, a single policy may cover all
the risks from the point of origin to the point of destination.

7.3.6 ASSIGNMENT OF MARINE POLICY.

A marine insurance policy may be transferred by assignment unless the terms

of the policy expressly prohibit the same. The policy may be assigned either
before or after loss. The assignment may be made either by endorsement on
the policy itself or on a separate document. The insured need not give a notice
or information to the insurer or underwriter about assignment. In case of death
of the insured, a marine policy is automatically assigned to his heirs.

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At the time of assignment, the assignor must possess an insurable interest in
the subject matter insured. An insured who has parted with or lost interest in
the subject matter insured can not make a valid assignment.
After the occurrence of the loss, the policy can be assigned freely to any
person. The assignor merely transfers his own right to claim to the assignee.

7.3.7 CLAUSES IN A MARINE POLICY

A policy of marine insurance may contain several clauses. Some of the

clauses are common to all marine policies while others are included to meet
special requirements of the insured. Hull, cargo and freight policies have
different standard clauses. There are standard clauses which are invariably
used in marine insurance. Firstly, policies are constructed in general, ordinary
and popular sense, and, later on, specific clauses are added to them according
to terms and conditions of the contract. Some of the important clauses in a
marine policy are described below:

1. Valuation Clause. This clause states the value of the subject matter
insured as agreed upon between both the parties.

2. Sue and Labour clause. This clause authorizes the insured to take all
possible steps to avert or minimize the loss or to protect the subject matter
insured in case of danger. The insurer is liable to pay the expenses, if any,
incurred by the insured for this purpose.

3. Waiver Clause. This clause is an extension of the above clause. The

clause states that any act of the insured or the insurer to protect, recover or
preserve the subject matter of insurance shall not be taken to mean that the
insured wants to forgo the compensation, nor will it mean that the insurer
accepts the act as abandonment of the policy.

4. Touch and Stay Clause. This clause requires the ship to touch and stay at
such ports and in such order as specified in the policy. Any departure from the
route mentioned in the policy or the ordinary trade route followed will be
considered as deviation unless such departure is essential to save the ship or
the lives on board in an emergency.

5. Warehouse to warehouse clause. This clause is inserted to cover the

risks to goods from the time they are dispatched from the consignor’s
warehouse until their delivery at the consignee’s warehouse at the port of
destination.

6. Inchmaree Clause. This clause covers the loss or damage caused to the
ship or machinery by the negligence of the master of the ship as well as by
explosives or latent defect in the machinery or the hull.

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7. F.P.A. and F.A.A. Clause. The F.P.A. (Free of Particular Average) clause
relieves the insurer from particular average liability. The F.A.A. ( free of all
average) clause relieves the insurer from liability arising from both particular
average and general average.

8. Lost or Not Lost Clause. Under this clause, the insurer is liable even if the
ship insured is found not to be lost prior to the contact of insurance, provided
the insurer had no knowledge of such loss and does not commit any fraud.
This clause covers the risks between the issue of the policy and the shipment
of the goods.

9. Running down Clause. This clause covers the risk arising out of collision
between two ships. The insurer is liable to pay compensation to the owner of
the damaged ship. This clause is used in hull insurance.

10. Free of Capture and Seizure Clause. This clause relieves the insurer
from the liability of making compensation for the capture and seizure of the
vessel by enemy countries. The insured can insure such abnormal risks by
taking an extra ‘war risks’ policy.

11. Continuation Clause. This clause authorizes the vessel to continue and
complete her voyage even if the time of the policy has expired. This clause is
used in a time policy. The insured has to give prior notice for this and deposit
a monthly prorate premium.

12. Barratry Clause. This clause covers losses sustained by the ship owner or
the cargo owner due to willful conduct of the master or crew of the ship.

13. Jettison Clause. Jettison means throwing overboard a part of the ship’s
cargo so as to reduce her weight or to save other goods. This clause covers the
loss arising out of such throwing of goods. The owner of jettisoned goods is
compensated by all interested parties.

14. At and From Clause. This clause covers the subject matter while it is
lying at the port of departure and until it reaches the port of destination. It is
used in voyage policies. If the policy consists of the word ‘from’ only instead
of ‘at and from’, the risk is covered only from the time of departure of the
ship.

7.3.8 WARRANTIES

Besides the three important principles i.e. good faith, indemnity, and insurable
interest, it is necessary that all the marine insurance contracts must fulfil the
warranties also. Warrantee means a condition which is basic to the contract of
insurance. The breach of which entitles the insurer to avoid the policy

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altogether. If the warranty is not complied with by the insured, the contract
comes to an end. There are two exceptions where the breach of warranty is
excused and does not affect that insurer’s liability: (i) Where owning to
change in the circumstance the warranty is inapplicable and (ii) Where due to
enactment of a subsequent law the warranty becomes unlawful.
Kinds of Warranties

Warranties are of two types:

(i) Express, and
(ii) Implied.

An express warranty is one which is expressed or clearly stated in the

contract and it can be easily ascertained whether it has been fulfilled or not.
For instance a marine policy usually contains the following express
warranties:

(i) The ship will sail on a specified day.

(ii) The ship is safe on a particular day.
(iii) The ship will proceed to the port of destination without any deviation.
(iv) The ship is neutral and will remain so during the voyage.

The implied warranty, on the other hand, is not expressly mentioned in the
contract but the law takes it for granted that such warranty exists. An express
warranty does not exclude implied warranty unless it is inconsistent therewith.
Implied warranties do not appear in the policy documents at all, but are
understood without being put into words, and as such, are automatically
applicable. These are included in the policy by law, general practice, long
established custom or usage.
The important implied warranties are discussed below:

(a) Sea-Worthiness of the ship.

A ship is sea worthy when it is in a fit condition as to repair, equipment,
crew, etc. to encounter the ordinary perils of the voyage. This implies that the
ship must be suitably constructed, properly equipped and manned, sufficiently
fuelled and provisioned and capable of withstanding the ordinary strain and
stress of the voyage. It must not be overloaded.

(b) Legality of Voyage.

The journey undertaken by the ship must be for legal purposes. Carrying
prohibited or smuggled goods is illegal and therefore, the insurer shall not be
liable for the loss.

© Non-deviation of the ship route.

It is assumed that the ship will maintain the same route as stated in the policy
in ordinary course, but in case of peril it is permitted to deviate. If the ship
does not follow the usual route, the insurer will not be liable even if the ship

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regains her route before any loss takes place. However, the insurer remains
liable for any loss which might have occurred prior to the deviation.

7.3.9 TYPES OF MARINE LOSSES

A loss arising in a marine adventure due to perils of the sea is a marine loss.
Marine loss may be classified into two categories:

1) Total loss
A total loss implies that the subject matter insured is fully destroyed and is
totally lost to its owner. It can be Actual total loss or Constructive total loss.

In actual total loss subject matter is completely destroyed or so damaged that

it ceases to be a thing of the kind insured. e.g. sinking of ship, complete
destruction of cargo by fire, etc.

In case of constructive total loss the ship or cargo insured is not completely
destroyed but is so badly damaged that the cost of repair or recovery would be
greater than the value of the property saved. e.g. a ship dashed against the
rock and is stranded in a badly damaged position. If the expenses of bringing
it back and repairing it would be more than the actual value of the damaged
ship, it is abandoned.

2) Partial loss
A partial loss occurs when the subject matter is partially destroyed or
damaged. Partial loss can be general average or particular average.

General average refers to the sacrifice made during extreme circumstances

for the safety of the ship and the cargo. This loss has to be borne by all the
parties who have an interest in the marine adventure. e.g. A loss caused by
throwing overboard of goods is a general average and must be shared by
various parties.

Particular average may be defined as a loss arising from damage accidentally

caused by the perils insured against. Such a loss is borne by the underwriter
who insured the object damaged. e.g. If a ship is damaged due to bad weather
the loss incurred is a particular average loss.

7.3.7 MARINE INSURANCE IN INDIA

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There is evidence that marine insurance was practiced in India since long
time. In earlier days travellers by sea and land were exposed to risk of losing
their vessels and merchandise because of piracy on the open seas.
It was the British insurers who introduced general insurance in India, in its
modern form. The first company known as the Sun Insurance Office Ltd. was
set up in Calcutta in the year 1710. This followed by several insurance
companies of different parts of the world, in the field of marine insurance.
In India marine insurance is transacted by the subsidiaries of the General
Insurance Corporation of India- New India Assurance, National Insurance,
Oriental Insurance and United India Insurance. Marine and hull insurance
contribute 20% to the total premium of the general insurance industry in India.

Check your progress

Q.1 Explain the significance of insurable interest in marine insurance.

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Q.2 Can a marine policy be assigned?

a) Can be assigned before the loss
b) Can be assigned after the loss
c) Can not be assigned
d) Both (a) and (b)

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7.4 LESSON 3
HEALTH INSURANCE
A systematic plan for financing medical expenses is an important and integral
part of a risk management plan. With rising health care costs, it was no longer
possible for an individual to meet the heavy cost of treatment involving
hospitalization.
The reasons for rise in health care costs are:
(a) Increase in medical treatment costs.
(b) Technological advancements in medical equipment.
(c) High labour costs.

7.4.1 DEFINITION

“Health insurance is an insurance, which covers the financial loss arising

out of poor health condition or due to permanent disability, which results
in loss of income.”
A health insurance policy is a contract between an insurer and an individual
or group, in which the insurer agrees to provide specified health insurance at
an agreed upon price (premium). It usually provides either direct payment or
reimbursement for expenses associated with illness and injuries. The cost and
range of protection provided by health insurance depends on the insurance
provider and the policy purchased.

.
7.4.2 HEALTH INSURANCE POLICIES

The health insurance policies available in India are:

(a) Mediclaim policy (individuals and groups)

(b) Overseas mediclaim policy
(c) Raj Rajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojna
(d) Bhagyashree Child Welfare Policy
(e) Cancer Insurance Policy
(f) Jan Arogya Bima Policy

Mediclaim policy (individuals and groups)

Mediclaim policy is offered to individuals and groups exceeding 50 members.
It covers the hospitalization for diseases or sickness and for injuries. Under
group mediclaim policy, group discount is allowed to groups exceeding 101

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people. The medical expenses will be reimbursed only if the insured is
admitted in the hospital for a minimum duration of 24 hours. Cost of treatment
includes consultation fee of doctors, cost of medicines and hospitalization
charges. Health insurance in India is available at very economical rates. It is
very popular among professionals like Chartered accountants, Advocates,
Engineers etc. It is very suitable for self-employed persons because it covers
risks against several general and serious diseases.

Overseas Mediclaim Policy

In 1984, the Overseas Mediclaim Policy was developed. This policy will
reimburse the medical expenses incurred by Indians upto 70 years of age
while traveling abroad. The premium will be charged based on their age,
purpose of travel, duration and plan selected by the insured under the policy.
This policy is provided is provided to businessmen , people going on holiday
tour, traveling for educational professional and official purposes.

Raj Rajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojna

It is a personal accident policy offered by an insurance company for the
welfare of women. It is offered to women residing in rural and urban areas.
Women between 10-75 years of age are eligible for this policy irrespective of
their occupation and income level.

Bhagyashree Child Welfare Policy

It is offered to girls between 0-18 years. The age of the parents of the girls
shouldn’t be more than 60 years. It provides coverage to one girl child in a
family who loses her father or mother in an accident.

Cancer insurance policy

It is designed for cancer patients aid association members. The persons
insured under this policy will pay premium to their association along with the
membership fee. This policy will offer coverage to the insured in case he
develops cancer. All the expenses incurred for treatment of cancer not
exceeding the sum insured will be paid directly to the insured person.

Jan Arogya Bima Policy

This policy provides medical insurance to poorer section of the people. This
policy covers illness like heart attack, jaundice, food poisoning, and accidents
etc. that requires immediate hospitalization.

7.4.5 FUTURE OF HEALTH INSURANCE

During the last 50 years, India has made considerable progress in improving
its health status. Still it is in a developing stage. The increasing health care
costs in the country are likely to contribute to the development of more health
insurance products. Health insurance is not at the present recognized as a

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separate segment in Indian insurance industry. Privatization of insurance
industry is likely to encourage the development of this segment. Health
insurance in India has indeed a long way to go.

Check your progress

Q.1 Explain the scope of health insurance.

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Q.2 Define Mediclaim policy.

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7.5 LESSON 4
MOTOR INSURANCE

There has been a sudden rise in the motor accidents in the last few years.
Much of these are attributable to increase in the number of vehicles. Every
vehicle before being driven on roads has to be compulsorily insured. The
motor insurance policy represents a combined coverage of the vehicles
including accessories, loss or damage to his property or life and the third party
coverage.
Persons driving vehicles may cause losses and injuries to other persons. Every
individual who owns a motor vehicle is also exposed to certain other risks.
These include damage to his vehicle due to accidents, theft, fire, collision and
natural disasters and also injuries to himself.
In 1939, motor vehicle act came into force in India. Compulsory insurance
was introduced by motor vehicle act to protect the pedestrians and other third
parties. Claims for damages may arise due to possession of car, usage and
maintenance of car. Motor insurance policy will pay the financial liability
arising out of these risks to the insured person.

7.5.1. DEFINITION

Motor insurance policy is a contract between the insured and the insurer in
which the insurer promises to indemnify the financial liability in event of loss
to the insured.

Motor Vehicles Act in 1939 was passed to mainly safeguard the interests of
pedestrians. According to the Act, a vehicle cannot be used in a public place
without insuring the third part liability. According to Section 24 of Motor
Vehicles Act, “No person shall use or allow any other person to use a motor
vehicle in a public place, unless the vehicle is covered by a policy of
insurance.”
Classification of Motor Vehicles

As per the Motor Vehicles Act for the purpose of insurance the vehicles are
classified into three broad categories such as.

Private cars
a) Private Cars - vehicles used only for social, domestic and pleasure
purposes
b) Private vehicles - Two wheeled
1. Motorcycle / Scooters

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 2. Auto cycles
3. Mechanically assisted pedal cycles

Commercial vehicles
1) Goods carrying vehicles
2) Passengers carrying vehicles
3) Miscellaneous & Special types of vehicles

The risks under motor insurance are of two types:

1) Legal liability due to bodily injury, death or damage caused to the property
of others.
2) Loss or damage to one’s own vehicle\ injury to or death of self and other
occupants of the vehicle.

7.5.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR INSURANCE

Motor insurance being a contract like any other contract has to fulfill the
requirements of a valid contract as laid down in the Indian Contract Act 1872.
In addition it has certain special features common to other insurance contracts.
They are:
• Utmost good faith
• Insurable interest
• Indemnity
• Subrogation and contribution
• Proximate cause

Utmost good faith

The principle of Utmost good faith casts an obligation on the insured to
disclose all the material tracts. These material facts must be disclosed to the
insurer at the time of entering into the contract. All the information given in
the proposal form should be true and complete.e.g. the driving history,
physical health of the driver, type of vehicle etc. If any of the mentioned
material facts declared by the insured in the proposal form are found
inappropriate by the insurer at the time of claim it may result in the claim
being repudiated.

Insurable Interest
In a valid insurance contract it is necessary on the part of the insured to have
an insurable interest in the subject matter of insurance. The presence of
insurable interest in the subject matter of insurance gives the person the right
to insure. The interest should be pecuniary and must be present at inception

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and throughout the term of the policy. Thus the insured must be either
benefited by the safety of the property or must suffer a loss on account of
damage to it.

Indemnity
Insurance contracts are contracts of indemnity. Indemnity means making
good of the loss by reimbursing the exact monetary loss. It aims at keeping the
insured in the same position he was before the loss occurred and thus prevent
him from making profit from insurance policy.

Subrogation and Contribution

Subrogation refers to transfer of insured's right of action against a third party
who caused the loss to the insurer. Thus, the insurer who pays the loss can
take up the assured's place and sue the party that caused the loss in order to
minimise his loss for which he has already indemnified the assured.
Subrogation comes in the picture only in case of damage or loss due to a third
party. The insurer derives this right only after the payment of damages to the
insured. Contribution ensures that the indemnity provided is proportionately
borne by other insurers in case of double insurance.

7.5.3 TYPES OF MOTOR INSURANCE POLICIES

The All India Motor Tariff governs motor insurance business in India.
According to the Tariff all classes of vehicles can use two types of policy
forms. They are form A and form B. Form A which is known as Act Policy is
a compulsory requirement of the motor vehicle act. Use without such
insurance is a penal offence. Form B which is also known as Comprehensive
Policy is an optional cover.

1. Liability only policy – This covers third party liability and / or death
and property damage. Compulsory personal accident covers for the
owner in respect of owner driven vehicles is also included.

2. Package policy – This covers loss or damage to the vehicle insured in

addition to 1 above.

3. Comprehensive policy- Apart from the above-mentioned coverage, it

is permissible to cover private cars against the risk of fine and / or theft and
third party/ theft risks.

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Every owner of motor vehicle has to take out a policy covering third party
risks but insurance against other two risks is optional. When insurance policy
covers third party risks, third party who has suffered any damages, can sue the
Insurance company even though he was not a party to the contract of
insurance.
Insurance policies for the vehicles subject to the purchase agreements, lease
agreements and hypothecation are to be issued in the joint names of the hirer
and owner, lease and lessor, owner and pledge respectively. In case of policy
renewal a notice of one month in advance before the date of expiry is issued
by the insurers. The notice gives the details of premium payable for renewal.

Transfer of ownership
In case of any sale of vehicle involving transfer of policy, the insured should
apply to the insurer for consent to such transfer. The transfer is allowed, if
within 15 days of receipt of application, the insurer does not reject the plea.
The transferee shall apply within fourteen days from the date of transfer in
writing to the insurer who has insured the vehicle, with the details of the
registration of the vehicle, the date of transfer of the vehicle, the previous
owner of the vehicle and the number and date of the insurance policy so that
the insurer may make the necessary changes in his record and issue fresh
Certificate of Insurance.

Insurer’s Duty to Third Party

It is obligatory on the part of the insurer to pay the third party since, the
insurer has no rights to avoid or reject the payment of liability to a third party.
The duties of the insurer towards a third party are provided in section 96(1).
The court determines the third party liability and accordingly compensation is
paid. The liability is unlimited.

Cancellation of Insurance
The insurer may cancel a policy by sending to the insured seven days notice of
cancellation by recorded delivery to the insured’s last known address and the
insurer will refund to the insured the pro-rata premium for the balance period
of the policy. A policy may be cancelled at the option of the insured with
seven days notice of cancellation and the insurer will be entitled to retain
premium on short period scale of rates for the period for which the cover has
been in existence prior to the cancellation of the policy. The balance premium,
if any, will be refundable to the insured.

Double Insurance
When two policies are in existence on the same vehicle with identical cover,
one of the policies many be cancelled. Where one of the policies commences
at a date later than the other policy, the policy commencing later is to be
cancelled by the insurer concerned. If a vehicle is insured at any time with two
different offices of the same insurer, 100% refund of premium of one policy
may be allowed by canceling the later of the two policies. However, if the two

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policies are issued by two different insurers, the policy commencing later is to
be cancelled by the insurer concerned and pro-rata refund of premium thereon
is to be allowed.

Calculation of Premiums
In the case of Comprehensive Insurance Cover, for the purpose of premium,
vehicles are categorized as follows:

Private Car
This is used for personal purposes. Private cars are lesser exposed than taxis,
as the latter is used extensively for maximum revenue. The premium is
computed on the following basis
1. Geographical area of use
Large cities have higher average claim costs followed by suburban areas,
smaller cities, and small towns or rural areas. In India, the geographical areas
have been classified into Group A and Group B.
2. Cubic capacity
The more the cubic capacity, the higher the premium rate.
3. Value of the vehicle.
The premium rate is applied on the value of the vehicle. Owner has to
declare the correct value of the vehicle to the insurer. This value is known as
the Insured’s Estimated Value (IEV) in motor insurance and represents the
sum insured.

Two-wheeler
It is used for personal purpose only. Premium is calculated on cubic capacity
and value of vehicle. Theft of accessories is not covered, unless the vehicle is
stolen at the same time.

Commercial Vehicle
This is the vehicle used for hire. For goods carrying commercial vehicle,
premium is calculated on the basis of carrying capacity i.e. gross vehicle
weight and value of the vehicle. For passenger carrying commercial vehicles,
premium is calculated on the basis of again carrying capacity i.e. number of
passengers and value of the vehicle. Accessories extra, as specified. Heavier
vehicles are more exposed to accidents since the resultant damages they incur
are more. Similarly, vehicles with higher carrying capacity expose more
passengers to risk. Therefore heavier vehicles attract higher premium rate.

7.5.4 CLAIM SETTELEMENT

Claim arise when

1) The insured’s vehicle is damaged or any loss incurred.
2) Any legal liability is incurred for death of or bodily injury
3) Or damage to the third party‘s property.

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The claim settlement in India is done by opting for any of the following by the
insurance company

o Replacement or reinstatement of vehicle

o Payment of repair charges

In case, the motor vehicle is damaged due to accident it can be repaired

and brought back to working condition. If the repair is beyond repair then
the insured can claim for total loss or for a new vehicle. It is based on the
market value of the vehicle at the time of loss.

Motor insurance claims are settled in three stages. In the first stage the
insured will inform the insurer about loss. The loss is registered in claim
register. In the second stage, the automobile surveyor will assess the
causes of loss and extent of loss. He will submit the claim report showing
the cost of repairs and replacement charges etc. In the third stage, the
claim is examined based on the report submitted by the surveyor and his
recommendations. The insurance company may then authorize the repairs.
After the vehicle is repaired, insurance company pays the charges directly
to the repairer or to the insured if he had paid the repair charges.

Section 110 of Motor Vehicle Act, 1939 empowers the State Government
in establishing motor claim tribunals. These tribunals will help in settling
the third party claims for the minimum amount

Check your progress

Q.1. Obtain a specimen motor policy and find out the various
constituents of the policy. Describe them in brief.

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Q.2 Is third party insurance a must under motor vehicles Act is an Act
only policy sufficient?

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 7.6 LESSON 5
MISCELLANEOUS
INSURANCES
In addition to life, fire and marine Insurance, several other general types of
insurances are available today. The nationalized general insurance
companies have also been offering special schemes meant for rural areas
such as crop insurance, cattle insurance, insurance for huts, poultry etc.
There is also a social security group accident scheme covering weaker
sections of the society. Some of these are described below:

7.6.1 PERSONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

All of us are exposed to the risk of accident, which is a threat to our

financial security, and therefore it is prudent to have adequate
personal accident cover to manage this contingency. For handling
accident risks, personal accident policy, Janata personal accident
policy and Gramin personal accident policies are available in India.

Scope of cover
Personal accident policy pays compensation to the insured in the
event of happening of one or more of the following listed below
which may be selected by insured at the time of taking policy:

On death

On permanent total and partial disability and

On temporary total disability
In case of accident death during the policy period, the policy in
addition covers funeral expenses of the insured person.

Permanent total disablement occurs when an individual is unable to

perform his regular duties for the remaining part of his life.
Permanent partial disablement may result when a person loses any
part of his body due to accident.
When an individual is injured in an accident and as a result he is
unable to perform his normal duties for a certain period we can
describe it as temporary total disablement. This policy can also be
extended to reimburse the medical expenses due to accidents up to
10% of the insured amount or 25% of the claim amount or expenses
incurred for treatment of the insured person whichever is less.

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Personal accident policy does not cover the injuries resulting out of
war, self-inflicted injury, diseases or insanity, death due to war
operations, attempted suicides, accident in armed forces, aircraft
accidents, accidents due to nuclear weapons etc.

Janata personal accident policy is meant for weaker section of the society.
Thus premium charged under this policy is comparatively less. Gramin
personal accident policy is designed for the rural people in the country.
It is a contract of Insurance under which the insurer agrees to pay a specific
sum of money to the insured in case of bodily injury by accident and to the
heirs of the insured in case of death by accident. A contract of personal
accident insurance is not a contract of indemnity and the insurer has to pay a
fixed sum of money on the death or total disablement of the insured or provide
medical benefits for recovery from the injury.
In case of accidental death during the policy period, the policy in addition
covers funeral expenses of the insured person. Permanent total disablement
occurs when an individual is unable to perform his regular duties for the
remaining part of his life. Permanent partial disablement may result when a
person loses any part of his body due to accident. It does not cover the injuries
resulting out of war, diseases, attempted suicides etc.

7.6.2 FIDELITY INSURANCE

Under this type of insurance contract the insurer undertakes to

compensate the insured against the loss caused by misappropriation of
funds or goods or damage to the property caused by his employees. Such a
policy is useful to the employers who fear embezzlement, forgery, fraud
and dishonesty on the part of their employees. Under it the insured is
required to furnish all material facts about the employees and also to
notify any change in the condition of their service. The policy can be taken
for specific positions rather than names, e.g., accountant, cashier etc.
Blanket cover is also available for entire staff or group of employees.

7.6.3 BURGLARY INSURANCE

Such a policy provides protection against loss or damage caused by

housebreaking, robbery or theft. It is also known as ‘robbery, theft or
larceny insurance’. For this purpose a comprehensive policy may be taken
or each risk may be separately insured. Full details of the article insured
are given in the policy. Insured items include gold and gold ornaments and

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 other assets including household items such as TV, fridge, air conditioner
etc. A burglary policy for business premises would provide cover against
loss to damage by house breaking and burglary of stock-in -trade, goods-
in-transit, cash-in-safe, fixture and fittings etc.

7.6.4 CREDIT INSURANCE

Credit insurance policy is taken to cover the loss which may arise due to
bad debts or non-payment of dues by the debtors. This insurance is very
useful to businessmen who sell goods on credit. It protects them from loss
arising out of insolvency of their debtors. In India, Export Credit and
Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) provides credit insurance to exporters.

7.6.5 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION INSURANCE

In India, Workmen’s Compensation Act was passed in 1934 and 1946.

According to this act, an employer is required to pay compensation to his
workers who receive injuries or contract occupational diseases during the
course of their work. An employer may obtain an insurance policy to cover
such liability. The premiums are payable usually on the basis of wages. It is
also known as ‘Employers Liability Insurance’. This policy is essential to
every employer who employs ‘workmen’ as defined under the Workmen’s
Compensation Act in order to protect himself against the legal liabilities
arising out of death or bodily injury to this workman. It also extends coverage
through reimbursement of medical, surgical and hospitalization expenses
including transportation costs on the payment of additional premium.
The National Insurance Company Ltd, United India Insurance Company Ltd,
Oriental Insurance Company Ltd, and the New India Assurance Company Ltd
offer workmen’s compensation policies.

7.6.6 TRAVEL INSURANCE

Travel insurance covers travel related accidents also. While traveling outside
India, individuals face risks such as loss of baggage, accidents involving
injuries, illnesses and medical emergencies requiring hospitalization
treatment. All this can pose serious consequences to the overseas travellers. A
rational person should therefore secure the required coverage before leaving
his home country. In India travel insurance has become popular among

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International travellers. The coverage offered under travel insurance policies
in India are as follows

7.6.7 WEDDING INSURANCE

These days, weddings have become quite an expensive and elaborate affair.
People do take care to make this once-in-a-lifetime event a memorable one. In
case of any postponement or cancellation, there is a certain risk of monetary
loss. The wedding insurance package can compensate for the monetary loss.
This unique product covers the specific risks related to weddings. This Policy
can protect you against certain types of financial losses you may incur in the
event of unpredictable situations during the period leading up to and including
your wedding day.
The period of insurance will be 24 hours prior to the start of the customary
functions or rituals or programmes of events mentioned in the printed
invitations till the end of the function or five days from the beginning
whichever occurs earlier.
This policy provides cover for expenses actually and already incurred or
advances paid in connection with marriage hall, catering, pandit, guests, music
parties, photos and videography, loss on cancellation of travel tickets etc.
Liability is restricted only when such cancellation arises out of cancellation or
postponement of marriage.
The policy does not cover any loss arises when marriage is cancelled or
postponed because of dispute between marriage parties, willful negligence and
criminal misconduct of the bride, bridegroom or their parents.

7.6.8 EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE SCHEME

The Employee State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) is an insurance system which

provides both the cash and medical benefits. It is managed by the Employee
State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), a wholly government-owned enterprise.
It was conceived as a compulsory social security benefit for workers in the
formal sector. The original legislation creating the scheme allowed it to cover
only factories which has been using power and employing 10 or more
workers. However, since 1989 the scheme has been expanded, and it now
includes all such factories which are not using power and employing 20 or
more persons. Mines and plantations are explicitly excluded from coverage
under the ESIS Act.

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7.6.9 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
Unemployment insurance is designed to provide short term protection for
regularly employed persons who lose their jobs and who are willing and able
to work. Unemployment insurance has several basic objectives:
1) Provide cash income during involuntary unemployment.
2) Help unemployed workers find jobs.
3) Encourage employees to stabilize employment.
4) Help stabilize economy.
Unemployment insurance is a popular concept in developed countries like
U.S. where they have well defined laws and regulations. However in India it
will take a long time to come.

7.6.10 PERSONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE

Personal liability insurance provides protection against the legal
liability, which arises due to insured’s personal acts. The insurance
company will pay for legal defense to third party damages or injuries
up to policy limit. Except legal liability, which arises due to
automobile accidents and professional liability, most other personal
acts are covered under personal liability insurance.
The personal liability insurance covers damages caused to properties
and injuries to other people due to the negligence of the insured.
Under this policy, the insurance company is bound to defend the
insured, should the matter go to court of law. It can also settle the
matter out of court by negotiating with parties for a settlement within
the policy limit. Personal liability policy offers very wide coverage.
The following instances of loss, damages or injuries caused by an
insured individual come under the purview of personal liability
insurance in which coverage will be available up to the policy limit.

Accidental fire to neighbors house as a result of insured’s

negligence

Accidental injury to a third party while playing

Damaging costly antique accidentally belonging to
neighbor

Injuring another person while riding a bicycle

Check your progress

Q.1 Which one of the following comes under “Miscellaneous insurance”?
a) Marine insurance
b) Motor insurance

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c) Fire insurance
d) Group insurance

Q.2 Explain Wedding insurance.

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7.7 SUMMARY
We have seen that the entire non-life business has been divided into
three segments, namely, Fire, Marine and Miscellaneous insurance. Motor
and Health are part of Miscellaneous insurance.
Fire insurance is the protection against a loss suffered by the insured as
a result of damage caused by fire to the property covered by the policy.
Like any other insurance contract it has to satisfy the essentials of a valid
contract. e.g. indemnity, insurable interest, utmost good faith etc. Then we
have seen the meaning of fire, different types of fire policies and claim
settlement procedure.
In marine insurance, the insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured
against the losses incidental to marine adventure. Then we have seen
characteristics of general insurance, common to marine insurance. The
meaning of marine perils, different marine insurance policies, types of
marine insurance and types of losses, Clauses and Warranties are also
explained. We have tried to understand how the concept of marine
insurance evolves specially in India.
Health insurance is a safeguard against rising medical costs. Different
types of health insurance policies have been explained.
In India, motor insurance is classified as miscellaneous. It comes under
tariff category and it offers policies and coverage at standard premium
rate. We have also covered the basic principles of motor insurance,
classification of vehicles, risks under motor insurance and claim
settlement procedure.
Miscellaneous insurance is a large portfolio and has numerous types of
policies floated by different insurance companies. For the purpose of this
lesson, miscellaneous insurance has been explained through Personal
accident insurance, Fidelity insurance, Burglary insurance, Credit
insurance, Travel insurance, Workmen’s Compensation insurance,
Wedding insurance, Employee State Insurance Scheme, Unemployment
Insurance and Personal liability Insurance.

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 7.8 KEYWORDS
• Fire insurance • Burglary insurance
• Fire perils • Wedding insurance
• Assignment • Credit insurance
• Clauses • Losses
• Subject matter
• Marine adventure • Fidelity insurance
• Warranties
7.9 GLOSSARY
The various key words which arise in this chapter are:

Jettison – This is throwing of cargo overboard due to either a deliberate

act or at the wake of grave danger.
Piracy – It is forcible robbery at sea, whether committed by thieves or by
mariners or passengers within it.
Collision – When the ship collides with another ship or with other
objects, causing damage.
Third party – In insurance, it is an arrangement of covering damage or
injury suffered by a person other than an insured.
Risk - Uncertainty as to the outcome of an event when two or more
possibilities exist.

7.10 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1) Define fire insurance. What are the essential features of a fire

insurance contract?
2) What is the claim settlement procedure followed for a fire insurance
policy?
3) What is a floating policy?
4) What is marine insurance? How it is different from fire insurance?
5) What is meant by “perils of the sea”?
6) Briefly describe the different types of losses under marine insurance.
7) Is third party insurance a must under motor vehicle Act?
8) How is subrogation helpful to the insurer?
9) What would be the status of the claim if the vehicle were covered
under liability policy?
10) Explain Travel insurance.
11) Explain the scope of Fidelity insurance.
12) Discuss the main clauses of marine policies.

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 13) Enumerate the various types of marine insurance policies.
14) What do you mean by ‘assignment of policy’? Indicate the manner in
which a marine policy can be assigned.
15) Distinguish between express warranties and implied warranties in
relation to marine insurance policy.
16) Write a short note on the following:
i) Unemployment insurance
ii) Wedding insurance

7.11 SOURCES AND FURTHER READINGS

1) Bhatia R.C., (2005), Business Organization and Management, One
Books, New Delhi

2) Gupta C. B., (2005), Business Organization and Management, Sultan,

Chand & Sons, New Delhi

3) Gupta P. K., (2005), Insurance and Risk management, Himalaya

Publisher, New Delhi

4) Prakash Jagdish, (1995), Business Organization and Management,

Kitab Mahal, New Delhi

5)Singh B.P. & Chhabra T.N., (2004), Business Organization and

Management, Dhanpat Rai & Co., New Delhi

6) Avtar Singh, Insurance Management

7) Study material for post qualification programme on Insurance and

Risk Management, ICAI, New Delhi.

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